Intermediate scale soil moisture estimation using cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors
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1 Intermediate scale soil moisture estimation using cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors David McJannet & Aaron Hawdon CSIRO LAND AND WATER OzEWEX, December 2015
2 What are cosmic rays? Cosmic rays are pieces of atoms that are accelerated and energised by the blast waves from exploding stars (super nova) Travelling at close to the speed of light some of these cosmic rays eventually reach the earths atmosphere Cosmic rays penetrate the atmosphere and collide with nuclei producing a cascade of secondary cosmic ray neutrons Each collision in the atmosphere and at the soil surface reduces the energy of cosmic ray neutrons 2 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
3 What can exploding stars tell us about soil moisture? Fortunately, the most effective element in reducing cosmic ray neutron energy is hydrogen High energy cascade neutrons (GeV) fast neutrons (MeV) thermal neutrons (ev) More hydrogen (soil moisture) = more low energy thermal neutrons 3 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
4 How does the static cosmic-ray soil moisture sensor work? The cosmic-ray sensor counts fast neutrons above the soil surface The variation in hydrogen in the soil moisture pool has the greatest impact on fast neutron counts More soil moisture = Less fast neutrons 컀 װ Rain gauge Satellite link ~$500 pa Solar panel Data logger and sensors Neutron tube Total cost: $ Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
5 The cosmic-ray sensor measurement footprint Area Depth 600m (30ha) 50+ Football fields ѷ WET ~10 cm DRY ~30 cm 5 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
6 Calibration of the cosmic-ray probe 24 sampling points 8 points in each of 3 concentric rings Rings each represent zone of equal weighting in probe signal 3 depths at each point = 72 samples (0-5, 10-15, 25-30cm) 곐 Collect wet and dry soil calibration points Standard calibration function tuned to measurements using one free parameter 6 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
7 The CosmOz network cosmoz.csiro.au Currently 12 probes Collaborative network CSIRO and 5 Universities Co-located with other measurements Open access data 7 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
8 CosmOz Data (>5 years for some stations) cosmoz.csiro.au ᢐҏ 8 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
9 Other networks US, China, Germany, South Africa, UK 9 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
10 Static to mobile sensing 10 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
11 The ROVER Trailer mounted large scale cosmic ray probe GPS tracking Bluetooth comms to car Dash cam video obs Opportunities for: cal/val up- and down-scaling continental surveys Funded by the Earth Observation and Informatics Future Science Platform 11 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
12 The ROVER first data 12 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
13 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Study Area: Birchip Grain growing Digital Agriculture Sensors Models Networks Aim: soil moisture monitoring and mapping Static CRP s Rover for: Satellite validation Development of downscaling 13 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
14 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Define extent of satellite pixel Plan a rover survey Track Speed Uncertainty Resolution 10km Uncertainty 0.01 m 3 /m 3 Neutron counts 400 /min Driving speed ~ 75 km/h Plotted track 500 km 14 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
15 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Correct survey counts for variation in: Humidity Pressure Neutron Intensity Use calibration approaches to define soil moisture Use Kriging approaches to map soil moisture 15 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
16 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Average for entire area suitable for validation/calibration of satellite estimates at this scale e.g. SMAP Repeat surveys will build confidence 16 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
17 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Speed of survey also gives high accuracy at higher resoltuions Opportunities for developing downscaling approaches 17 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
18 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Looking at opportunities for farmscale soil moisture estimates (1km res) Pick high variability areas using soil type/rain gradient/land use 18 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
19 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Undertake more intensive slower speed rover surveys Resolution 1km Uncertainty 0.02 m 3 /m 3 Neutron counts 400 /min Driving speed ~ 40 km/h Plotted track 200 km 19 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
20 Soil Moisture Sensing Project Downscaling using: Other satellite products Soil characteristics Landscape characteristics Grand aim: Operational approach to providing field-scale soil moisture on a daily basis 20 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
21 David McJannet CSIRO LAND AND WATER / WATER FOR A HEALTHY COUNTRY
22 匐 ҏ 22 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
23 23 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
24 Calibration Yanco 24 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
25 Nebraska Rover surveys (12km x 12km) 25 Cosmic-ray soil moisture measurements David McJannet
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