Hominines. The Origin of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) Pliocene. Hominine Taxonomy. Late Pliocene. Late Pliocene Climates. Arguments and Evidence
|
|
- Whitney Newman
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Hominines The Origin of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) erectus heidelbergensis Modern Homo sapiens neandertalensis Arguments and Evidence ergaster rudolfensis Homo habilis Millions of Years Ago habilis rudolfensis Family: Hominidae Hominine Taxonomy ergaster Subfamily: Homininae Genus: Homo erectus heidelbergensis neanderthalensis sapiens Pliocene This bipedal/climbing adaptation of early australopithecines remained stable through much of the Pliocene, despite the high levels of climatic variability Adaptation includes retention of the Miocene trait of thick enamel in the cheek teeth so that both hard and soft foods were consumable Elaboration of the pattern results of substantial regional and temporal variation and speciation Late Pliocene Around 3 mya the Isthmus of Panama emerged as a permanent separation of the ocean circulation between the Pacific and the Atlantic/Caribbean Several other planetary and continental forces combine so that by around 2½ mya there is a major expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet and major ice rafts are recorded in the Northern Hemisphere There is a critical drop in temperature about this time, along with a nearly doubling of the level of climatic variability Late Pliocene Climates 1
2 Late Pliocene, 2 Savanna habitats spread into previous woodland settings, along with increased climate variability Some hominids appear to have adapted to this change by increasing dental surface for grinding tough, drought resistant plant foods (e.g., Australopithecus aethiopicus, A. boisei, A. robustus) Other hominids adopted toolmaking, transport of resources, and dietary change including increased use of animal resources (e.g., Homo habilis) The survivor of this transition appears by mya, (Homo erectus) with substantially enlarged brains and large erect bodies Plio-Pleistocene Setting There is little average change in temperature between 2.5 mya and today Dramatic changes in amplitude of changes Breakpoint about 600,000 years ago The Ice Ages with periods of extensive glaciation in high latitudes alternating with brief warm periods The beginning of extreme fluctuation coincides with advanced Homo erectus Continuing fluctuation produces Archaic Homo sapiens Plio-Pleistocene Climates Homo neanderthalensis Homo heidelbergensis Homo erectus Homo habilis/rudolfensis Less Ice More Ice Pliocene Lifecycles Australopithecus afarensis and earlier forms appear to have developed much like modern chimps, with a brief adolescent spurt Australopithecus africanus may have had slightly extended infancy and childhood and an increased adolescence Homo habilis adds a childhood phase, and probably increased adolescence Pleistocene Lifecycles, 2 Alternate Lifecycles Homo erectus increases the childhood phase, with a pronounced adolescent spurt Homo heidelbergensis would have increased childhood and a pronounced adolescent spurt Possibility that the extended childhood is beginning to play a role in transmitting communication skills Homo sapiens recently adds an early maturation to start adolescence 2
3 Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470 Fosils named handy man because of the suggestion of evidence of tools found in contemporary deposits Lived between about 2.4 and 1.5 million years ago Similar to australopithecines in many ways Face is primitive, but projects less than in A. africanus Homo habilis, 2 Back teeth are smaller than those of the australopithecines, but still considerably larger than modern humans Average cranial capacity, at 650 cc, is larger than in australopithecines Brain size varies between 500 and 800 cc, overlapping the australopithecines at the low end and H. erectus at the high end Homo habilis, 3 Brain shape is more humanlike Bulge of Broca's area, essential for speech, is visible in one H. habilis brain cast, indicating it may have been capable of rudimentary speech H. habilis was about 127 cm (5'0") tall, and about 45 kg (100 lb) in weight, although females may have been smaller Homo habilis, 4 Habilis has been a controversial species Some scientists have not accepted it, believing that all H. habilis specimens should be assigned to either the australopithecines or Homo erectus Many now believe that Homo habilis combines specimens from two different species Homo habilis--more ape-like (OH 62) Homo rudolfensis--the more human form (KNM-ER 1470) Homo ergaster The early African forms, including the Turkana boy (The KNM-WT 15000) Very modern post-crania, except for conical rib cage Large body size 3
