1.1 8 SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU

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1 Mar. 2010, Volume 4, No.2 (Serial No.27) Journal of Life Sciences, ISSN , USA [1] [2] [3-6] [4-12] Hyla tsinlingesis [13] Bofu gargarizans [14] Rana rugosa [2] Rana limnocharis [15] Rana chensinensis [16] Microhyla ornata M. butleri M. heyrnonsi [17] 10 2 [18] [19] Bufo stejnegeri [19-20] [21] SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU SYNU [22] [23] Links Leica 2. 1 No lipipeng@yahoo.com. 27

2 2.1 craniaum skeleton viscerale os nasale S 0.31 mm os sphenethmoidale os frontoparietale os prootic os exoccipitales os parasphenoidale parasphenoid T vomer 0.35 mm os premaxilla T maxilla 4/5 3/4 2/5 3/5 1/2 2/ os quadratojugale 28

3 os squamosum T os pterygoideum quadrate cartilage os palatinum 2.15 mm 1/ cartilago Meckeli os augulare os dentale os mentomeckelaian apparatus hyoideus copus ossis hyoidei cornu anterius S cornu posterior processus posterior 1/2 2.2 columna vertebralis vertebra cervicalis 29

4 2.2.2 vertebra thoracalis vertebra lumbalis os sacrum os urostyle 2.3 pectoral girdle pelvic girdle cingulum extremitatis inferioris suprascapula 1/ scapula clavicula os precoracoideum os coracoideum os epicoracoideum mesosternum 1/ os ilium 3/ os ischii 30

5 os pubis humerus antibrachium ossa carpi ossa metacarpalia digiti manus os femoris 1/ tibiofibula 1/ ossa tarsi 蹠 蹠 蹠 ossa metatarsi 蹠 蹠 蹠 digiti pedis toes 31

6 蹠 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 8.16 mm mm mm mm bar=5 mm 3. 8 [13] [2, 15-17] [14] 1 15 [19] [14] 32

7 1 Bufo stejnegeri Bofu gargarizans 3/5 [19, 24] [1]. [M] [2]. [J] [3] Scott, E.. A phylogeny of ranid frogs (Anura: Ranoidea: Ranidae), based on asimultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data. Cladistics, 2005, 21: [4] Duellman, W. E. and Trueb, L.. Biology of amphibians. Baltimore and Londun: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994: [5] Vélez-Rodríguez, C. M.. Osteology of Bufo sternosignatus Günther, 1858 (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on phylogenetic implications. Journal of Herpetology, 2005, 39: [6] Nuin, P. A. S. and do Val, F. C.. Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Hylodinae (Anura, Leptodactylidae) based on morphological characters. Amphibia-Reptilia, 2005, 26: [7]. [M] [8] Wild, E. R.. Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the hyperossified horned frog, Ceratophrys cornuta (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Morphology, 1997, 232: [9] Pramuk, J. B.. Prenasal bones and snout morphology in West Indian bufonids and the Bufo granulosus species group. Journal of Herpetology, 2000, 34: [10] Fabrezi, M., Goldberg, J.. Heterochrony during skeletal development of Pseudis platensis (Anura, Hylidae) and the early offset of skeleton development and growth. Journal of Morphology, 2009, 270: [11] Maglia, A. M., Pugener, L. A., Mueller, J. M.. Skeletal morphology and postmetamorphic ontogeny of Acris crepitans (Anura: Hylidae): A case of miniaturization in frogs. Journal of Morphology, 2007, 268: [12] Maglia, A. M., Pugener, A. and Trueb, L.. Comparative development of anurans: Using phylogeny to understand ontogeny. Amer. Zool., 2001, 41: [13]. [J] [14]. [M] [15]. [J] [16]. [J] [17]. 3 Microhyla Amphibian Microhylidae [J]

8 [18]. [D] [19]. [M] [20]. [M] [21]. [D] [22]. [J] [23]. [J] [24]. [M] Study on osteology of Bufo stejnegeri LIU Ying, LU Yu-yan, LI Pi-peng, XU Qi-yan Abstract: The osteology of Bufo stejnegeri was described in detail by double-staining method, in order to understanding its characteristics and the difference between Bufo stejnegeri group and Bufo gargarizans group. Its characters were compared with Bufo gargarizans. It provided structural propertied in eco- and evo-morphological analysis for the evolution and species group of bufo in China. Key words: osteology; morphology; Bufo stejnegeri; Bufo gargarizans Edited by Tina Zhao, Beata Wang 3 Technology of shelter from rain and disease prevention for red grape in Luliang town, China ZHENG Hong-tu, WU Li-hang, JI Ke-you, ZHENG Peng-jun, HE Tian-fang, CHEN Xia, HUANG Xue-lin, DAI You-mei Abstract: The material were 5 year-old to 8 year-old red grapes which planted in three kinds of specifications (the distance between two trees were 0.3 m 1.8 m, 0.5 m 1.9 m, 0.8 m 2.2 m). By using concrete piles, steel wire, bamboo, film and wooden clip, build the arched rain shelter with 1.3 m, 1.4 m and 1.7m wide in two kinds of shelf style (a single fence and the Y"-shaped rack). The study carried out a four-year comparison trial which take a five-point sampling method to observe, record, contrast leaves and ears of red grapes. It was found that the simple rain shelter has obvious effects on controlling grape dowmy mildew grape white rot grape gray mildew and grape elsineo anthracnose, plays a key role in improving quality of red grape and achieving high-yield efficiency. Key words: red grape; rain shelter; disease prevention; technology discussion Edited by Tina Zhao, Beata Wang 34