Integrated waste management of MSW across Europe Waste to Energy as a professional route to treat residual waste. Jan Manders Deputy President CEWEP

Transcription

1 Integrated waste management of MSW across Europe Waste to Energy as a professional route to treat residual waste. Jan Manders Deputy President CEWEP Houthalen Helchteren 16 October

2 Topics for this session How did Waste Management develop in Europe EU Directives and legislation Best Practice in Europe for integrated waste management and alternative approaches Waste to Energy: current practice and outlook Emission and health aspects Renewable Energy and Climate Change aspects Communication to stakeholders 2

3 CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants CEWEP represents 371 of 452 Waste-to-Energy plants across Europe. (62 mt of EU capacity of 73 mt in 2010) They thermally treat household and comparable waste, which is not other- wise reused or recycled, and generate energy from it. In 2010 across Europe they supplied: 30 TWh electricity (6 m hholds) 72 TWh of heat. (5 m hholds) 3

4 Waste Management across Europe divided into 3 groups Leading countries DE, NL, SE, BE, AT, CH, DK Sophisticated legislation and enforcement Extensive SS collection and treatment infrastructure No Landfill of MSW anymore Group making steady progress but long way to go e.g. FR, UK, IT, ES, PT, FI, NO, IE Landfill diversion slow, less WtE Compromises, political complications, NGO s Countries which are way behind : new entrants, GR 4

5 How did leading countries in Europe develop in the past? Initiatives go back to the 1970 s in DE, NL, CH, Nordic Growing awareness on environment, concern on soil pollution, scandals, land scarcity Set up source separation, recycling and incineration Instruments to discourage landfill: taxation, bans Comprehensive legislation and waste hierarchy (NL) Visionary energy strategy and important role for WtE plants (SE and DK) Eventually have become model for overall EU approach 5

6 Current EU Framework on Legislation : Set of EU Directives to be implemented into national legislation. Relevant examples: Landfill Directive : binding landfill diversion targets Waste Framework Directive Waste hierarchy, Energy Recovery status End of Waste criteria Recycling targets for MSW Waste Incineration Directive (-> IED) : emission limits Renewable Energy Directive: binding targets for utilisation of Renewable Energy by

7 EU Landfill Directive According to the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced (base year 1995): to 50 % by 2009 and to 35% of the total amount by Poor landfills are a threat to the environment: -- Contamination of water and soil -- Methane emissions (GHG) -- Loss of materials Derogations: For countries that had 80% landfilling in 1995: 50% Until 2013 Greece, Poland United Kingdom New Member states: 2014 Bulgaria 2017 Romania

8 Waste Hierarchy adopted by EU within the Waste Framework Directive The 5 step waste hierarchy in the Waste Framework Directive helps to achieve sustainable waste management, placing prevention at the top and disposal (such as landfilling) as the least favoured option. Reuse Recycling Other recovery Disposal Prevention e.g. energy recovery 8

9 Amount of MSW per capita in EU countries (total amount of waste leaving the household) Kg of MSW per capita per year in 2008 EU average = 500 kg CR PL SK LV RO LT GR HU SL BG PT BE ET SE FI FR IT GB ES DE AT NL MT LU IE CY DK Source: Eurostat 2010 Waste composition varies across Europe 9

10 Treatment of MSW in Europe EU27, 253 m tpa in 2011 Recycled 25% "Bio Recycled" 15% Thermal Treatment 23 % Landfilled 37% Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in the EU 27 in 2011 Source: EUROSTAT A large part of the EU27 waste is still wasted by putting it on landfills with negative effects on the environment. But waste is a precious resource which should be utilised! 10

11 EU27 SE BE NL DE DK AT LU FR FI IT UK IE ES SL PT CZ HU EE PL SK CY GR LT LV MT BG RO CH NO CR Treatment of MSW across Europe in 2011 Source: EUROSTAT Graph created by CEWEP Recycling Thermal Treatment Landfilling Bio-Recyling 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% % 15 0%

12 Can t everything be recycled? New recycled materials depend on the quality of the sorted waste: Materials too dirty or too contaminated (e.g. vacuum-cleaning bags) Mixed materials (too difficult/expensive to sort) Materials degrade after repeated recycling Demand necessary for recycled products If high quality recycling is not possible, the waste should be turned into energy, rather than being landfilled. It is worth noting that residues from recycling also often need thermal treatment Even countries with the highest recycling rates in Europe (e.g. Germany, Netherlands, Austria and Belgium) depend on WtE to treat remaining waste not suitable for recycling.

