POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE M A R G A R E T C A L L E J A

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1 POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE 1 M A R G A R E T C A L L E J A

2 2 DEMOGRAPHY A social science Study of population Identified on composition, size and spatial distribution Comprises the dynamic processes of fertility, birth, death, marriage, migration and social mobility

3 POPULATION GROWTH 3 Theory of Demographic Regulation Deriving from Charles Darwin s balance of nature principle Try to keep population equilibrium Reason: to keep a balance with resources The Demographic Book-keeping Equation states that: P t = P o + B D + I O The formula implies that: P t = Population at time t P o = Population at an earlier time o B = Births between time o and time t D = Deaths between time o and t I = In-migration / immigration between time o and t O = Out-migration / emigration between time o and t

4 4 POPULATION DENSITY Number of people per unit area, usually people per square kilometer

5 QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX 5 Refers to the component of development Two levels: basic level which involves measures such as access to water, food, health and education etc. higher levels which may include freedom of speech and religious worship

6 Quality of life index is measured by certain aspects of life such as... Infant mortality rate the number of deaths of infants below one year per every thousand live births Literacy defined by UNESCO as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed materials associated with varying contexts Life expectancy average number of years that individuals are expected to live depending on where and when they are born and spend their lives Housing number of people owing a house and to the standard of living of houses Economic activity types of jobs relating to sectors of the economy - primary sector : activities concerned with extraction or exploitation of raw materials - secondary sector manufacturing industries - tertiary sector providing services - quaternary sector types of economic activity involving high technology and information services 6

7 The Concepts of TIME and SPACE Operating through different Scales 7 GLOBAL REGIONAL LOCAL

8 LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES 8 G L O C A L I S A T I O N L O C A L G L O B A L R E L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E N T H E L O C A L A N D T H E G L O B A L

9 PATTERNS ACTING AS TRIGGERING FACTORS 9 DEMOGRAPHIC HISTORICAL POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL CULTURAL TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TRIGGER POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY

10 LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES L O C A L P R O C E S S E S P R O C E S S O F U R B A N I S A T I O N, S U B U R B A N I S A T I O N C H A N G E I N L I F E S T Y L E I N C R E A S E D S T A N D A R D O F L I V I N G C H A N G E I N J O B S F R O M P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y T O T E R T I A R Y A N D Q U A T E R N A R Y I N C R E A S E D C A R O W N E R S H I P M O R E A C C E S S I B I L I T Y E V O L U T I O N O F T R A N S P O R T N E T W O R K S G L O B A L P R O C E S S E S G L O B A L I S A T I O N E C O N O M I C P O L I T I C A L C U L T U R A L S O C I A L T E C H N O L O G I C A L 10

11 Essay On the Principle of Population THOMAS MALTHUS otheory OF POPULATOIN RELATING TO RESOURCES otheory proposed a negative aspect of a large population ofood production increases arithmetically whereas population increases geomethrically otwo kind of checks are needed in order to maintain a balance in the population Preventive checks controls on birthrate such as abortion, contraception and prostitution Positive checks rise in mortality such as war, famine and disease

12 Theory of Agricultural Intensification 1965 & ESTER BOSERUP THEORY RELATING TO HUMAN POPULATION AND RESOURCES Her theory proposed a positive aspect of a large population Identified a new form of agricultural intensification based on technology, population and land The technology factor was the focus of her theory Population growth is the trigger of technological change

13 13 FIRST DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION First Demographic Transition Explains population increases and decreases through variations in the birth rate and death rate Identifies four stages: Stage 1 fluctuating birth rates and death rates Stage 2 death rates start to drop as a result of improvements in medicine Stage 3 families start getting smaller as a result of improved social conditions Stage 4 birth rates level down to replacement levels

14 SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION 14 FIRST STAGE ( ) Identifies the end of younger ages of marriage The baby boom of World War II ends Divorce starts to rise SECOND STAGE ( ) Common-law unions start to evolve Children are born in cohabiting relationships instead of marriage THIRD STAGE (1985 onwards) Divorce reaches a high point Post-marital cohabitation increases - widowed persons do not marry again but cohabitate A high proportion of people start having children after the age of 30

15 15...ACTING AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX Processes resulting from the triggers of population growth and density...

16 MIGRATION 16. Population movements across space o In-migration and outmigration Daily or seasonal movements commuting;work;travel Forced famine;war;poverty Voluntary search for better jobs; education

17 MIGRATION TRIGGERS The processes of URBANISATION - a large proportion of the population lives in towns and cities people migrate from the rural to the urban Urbanisation Suburbanisation SUBURBANISATION - people migrate in the outer district within the commuting zone of the urban area Counterurbanisation COUNTERURBANISATION - people move away from large urban settlements migration from urban to rural

18 MALTESE POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY IN THE 2OTH CENTURY 18

19 Density comparison table by district District MALTA Malta Gozo and Comino Population per km 1,200 1, Population per km 1,285 1, Change per km Southern Harbour 3,186 3, Northern Harbour 4,920 4, South Eastern 1,019 1, Western Northern Gozo and Comino

20 Factors acting as measures on the quality of life inedx in the Maltese Islands POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY 14 censuses from ,1851,1861,1881,1891,1901,1911,1 921,1931,1957,1967,1985,1995, 2005 Population in ,499 Population in ,962 Doubled 3.5 times in 163 years 20 MEASURING THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX Health improved health facilities leading to a low infant mortality rate, life longevity Education high literacy rate, lifelong learning, higher percentage of a graduated workforce, high percentage of women working Housing rise in persons owing their own personal dwellings, increase in dwellings due a large number of persons living independently - second demographic transiton:rise in separation leads to an increase in single households Economic activity shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary and quaternary sectors

21 References 21 Bogue, D.J., (1969) Introduction to the Study of Demography in Principles of Demography (Chapter 1 pg 1); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York Bogue, D.J., (1969) Population Change and Its Components in Principles of Demography (Chapter 2 pg 37-38); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York Haggett, P., (2001) Ester Boserup and Agricultural Intensification in Geography A Global Synthesis (Chapter 9 pg 283); Pearson Education Limited, England Ogden, P., (1984) Migration and Urban Growth in Migration and Geographical Change (Chapter 4 pg 51); University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain Pacione, M., (2001) Urban Geography from local to global in Urban Geography ; 2nd ed. (Chapter 1 pgs4-5); Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Great Britain Winch, D., (1987) The Principle of Population in Malthus (Chapter 3 pg 19); Oxford University Press, Great Britain INTERNET SOURCES Census 2005 accessed on Definitions of geography accessed on on 15th March 2010

22 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 22