Study on Causes and Impacts of Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin, Indonesia
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1 Study on Causes and Impacts of Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin, Indonesia HASANUDDIN Z. ABIDIN, I.GUMILAR, H. ANDREAS, T.P. SIDIQ, Y. FUKUDA Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), INDONESIA, Kyoto University, JAPAN FIG 211 Marrakech, Marocco BANDUNG West Java Indonesia Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 1
2 Land Subsidence in Indonesian Cities Cilegon Denpasar Observed land subsidence : Expected land subsidence : Jakarta Bandung Semarang Surabaya Denpasar Cilegon Medan observed decrease in groundwater level Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Geodetic Methods for Land Subsidence Monitoring City Leveling GPS InSAR Gravity Jakarta Since 1982 Since 1997 Since 25 Since 28 Bandung Limited Since 2 Since 27 Since 28 Semarang Since 1999 Since 28 Since 27 Since 22 GRD of ITB mainly involved with GPS Surveys and InSAR. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 29 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 2
3 Types of Land Subsidence subsidence due to groundwater extraction, subsidence induced by the load of constructions (i.e. settlement of high compressibility soil), subsidence caused by natural consolidation of alluvium soil, and tectonic subsidence. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 IMPORTANCE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION Flood control Spatial planning Groundwater extraction regulation LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION Infrastructure design and construction Sea water intrusion control Environmental conservation Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 3
4 PRINCIPLE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE MONITORING USING REPEATED GPS SURVEY METHOD GPS satellites HEIGHT DIFFERENCES LAND SUBSIDENCE Statistical and Geometrical Testings Modeling GPS network Covering the study area Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 LAND SUBSIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS Coordinates from Survey # 1 Coordinates from Survey # 2 GPS NETWORK FOR MONITORING LAND SUBSIDENCE in BANDUNG BASIN S-1 : Feb. 2 S-2 : 21-3 Nov. 21 S-3 : July 22 S-4 : 1-3 June 23 S-5 : June 25 S-6 : 2-23 Augt 28 S -7 : July 29 S-8 : July 21 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 4
5 GPS NETWORK FOR MONITORING LAND SUBSIDENCE in BANDUNG BASIN SOME GPS POINTS IN BANDUNG CMHI PSCA MJLY2 B3X KOPO1 UJBR RCK1 BNJR Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 5
6 Subsidence rate (cm/year) BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK2 UJBR Bandung (Feb.2- Nov.21) BNJR CMHI MJL1 UJBR KPO1 MJL2 BM13L BM19L BJNS DYHK RCK2 GDBG KPO2 BM9L BM18L BM3L Subsidence rate (cm/year) Bandung (July 22 June 23)) -25 BNJR CMHI DYHK RCK1 RCK2 GDBG KPO1 KPO2 MJL2 BM13L BM18L Subsidence rate (cm/year) Bandung (June 23 June 25) BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK2 UJBR BRGA CPRY GDBG KPO Bandung (Nov.21 July 22) GPS-derived subsidence rates (cm/year) in Bandung (2 28) BNJR CPRY DYHK GDBG KPO1 KPO2 MJL1 MJL2 M13L RCK1 RCK2 UJBR Bandung (June 25 August 28) -.7 GPS-DERIVED LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG (1) Feb. 2 Nov. 21 Nov 21 July 22 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 6
7 GPS-DERIVED LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG (2) July 22 June 23 June 23 June 25 GPS-DERIVED LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG (3) June 25 Augt 28 Augt 28 July 29 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 7
8 InSAR derived Subsidence June 26 to March 27 (about 9 months) about 12 cm subsidence about 12 cm subsidence Reference: Deguchi and Maruyama (27) ERSDAC Japan INSAR : Januari 29 hingga Desember 29. InSAR derived subsidence (cm) 2.8 Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 8
9 IMPACTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE Malfunction of drainage system. Changes in river canal and drain flow systems. The wider expansion of inland & coastal flooding areas. Cracking of buildings and infrastructure. Lowering the quality of living environment and life (e.g. health and sanitation condition) in the affected areas. Increasing the maintenance costs for the affected buildings and infrastructure. HasanuddinZ. Abidin, 211 Impacts of Land Subsidence in Bandung (1) A: Rancaekek, B: Leuwigajah, C: Ujungberung, D: Gedebage, E: Dayeuh Kolot, F: Leuwigajah Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 9
10 Impacts of Land Subsidence in Bandung (2) G: Dayeuh Kolot H: Cimahi I: Gedebage J: Gedebage K: Leuwigadjah L: Dayeuh Kolot EVIDENCE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG (Cimahi) Gumilar (211) Shortened distances from the roof to the floor Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 1
11 EVIDENCE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG (Dayeuh Kolot) Gumilar (211) Shortened distances from the roof and street to the floor EVIDENCE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG (Gede Bage) Gumilar (211) Shortened distances from the roof to the floor and the street to the floor Marrakech, Morocco, May
12 EVIDENCES OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN BANDUNG BASIN Gumilar (211) Crack on the highway (TOL Padalarang Cileunyi Kilometer Pasirkoja) Land Subsidence and Flooding in Bandung Basin NORTH Bandung Basin -2.6 m GPS and InSR derived subsidence ( ). Irwan Gumilar (211) GPS points Rivers Flooded area (21) Marrakech, Morocco, May