13 Successful Strategy for Integrated Waste management in various West- European countries Domestic and Comparable Waste Separation at source Organic Residual Waste Bulky Dom. Waste textiles glass paper packaging r e c y c l i n g AD +Compost. WtE Separation Compost Energy Bottom ashes R Residue material* Metals R Wood Biomass Energy Plants Rubble R RDF pellets cement kilns etc. R landfill * backup 13

14 Alternative processing routes : variants of MBT, especially for situations with little / no source separation Paper, metals, plastics, etc Recycling M S W Separation & Sorting combustible Fuel preparation RDF SRF Incineration Heat / Electricity Biological Drying Residue Landfill Organics Anaerobic Digestion Biogas Energy Composting Compost? Meeting specs? If not landfill

15 Landfill taxes in Europe 18 of the 27 EU countries do have a landfill tax: Range: 3.5 /t in Portugal 107 /t for combustible waste in NL More details about landfill bans and taxes: 15

16 Waste to Energy in Europe (Incineration with Energy Recovery of MSW and comparable waste) dominant route for the treatment of residual waste (and of RDF or sorting residues) grate type furnace is the dominant technology Fully proven and environmentally safe thanks to FGC About 71 million tonnes of capacity in operation in 2009 supplying about 30 TWh of electricity (6 million hh) and about 55 TWh of heat (5 million hh) about 50 % of this energy is classified as renewable represents a net CO 2 saving and avoids the use of fossil fuels elsewhere for energy production

17 Feedstock for WtE plants in Europe Mostly a combination of Residual MSW and Commercial Waste (collected by private business) e.g. in NL ratio 70: 30 calorific value in range 9 10 MJ/ kg Some new plants are designed for dedicated incineration of RDF or sorting fractions (DE and UK) Calorific value up to 14 MJ/kg 17

18 WtE producing local energy making Europe less dependant on fossil fuels imports Energy content of waste 1 tonne Municipal Waste 1 tonne brown coal or tonnes hard coal =ca. or 250 litres oil Assuming that the calorific value of municipal waste = 10 MJ/kg, brown coal = 9 MJ/kg, hard coal = 30 MJ/kg, oil = 42 MJ/kg

19 Typical Waste-to-Energy Plant Incineration/ Energy recovery Flue-gas cleaning Waste delivery 1. Tipping hall 8. DENOx catalyst 15. Primary air fan 2. Waste bunker 9. Economiser 16. Re-circulation fan 3. Grabs 10. Spray drier 17. Re-circulation to ECO 4. Feed chute 11. Fabric filter 18. Turbine and generator 5. Moving grate 12. Fan 19. Boiler water tank 6. Boiler 13. Stack 20. Residue silo 7. Electrostatic precipitator 14. Bunker air extraction 21. Bottom ash bunker 19

20 Application of Power and Heat in Europe Production of Electricity is obligatory; Older plants have modest electrical efficiency; Newer plants designed for optimum electrical efficiency (steam conditions, turbine type) Supply of electricity to the grid, or local customer Supply of high pressure steam to industrial customer nearby e.g. paper company, chemicals plant, water desalination Supply of hot water/ low pressure steam to district heating system e.g. in Nordic, NL DE, CR Maximum Energy Efficiency can be achieved by combination of supply of Power and Heat 20

21 Bottom Ash from Waste to Energy Plants Extensive application of bottom ash in civil works in e.g. NL, DE, BE, FR, DK, IT Active development of other applications in building materials: bricks, concrete Major process optimisation in recovery of more nonferrous material from bottom ash : Al and Cu Some countries do not permit application of bottom ash other than as cover for landfill. e.g. CH Development of dry extraction route (CH): dry bottom ash with high levels of recovery of Al and Cu 21

22 Recycling valuable metals from Waste-to-Energy bottom ash Ferrous and non-ferrous metals can be extracted and recycled into new products, e.g. aluminium castings for the automotive industry. Minerals can be used as secondary aggregates, e.g. in road construction or in building products. WtE Plants contribute to achieving a recycling society and to improving Europe s Resource Efficiency, by using unavoidable waste as a valuable resource wherever possible.