4 Homo erectus Out of Africa Appears in China, Java close to 1.8 mya Increased encephalization African/European sites show hand axe technology Relatively stable forms mya Asian sites have chopper tools H. egaster expansion into Asia predated the development of the Acheulean tradition in Africa Homo heidelbergensis Advanced Homo erectus Best documented at Spanish site of Atapuerca Originally named Homo antecessor by Spanish discoverers Transitional form showing a mix of primitive (H. erectus) and advanced (H. sapiens) features Late Pleistocene Happenings The warm peak of the last interglacial (ca. 120, ,000 years ago) suspiciously coincides with the consensus date estimate of several genetic studies for the origin of modern Homo sapiens The last refinements on language and improvements in technology may have occurred and been a substantial cultural advantage in this time of extreme climatic change The final expansion of childhood to allow the perfecting of language skills may have accompanied this change Consensus date of genetic models for appearance of Modern Homo sapiens Recent Climates The Models Recent African Evolution Model (Complete Displacement) African-European sapiens Model (Partial Displacement) Multiregional Evolution Model (Regional Continuity) Recent African Evolution AMH populations first arose in Africa within the last 200,000 years These populations spread from Africa to the Middle East, Asia, and Europe Pre-modern populations in Asia and Europe were completely displaced by the African migrants 4
5 Recent African Evolution--2 Denies transitions from archaic Homo sapiens to AMH anywhere in the world except Africa Most extreme form considers the appearance of AMH a speciation event, complete with reproductive isolation from pre-modern populations Recent African Evolution--3 Proponents on the fossil side: Stringer, Brauer, Andrews Proponents on the genetic side: Cann, Wilson, Stoneking African-European sapiens Transition from archaic Homo sapiens to AMH in South Africa about 100,000 years ago Environmental and climatic conditions cause migration of AMH from South Africa Moving into Eurasia, AMH hybridized with resident archaic populations, eventually replacing them African-European sapiens--2 The disappearance of of archaic humans was due to both hybridization and replacement Involved a gradual and complex process Still emphasizes replacement Proponents: Brauer, Lieberman, Jackson Assimilation Accepts an African origin for modern humans. Emphasizes gene flow, without major population movement. Also invokes changing selection pressures in different areas resulting in directional morphological change. Assimilation--2 Accepts substantial continuity within major regions. Proponents: Smith, Trinkhaus 5
6 Multiregional Evolution Some local populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary development from archaic Homo sapiens to AMH Denies a solely African origin for all AMH Emphasizes the role of genetic continuity over time within major areas: Africa, Europe, Asia, Southeast Asia/Australasia Multiregional Evolution--2 Invokes gene flow between regional populations to account for similar anatomical transitions from archaic to AMH in the different regions Considers archaic Homo sapiens and AMH members of the same species Also considers the regional populations to be a single species through gene flow Proponents: Wolpoff, Smith, Frayer Genetics The Evidence Genetic distance and variability Fossils Africa, Asia, Europe Contemporary Morphology Morphological distance and variability Genetics Initial attempts to assess the phylogenetic relationships of modern human populations suggested an African point of origin Cann and her colleagues collected mitochondrial (mtdna) data from numerous populations, examined base sequence information, and produced phylogenetic trees asserting an African root 6
7 Genetics--2 Genetic variability shows the greatest amount of diversity in sub-saharan African populations High variability suggests that the African populations have been accumulating genetic mutations for the longest time--i.e., they are the oldest living populations Genetics--3 Genetic distance calculated a number of ways is greatest between African populations and other groups High variability and genetic distance results support either the Recent African Evolution or the African-European sapiens models Point to an early origin of African populations Genetics--4 Horai et al. (1995) sequenced all 16,500 bases of mtdna for 3 humans and 4 apes and found the common ancestor for the humans to have lived 143ky + 18ky Four other mtdna studies, one nuclear DNA analysis and one protein polymorphism analysis yield dates from 117ky to 280ky for separation of modern humans (see D Andrade and Morin, 1997) Genetics--4 Dandrade and Morin (1997) find no mtdna lineages in man which are exclusively Asian or European, only exclusive African lineages They conclude that the recent date of modern human separation and the deep African genetic lineage rules out the multiregional model Neandertal DNA A team of U.S. and German researchers has extracted mitochondrial DNA from Neandertal bone showing that the Neandertal DNA sequence falls outside the normal variation of modern humans. These results indicate that Neandertals did not contribute mitochondrial DNA to modern humans Neandertal DNA, 2 Current models hold that Neandertals became extinct only 30,000 years ago and co-existed with modern humans in Europe The team, however, found that Neandertals and modern humans diverged genetically 500,000 to 600,000 years ago Suggests that though they may have lived at the same time, Neandertals did not contribute genetic material to modern humans 7