13 Causes of Land Subsidence in Bandung? Excessive groundwater extraction Natural consolidation of alluvium soil Load of buildings and constructions Tectonic activities Contribution of each causes in spatial and temporal domain, is not fully known yet. Urban Development and Subsidence in Bandung Basin will cause URBAN DEVELOPMENT will affect Increase in built-up areas Increase in population Increase in economic and industrial activities Increase in groundwater extraction Land use planning Groundwater extraction regulation Building and infrastructure codes Flood management and control will lead to LAND SUBSIDENCE should be considered in Marrakech, Morocco, May
14 LAND USE CHANGES IN BANDUNG BASIN adapted from Sampurno(26). The urban areas are indicated with the red-pink colour region. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 29 GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION IN BANDUNG [Badan Geologi, 29] Groundwater extraction volume (million cubic-meter) GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION IN BANDUNG BASIN (19-28) : Groundwater extraction volume : Number of wells Number of Wells Marrakech, Morocco, May
15 GROUNDWATER TABLE DEPLETION RECORDED BY MONITORING WELLS IN METROPOLITAN BANDUNG (199 24) Source: Data Directorate based on of DTLGKP Environmental (199 Geology - 24) (199-24) Land Subsidence and Groundwater Abstraction Subsidence (cm) Subsidence (cm) Penurunan Subsidence tanah Volume Extracted airtanahyang groundwater diambil R =.643 BNJR CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK2 Penurunan Subsidence tanah Volume Extracted airtanahyang groundwater diambil R =.827 BNJR CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK2 CPRY KPO Average volume of groundwater extraction per month (in 1 cubic-meter) Average volume of groundwater extraction per month (in 1 cubic-meter) INITIAL HYPOTHESIS : Land subsidence observed in several locations in Bandung basin is caused by an excessive groundwater abstraction. GPS survey results show that this hypothesis is not always true for all observed stations. WHY? the registered groundwater abstraction volume does not reflect the real groundwater abstraction, and/or the land subsidence is also governed by other factors. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Marrakech, Morocco, May
16 Groundwater Level Lowering and Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin 1 5 Groundwater level lowering rate (m/year) ρ=.92 Land subsidence rate (cm/year) CMHI DYHK RCK2 RCK1 BNJR MJL1 CPRY UJBR Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 29 Feb.2 Nov.21 July 22 June 23 June 25 Aug.28 Subsidence (cm) = 63.3 cm GPS-derived subsidence of station : RCK2 Total subsidence rate : 7.4 cm/year Subsidence of the RCK2 station located in the Rancaekek area from 2 to about 8.5 year Indication of groundwater level fall in the Rancaekek area, adapted from Wirakusumah (26). Marrakech, Morocco, May
17 Groundwater level lowering rate, adapted from Ruchijat (26) Rate Area Period (m/year) North Cimahi South Cimahi Dayeuh Kolot Groundwater Level Lowering and Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin GPS station Average subsidence rate (from GPS surveys) Rate (cm/year) Period CMHI DYHK Rancaekek RCK Cileunyi RCK Banjaran BNJR Majalaya MJL Ciparay CPRY Ujung Berung UJBR Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 29 InSAR derived Subsidence however shows that the largest subsidence occurred inside the textile industry area complex Excessive Groundwater Extraction? Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Marrakech, Morocco, May
18 Industrial area, around CMHI penurunan (cm) LAND SUBSIDENCE vs. LAND USE BRGA -35,3 BNJR BJNS CMHI CPRY DHYK -23,74 GDBG -8,58 KPO1 KPO2-15,94-17,15 MJL1-7,54 MJL2-18,43 RCK1-56,9 RCK2 UJBR -16,72 BM9L -26,22 BM13L -34,6 BM18L -4,89 BM19L B3X -5,43 B3R Industrial area, around RCK ,2-66,25 penurunan muka tanah Industrial area, around DYHK Industrial area, around RCK2 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Marrakech, Morocco, May
19 Location of GPS Stations CMHI and DYHK (in the areas of textile industries) Subsidence rate(29 21): 14.5 cm/year Subsidence rate(29 21): 7.4 cm/year Location of GPS Stations MJL2 and RCK2 (in the areas of textile industries) North North MJL2 RCK2 Textile Industries (grey-white roofs) Textile Industries (grey-white roofs) Subsidence rate(25-28): 6.5 cm/year Subsidence rate(25 28): 5.9 cm/year Marrakech, Morocco, May
20 Ref: Gumilar (21) Land Subsidence (m) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (211) Land Subsidence : Groundwater Extraction and Loading Area : Dayeuh Kolot (DYHK) Loading Groundwater Groundwater + Loading GPS Result Ref : Taufiq et al. (29) Marrakech, Morocco, May 211 2
21 Land Subsidence and Natural Consolidation of Alluvium Soil Kosambi formation = lake alluvium (sediment) Kosambi Formation Cikapundung Formation Cibereum Formation Tertiary Volcanic Tertiary Sedimentary Rock Intrusives Quaternary Volcanic, besides Cikapundung & Cibereum Formations Ref: Hutasoit (21) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (211) Location of GPS Stations GDBG Textile Industries (grey-white roofs) ± 3.2 km GDBG Subsidence rate(29 21): 9.1 cm/year Combined effects of groundwater abstraction and natural consolidation? Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (211) Marrakech, Morocco, May
22 Land Subsidence and Tectonic Activity Bandung Ref: [Dam et al., 1996] Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 26 Marrakech, Morocco, May
23 Significant subsidence in Bandung basin occurred in the textile industry area, where very large volumes of groundwater are usually extracted. Land subsidence in Bandung = CLOSING REMARKS f { excessive groundwater abstraction, building load (??), tectonics activity (??), natural compaction (?)} Further research is needed to clarify the real mechanism and pattern (spatial and temporal) of land subsidence phenomena in Bandung basin. THANK YOU VERY MUCH Marrakech, Morocco, May
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