UNIT 4 - SKELETAL SYSTEM

Transcription

1 UNIT 4 - SKELETAL SYSTEM BIOL& Page 1 LAB EQUIPMENT: The bones that are available for study in the lab are human bones and must be treated with the greatest amount of care and respect. Please protect the bones by using the carpet pads provided for this purpose. Each group of students will have the use of a complete set of bones in a numbered box; please return bones to the proper box. Use a dissecting probe, paper clip or wooden dowel as a pointer. Do not use pens, pencils, or any other instrument that might mark or damage the bones. (A mechanical pencil, even with the lead retracted, is NOT an acceptable pointing instrument.) The skeletal system is subdivided into two divisions: the axial and appendicular skeletons. The bones of the axial skeleton are primarily located along the midline of the body; the bones of the appendicular skeleton are found in the upper and lower extremities, and in the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) which attach the arms and legs to the trunk. Unless otherwise noted, you should be able to identify all bones both individually and when articulated with adjacent bones. You will need to be able to identify the long bones of the upper and lower extremities as well as the os coxae (hip bones) as being a right or a left bone. Knowing the meanings of the following terms will be helpful in identifying structures on individual bones. See Table 6-1 in Martini for definitions of terms. Some plurals are listed (in parentheses). condyle crest epicondyle facet fissure foramen (foramina) fossa (fossae) fovea (foveae) head line meatus notch process ramus (rami) sinus spine or spinous process trochanter (only on femur) tubercle or tuberosity Please be aware that anatomists love to use synonyms. They insist on having several names for the same structure. That s just the way it is. In the following list of bony structures some synonyms are included in parentheses. E.g. squamous (or temporal) suture and coronal (or frontal) suture. You will find that this is the case throughout A&P. Just get used to it. J Lab practical questions are asking you for ONE generally-accepted name for a particular structure. This exam is identification ONLY. You will NOT be asked for functions. Please do your best to use the appropriate singular or plural forms of these words on lab practicals. For example, a single hole through a bone is a foramen, not a foramina Spelling counts.

2 AXIAL SKELETON Sutures Frontal bone Occipital bone BIOL& Page 2 coronal (frontal) suture lambdoidal suture sagittal suture squamous (temporal) suture sutural bones (Wormian, or supernumerary bones, or ossa triquetera. These are bones found within a suture.) frontal sinus (see midsagittal skull or skull with calvarium removed) supraorbital notch or foramen (If it s a hole, it s a foramen; if not, it s a notch.) condylar canal (not always present) external occipital protuberance foramen magnum groove (sulcus) for the transverse sinus hypoglossal canal inferior nuchal line occipital condyle superior nuchal line Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bones Sphenoid bone Mandible crista galli ethmoidal sinus (air cells) middle nasal concha olfactory foramina orbital surface (orbital plate) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid carotid canal external auditory meatus (external acoustic canal) groove for sigmoid sinus groove for superior petrosal sinus internal auditory meatus (internal acoustic canal) jugular fossa mandibular fossa mastoid notch mastoid process petrous ridge squamous portion styloid process stylomastoid foramen zygomatic process foramina: optic, oval (ovale), round (rotundum), spinosum, lacerum greater wings lesser wings medial and lateral pterygoid plates hypophyseal fossa sphenoid sinus see midsagittal or disarticulated sphenoid superior orbital fissure condylar process coronoid process mandibular foramen

3 mental foramen BIOL& Page 3 Maxillae Palatine bones incisive fossa and canal infraorbital foramen maxillary sinus palatine process of the maxilla horizontal plate orbital surface of the palatine Lacrimal bones Hyoid bone Other bones Other skull features FETAL SKULL inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, zygomatic, fetal mandible calvarium anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae see skull with calvarium removed zygomatic arch grooves for dural venous sinuses: sigmoid sinus superior petrosal sinus superior sagittal sinus transverse sinus paranasal sinuses: ethmoid frontal maxillary sphenoid (The mastoid sinus is not visible so you won t be asked to identify it!) fontanels: anteriolateral (sphenoidal) anterior (frontal) posteriolateral (mastoidal) posterior (occipital) SUMMARY OF SKULL FORAMINA TO KNOW carotid internal auditory meatus optic condyloid canal and fossa jugular ovale external auditory meatus lacerum rotundum greater palatine lacrimal spinosum hypoglossal canal magnum supraorbital incisive canal mandibular stylomastoid inferior orbital fissure mental superior orbital fissure Infraorbital olfactory VERTEBRAE Parts common to all types of vertebrae: intervertebral disc - fibrocartilage (see the articulated spine or skeleton models) intervertebral foramen, only visible when articulated with another vertebra) intervertebral notch lamina pedicle

