ARCHITECTURE. Asst. Prof. Meltem VATAN KAPTAN

Transcription

1 STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE Asst. Prof. Meltem VATAN KAPTAN Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture ISTANBUL, TURKEY December 15, GAZIANTEP If the earth did not pull, if the wind did not blow, if the earth s crust did not shake and the air temperature did not change we wouldn t need structures in buildings. Buildings would stand up by themselves. But the pull of the earth, the force of the wind, the shaking of the earth s crust which causes earthquakes and the expansions and contractions due to temperature changes exert loads and forces on all buildings and these must be resisted by means of the structure 1

2 Thirty thousands years ago, people roamed from place to place hunting animals for food and looking for wild plants to eat. As they were always moving they didn t build houses. They slept under the stars, got wet under the rain, sweated under the sun and cooked their meals over open wood fires. Later on, the early humans begun to put up shelters, tents made of animal skins and tried to protect themselves from the weather conditions. If they were lucky and roamed in mountainous areas, they might find caves where they could cook and sleep. Caves were better places to live in, but tents had advantage of being easily moved. 2

3 A few more thousands of years went by and about ten thousands years ago people slowly began to learn a new way of getting food. Humankind had discovered agriculture. Thanks to this progress, people start to live in one place and to discover techniques for building shelters that were larger, stronger and more comfortable than tents. Now thousands of years later, we still build houses and although we do it often with man made materials as steel or brick or concrete, we use the same skills of our ancestors. Fight the same natural forces and make sure that our buildings will not fall down. 3

4 Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy The skeleton of a bison The skeleton of a horse Patras Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Isostatic diagrams of femur bone and a crane Moment diagram Dinosaur skeleton 4

5 Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Venice Dinosaur and a bridge Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Radiolaria - unicellar Water cube Beijing, China Design: Peddle Thorp and Walker - PTW with Arup 5

6 Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Beijing Olympics stadium bird cage (2008) Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Branching structures 6

7 Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Branching structures Stuttgart airport Inspiration of Nature to the Structures Organic Analogy Branching structures Lisbon Orient train station 7

8 Forces A force is that which tends to exert motion, tension or compression on an object. All structures, in a one family or a skyscraper, in an arch or suspension bridge, in a large dome or a small flat roof are always either in tension or compression. Structures can only pull or push. Understanding of how tension and compression work is understanding di of fwhy structures stand up. Forces Tension and Compression How do we recognize tension and compression? 8

9 Forces Tension and Compression Whenever a part of a structure becomes longer it is in tension. Whenever a part of a structure becomes shorter it is in compression. Forces Bending Some elements of a structure develop both tension and compression at the same time. Under accumulation of vertical loads such weight, horizontal elements become curved. It is called bending. 9

10 Forces Shear Shear is the tendency of the particles to slide past one another. Shear produces sliding in not one but two directions at right angles to one another. The laws governing the construction do not change with passing of years or centuries; they are basic law of nature. 10

11 A structure: any assemblage of materials which is intended to sustain loads The path to structural wisdom begins with understanding how structures work?. Structural Loads STRUCTURAL LOADS VERTICAL LOADS GRAVITY LIVE LOADS SNOW HORIZONTAL LOADS WIND LOADS SEISMIC LOADS ICE LOADS CONSTRUCTIONAL LOADS 11

12 Static Loads Static loads are applied slowly to the structure and result in gradual deformations in the structure that are greatest when the loads are greatest. Static ti loads typically include dead loads live loads forces due to foundation settlement thermal expansion The purpose of a building s structure is to guarantee that the building will stand up under all the loads and forces acting on it: the pressure of the wind, the forces due to temperature changes and possibly the shaking caused by earthquakes. Accumulation of static loads down the height of a building Static Loads Dead loads: Dead loads are those forces resulting from gravity which are relatively permanent in character such as the building structure itself and other permanently attached building elements. Live loads: Live loads are those forces which are applied to or removed from the building such as wind, snow, seismic, occupant or furnishings. Although movable live loads are applied so slowly that they are still considered as static loads. 12

13 Structural Types / Systems Framed Systems * Reinforced concrete buildings * Steel structures * Wooden structures * Prefabricated structures Masonry Structures Large Span Structures Framed Systems Framed systems transfer loads to the ground by horizontal members (such as beams and slabs) and vertical members (such as columns and bearing walls) which are resistant to bending and buckling as a result of their internal moment reactions. 13

14 Framed Systems RC structures Framed Systems Steel structures 14

15 Framed Systems Steel structures Framed Systems Steel structures 15

16 Framed Systems Wooden structures Framed Systems Wooden frame masonry infilled 16

17 Framed Systems Wooden frame masonry infilled Framed Systems Prefabricated structures 17

18 Framed Systems Prefabricated structures Framed Systems Prefabricated structures 18

19 Masonry Structures Masonry Structures 19

20 Large Span Structures Pneumatic structures Large Span Structures Cable structures 20

21 Large Span Structures Tensegrity structures Large Span Structures Truss frames 21

22 Large Span Structures Vierendel beams - frame structures Large Span Structures 22

23 Large Span Structures Tensegrity structures Suspended bridge Earthquake Resistant Building Design - Irregularities Torsion irregularity 23

24 Earthquake Resistant Building Design - Irregularities Area irregularity Earthquake Resistant Building Design - Irregularities Projection irregularity 24

25 Earthquake Resistant Building Design - Irregularities Vertical discontinuity irregularities Earthquake Damages Van,

26 Earthquake Damages Van, 2011 Earthquake Damages Van,

27 Earthquake Damages Van, 2011 Earthquake Damages Adapazarı,

28 Earthquake Damages Adapazarı, 1999 Earthquake Damages Adapazarı,

29 THANK YOU! QUESTIONS? 29