8 Neandertal DNA, 3 Since 1991, an interdisciplinary project has focused on the Neandertal-type specimen found in 1856 near Dusseldorf, Germany A sample was removed for DNA analysis The researchers compared the Neandertal sequence with 2,051 human sequences and 59 common chimpanzee sequences (outgroup for comparison) Neandertal DNA, 4 Researchers looked at the Neandertal sequence with respect to 994 human mitochondrial DNA lineages Africans, Europeans, Asians, Native Americans, Australians and Pacific Islanders Results were that the number of base pair differences between the Neandertal sequence and these groups was 27 or 28 for all groups Neandertal DNA, 5 Neandertals inhabited the same geographic region as contemporary Europeans The differences between the Neandertal sequence and modern Europeans is no closer than for other contemporary human populations Neandertal DNA, 6 Phylogenetic tree reconstruction shows the Neandertal sequence branching before the divergence of the modern human mitochondrial DNA lineages, but after the split from chimpanzees The phylogenetic tree shows the first three branches of humans are African Only the fourth branch has non-african sequences The branching pattern indicates that the ancestor of the mitochondrial DNA gene pool of contemporary humans lived in Africa Fossils Earliest widely accepted AMH fossils occur in Africa and the Middle East Asian and European forms appear much later The regional features cited by some authorities as evidence of Multiregional Evolution are now thought to be retentions of robust primitive features from H. erectus or heidelbergensis, and not generally present in modern populations 8
9 Fossils--2 The fossil evidence supports the late presence of Homo erectus in Asia the early presence of AMH in Africa late arrival of AMH in Europe These results are generally inconsistent with the Multiregional Evolution model Contemporary Morphology Cranial measurements taken on a large sample of contemporary populations indicate that most variability occurs within groups African populations show greater variability (roughly three times more than Europeans) than other populations, suggesting greater time depth (Relethford and Harpending 1994) Contemporary morphology--2 Lahr (1995) interprets the variability in cranial morphology between modern populations as evidence of a recent divergence (less than ~100,000 years ago) between modern populations These findings contradict the Multiregional Evolution Model and lend support to an African origin of AMH and hybridization Contemporary morphology--3 Waddle (1994) performed matrix correlation analyses of cranial features of Old World populations to assess consistency with multi-regional vs. singleorigin hypotheses Her results support a single origin for modern humans Not consistent with long-term evolution within regions Interpretation of the Evidence Genetic, fossil, and contemporary morphology lines of evidence tend to support an intermediate model (African- European sapiens, perhaps with more emphasis on gene flow) versus the extreme models (Recent African Evolution and Multiregional Continuity) 9
10 Interpretation of the Evidence--2 Aiello (1993) and Lahr (1995) argue that all of these models are too simplistic to capture the complexity of environmental changes and associated natural selection (cooling and warming associated with major glacial events), fluctuations in population sizes and isolation or gene flow, and behavioral adaptations. Sources Aiello LC (1993) The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa: a revised view. Am. Anth., 95: D Andrade R and A Morin (1997) Chimpanzee and human mitochondrial DNA: A principal components and individual-by-site analysis. Am. Anth., 98: Sources--2 Frayer DW, MH Wolpoff, AG Thorne, FH Smith, GG Pope (1993) Theories of modern human origins: the paleontological test. Am. Anth., 95: Horai S, K Hayasaka, R Kondo, K Tsugane, and N Takahata (1995) Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 92: Sources--3 Lahr MM (1995) Patterns of modern human diversification: implications for Amerindian origins. Yrbk. Phys. Anthrop., 38: Lieberman L and FLC Jackson (1995) Race and three models of human origin. Am. Anth., 97: Sources--4 Relethford JH (1994) Craniometric variation among modern human populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 95: Templeton AR (1993) The Eve hypothesis: a genetic critique and reanalysis. Am. Anth., 95:
Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo is important for understanding the ancestry of humans; the only living species of Homo.