4 spinous process transverse process vertebral body vertebral foramen BIOL& Page 4 Vertebral types be able to distinguish the various types of vertebrae individually and to identify following additional structures: cervical vertebrae (C 1 C 7 ) also identify two specialized bones: atlas (or C 1 ) axis or (C 2 ) with dens(or odontoid process) transverse foramina (i.e. cervical vertebrae have three holes) thoracic vertebrae (T 1 T 12 ) articulate with ribs so they have: superior or inferior facets or demifacets on body transverse costal facets lumbar vertebrae (L 1 L 5 ) sacrum (5 fused vertebrae: S 1 S 5 ) auricular (articular) surface median sacral crest sacral canal sacral foramina sacral promontory coccyx (3 5 fused vertebrae: Co 1 Co 5 ) THORAX ribs types: vertebrosternal (1 7), vertebrochondral (8 10), vertebral (11 and 12) parts: head, tubercle sternum (3 parts) body (gladiolus) of the sternum manubrium of the sternum xiphoid process of the sternum APPENDICULAR SKELETON clavicle scapula humerus acromial end of the clavicle conoid tubercle sternal end of the clavicle acromion (acromial process) coracoid process glenoid cavity (fossa) infraspinous fossa medial, lateral, and superior borders spine of the scapula subscapular fossa supraspinous fossa capitulum deltoid tuberosity greater tubercle

5 head of the humerus intertubercular (bicipital) groove (sulcus) lateral epicondyle lesser tubercle medial and lateral supracondylar ridges medial epicondyle olecranon fossa trochlea BIOL& Page 5 ulna radius carpals metacarpals phalanges pelvis coronoid process head of the ulna interosseous ridge (margin) of the ulna olecranon radial notch of the ulna styloid process of the ulna trochlear (semilunar) notch ulnar tuberosity head of the radius interosseous ridge (or margin) of the radius radial tuberosity styloid process of the radius ulnar notch of the radius (on an articulated hand only) (on an articulated hand only) proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated hand only) pubic symphysis pubic (subpubic) arch Be able to differentiate between a male and a female pelvis. Use the angle described by the pubic arch to do so. coxal bone(s) (os coxa(e), innominate bone(s)) (comprised of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis), acetabulum obturator foramen ilium ischium auricular or articular surface gluteal lines: anterior, posterior, and inferior greater sciatic notch iliac crest iliac fossa (on the anterior surface) iliac spines (know all four): anterior-superior anterior-inferior posterior-superior posterior-inferior iliac ischial tuberosity ischial (or sciatic) spine ischial ramus lesser sciatic notch

6 pubis femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges inferior ramus pubic tubercle superior ramus fovea capitis greater trochanter head of the femur intertrochanteric crest lateral condyle lateral epicondyles lesser trochanter linea aspera medial condyle medial epicondyle neck of the femur anterior margin (border) of the tibia fibular notch inferior articular surface for the talus intercondylar eminence lateral condyle medial condyle medial malleolus tibial tuberosity head of the fibula lateral malleolus (a general term for these bones on an articulated foot only) specific tarsals to know: talus (both articulated or individually) calcaneus (both articulated or individually) (on articulated foot only) proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated foot only) BIOL& Page 6 OTHER GENERAL BONY FEATURES compact and cancellous bone (see sectioned femur) diaphysis epiphysis epiphyseal line (see sectioned femur) marrow cavity (see sectioned femur) nutrient foramen (note function) trabeculae (see sectioned femur)