23 EU Waste Incineration Directive: Emission Limit Values (ELV) for WtE incineration Component Limit value Period (Cd) and (Tl) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours (Hg) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours (Sb), (As), (Pb), (Cr), (Co), (Cu), (Mn), (Ni), (V) 0,5 mg/m³ max 8 hours dioxins and furans, 0,1 ng/m³ max 8 hours (CO) 50 mg/m³ daily average value dust 10 mg/m³ daily average value (HCl), 10 mg/m³ daily average value (HF), 1 mg/m³ daily average value (SO 2 ), 50 mg/m³ daily average value (No), (NO 2 ) (depending on plant size). 200 mg/m³ mg/m³ daily average value 23

24 Health studies The Scientific Advisory Council of the Federal Medical Association (Germany) investigated potential health risks caused by emissions of Waste-to-Energy Plants, concluding: The evaluation conducted shows that currently operating Waste-to-Energy Plants, which conform to the technical standards, cause very marginal health risks, which can therefore be classified as negligible health risks for the population living in the vicinity of Waste-to-Energy Plants Source: German Medical Journal 90, edition 1 / 2, 11 th of January 1993, p , Publications 24

25 Waste-to-Energy in Europe in 2010 Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration plants) Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy plants in million tonnes Data supplied by CEWEP members unless specified otherwise * From Eurostat ** Includes plant in Andorra Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Spain** Norway Denmark Sweden Netherlands Germany Belgium Luxembourg* France Switzerland Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland* Czech Republic Slovakia* Austria Italy Hungary Slovenia* Romania Greece Bulgaria info@cewep.eu

26 Incinerated MSW in EU27+CH+NO , in tonnes Incinerated MSW by CEWEP members Incinerated MSW in EU27+CH+NO number of plants in CEWEP number of plants in EU27+CH+NO

27 Average size of WtE plants varies from country to country Averag e c apac ity of WtE plants in 2008 per c ountry (kt per annum) NL HU PT DE GB ES SK AT BE SE CH LU DK IT FI CZ FR NO PL Av C ap

28 Waste to Energy Capacity Development within Europe Country Groups Likely developments Potential for expansion DE, NL, DK, SE, CH, A, BE FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Recent extensions Demand and Capacity in balance or slight overcapacity emerging Market opportunities, but complications due to local policies & preferences UK, CZ, PL, Major extension potential GR, new EU entrants Major potential, but various complications and hurdles despite EU support

29 Climate Change Aspects CO 2 accounting systems available Consensus on CO 2 impact from Waste to Energy, although some NGO disagreement Renewable Energy major topic in EU; Contribution from Waste, WtE is being recognized: 50 % of this energy is classified as renewable 29

30 Net CO 2 emissions from modern WtE plants A state-of- the art WtE plant saves CO 2 in the range of 100 to 450 kg CO 2 eq per tonne of waste processed *, depending on: Waste composition (% biogenic) Amount of heat and electricity supplied Country Energy substitution mix If WtE replaces (poor) landfilling, then there would be additional savings of 200 to 800 kg CO 2 /tonne waste * The more energy can be supplied as heat the higher the CO 2 savings

31 Energy from Waste as a source of Renewable Energy EU binding targets on RE : 20 % by 2020, differentiated by country Major gap of 1500 TWh of RE to be filled by solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, waste Renewable Energy from waste is «low hanging fruit» : easy-to-achieve, reliable and relatively cheap CEWEP study shows that EfW might contribute 95 TWh, of which the largest contribution is through WtE, followed at a distance by other waste sources such as LFG 31

32 Landfill mining for processing in WtE Practical experience in NL with Twence MSW dug up after 8 years of presence in landfill Coarse screening to remove oversize and sand Calorific value has dropped from about 10 to 9 MJ/kg Material mixed with fresh MSW in ratio 40: 60 to secure good furnace performance In 2011 about 150 kt processed (then refund of landfill tax yet possible) Additional cost say 10 / tonne No adverse consequences for plant performance and emissions. 32

33 Communication with stakeholders on Waste-to-Energy Communication with stakeholders is often the most important issue when considering investment in WtE: Who are our stakeholders? Local community, neighbours Politicians Media NGO s and pressure groups Authorities 33

34 Thank you for your attention! CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants Office in Brussels: Boulevard Clovis 12A B-1000 Brussels BELGIUM Tel.: +32 (0) Fax: +32 (0)