Section 3: Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo is important for understanding the ancestry of humans; the only living species of Homo. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential
More informationOutline 22: Hominid Fossil Record
Outline 22: Hominid Fossil Record Human ancestors A.=Australopithicus Assumed direct lineage to modern humans Babcock textbook Collecting hominid fossils in East Africa Using Stratigraphy and Radiometric
More informationThe Story of Human Evolution Part 1: From ape-like ancestors to modern humans
The Story of Human Evolution Part 1: From ape-like ancestors to modern humans Slide 1 The Story of Human Evolution This powerpoint presentation tells the story of who we are and where we came from - how
More informationPhylogeny and the dispersal of Homo. David S. Strait, U Albany
Phylogeny and the dispersal of Homo David S. Strait, U Albany Biogeography g The study of how and why organisms are distributed across the landscape Darwin s voyage to the Galapagos Islands Darwin s finches
More informationFrom Africa to Aotearoa Part 1: Out of Africa
From Africa to Aotearoa Part 1: Out of Africa The spread of modern humans out of Africa started around 65,000 years ago, and ended with the settlement of New Zealand 750 years ago. These PowerPoint presentations
More informationThe facts most scientists agree on
Extant Apes Even though chimps look more similar to gorillas and orangutans, they re actually more closely related to humans according to current genetic data. The facts most scientists agree on Brains:
More informationChapter 11: The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo
Chapter 11: The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 1. Homo habilis: The First Species of the Genus Homo a. The Path to Humanness: Bigger Brains, Tool Use, and Adaptive Flexibility i. First discovered
More informationIntroduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide - Focus Topics
Introduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide - Focus Topics Chapter 1 Species: Recognize all definitions. Evolution: Describe all processes. Culture: Define and describe importance. Biocultural:
More informationEARLY AND LATE ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS AND ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS
ANTH 310 Human Origins LABORATORY #5 EARLY AND LATE ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS AND ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS Traditionally, the hominins after the middle Pleistocene (middle Homo) belong to Homo sapiens.
More informationGenetic Variation and Human Evolution Lynn B. Jorde, Ph.D. Department of Human Genetics University of Utah School of Medicine.
Genetic Variation and Human Evolution Lynn B. Jorde, Ph.D. Department of Human Genetics University of Utah School of Medicine. The past two decades have witnessed an explosion of human genetic data. Innumerable
More informationOn side: Classification of Humans
1 The modern human, known as the species homo sapien, is characterized by a large and well-developed brain compared to early species of humans.this increased mental capacity has allowed people to excel
More informationClassification and Evolution
Classification and Evolution Starter: How many different ways could I split these objects into 2 groups? Classification All living things can also be grouped how do we decide which groups to put them into?
More informationLast class. What species of hominid are found in the early Pliocene? Where are they found? What are their distinguishing anatomical characteristics?
Last class What species of hominid are found in the early Pliocene? Where are they found? What are their distinguishing anatomical characteristics? How do the Australopithecines differ from the possible
More informationThe First Female Homo erectus Pelvis, from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia
PRESS RELEASE The First Female Homo erectus Pelvis, from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia To be published in the Journal Science 14 November, 2008 Prepared by the Gona Palaeoanthropological Research Project Stone
More informationLevel 3 Biology, 2012
90719 907190 3SUPERVISOR S Level 3 Biology, 2012 90719 Describe trends in human evolution 2.00 pm Tuesday 13 November 2012 Credits: Three Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission
More informationCotlow Award Application Form 2009
Cotlow Award Application Form 2009 Department of Anthropology The George Washington University Washington, DC 20052 1. Personal Information Applicant s name: Degree sought: Katherine E. Schroer PhD Field
More informationLecture 10 Friday, March 20, 2009
Lecture 10 Friday, March 20, 2009 Reproductive isolating mechanisms Prezygotic barriers: Anything that prevents mating and fertilization is a prezygotic mechanism. Habitat isolation, behavioral isolation,
More informationPractice Questions 1: Evolution
Practice Questions 1: Evolution 1. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A. natural selection B. genetic manipulation C. dynamic equilibrium D. material cycles 2. The diagram below
More informationSummary. 16 1 Genes and Variation. 16 2 Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date
Chapter 16 Summary Evolution of Populations 16 1 Genes and Variation Darwin s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Beginning with variation, we now know that traits are controlled by
More informationBiology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15
Biology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15 Species - group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; genetically similar 13.7, 14.2 Population
More informationIn 1871 Charles Darwin published another groundbreaking
23 How Humans Evolved Concept Outline 23.1 The evolutionary path to humans starts with the advent of primates. The Evolutionary Path to Apes. Primates first evolved 65 million years ago, giving rise first
More informationRethinking Polynesian Origins: Human Settlement of the Pacific
LENScience Senior Biology Seminar Series Rethinking Polynesian Origins: Human Settlement of the Pacific Michal Denny, and Lisa Matisoo-Smith Our Polynesian ancestors are renowned as some of the world s
More informationThe Ice Age By: Sue Peterson
www.k5learning.com Objective sight words (pulses, intermittent, isotopes, chronicle, methane, tectonic plates, volcanism, configurations, land-locked, erratic); concepts (geological evidence and specific
More informationhe standard uniform for paleontologists is casual. T-shirts, cutoffs, and floppy old hats are common
NOT FOR SALE A New Kind of Ape T 14 Reprinted from The Tangled Bank: An Introduction to Evolution, Second Edition by Carl Zimmer. Permission granted by Roberts and Company Publishers. http://bit.ly/1bwx1qt
More informationEvolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions
Evolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (Evolution) 3.a Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms. (pg. 109 Science
More informationChapter 9: Earth s Past
Chapter 9: Earth s Past Vocabulary 1. Geologic column 2. Era 3. Period 4. Epoch 5. Evolution 6. Precambrian time 7. Paleozoic era 8. Shield 9. Stromatolite 10. Invertebrate 11. Trilobite 12. Index fossil
More information3 The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
CHAPTER 9 3 The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras SECTION A View of Earth s Past KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What were the periods of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras? What
More informationHistory of the Earth/Geologic Time 5E Unit
History of the Earth/Geologic Time 5E Unit Description: Students will create a timeline of Earth history in the classroom and learn about major changes to the Earth and life through time. Standards Targeted:
More informationThese two species overlapped temporally for 700,000 years or more and at location of Koobi Fora, overlapped geographically.
Earl hominans: Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis Homo habilis (2.3-16 mya) Female height about 3.3 ft. Male? Weight 72-83 lbs. Brain size 509-674 cc May have had much in common with South African A. africanus
More informationName Class Date. binomial nomenclature. MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification 17.1 Reading Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon binomial nomenclature genus MAIN IDEA:
More informationLesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity
Lesson Overview 6.3 6.3 Objectives Define biodiversity and explain its value. Identify current threats to biodiversity. Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. THINK ABOUT IT From multicolored coral
More informationTropical Rainforests in the Pleistocene. Tropical Rainforests in the Pleistocene. Tropical Rainforests in the Pleistocene
Tropical Rainforests in the Pleistocene tropics stable during Pleistocene? 1 C temperature drop based on 1976 CLIMAP study of warm vs. cold loving forams (vs. 10 C in North Atlantic) Paleothermometers
More informationWorksheet: The theory of natural selection
Worksheet: The theory of natural selection Senior Phase Grade 7-9 Learning area: Natural Science Strand: Life and living Theme: Biodiversity, change and continuity Specific Aim 1: Acquiring knowledge of
More informationHUMAN ORIGINS, DISPERSAL AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTS: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
HUMAN ORIGINS, DISPERSAL AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTS: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE Amanuel Beyin University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, U.S.A. Keywords: Modern humans (Homo sapiens), hominins,
More informationUnderstanding by Design. Title: BIOLOGY/LAB. Established Goal(s) / Content Standard(s): Essential Question(s) Understanding(s):
Understanding by Design Title: BIOLOGY/LAB Standard: EVOLUTION and BIODIVERSITY Grade(s):9/10/11/12 Established Goal(s) / Content Standard(s): 5. Evolution and Biodiversity Central Concepts: Evolution
More informationCulture (from the Encarta Encyclopedia)
Culture (from the Encarta Encyclopedia) 1. Introduction Culture, in anthropology, is the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes
More information11A Plate Tectonics. What is plate tectonics? Setting up. Materials
11A Plate Tectonics What is plate tectonics? Earth s crust plus the upper mantle forms the lithosphere. Earth s lithosphere is broken in a number of different pieces. How these pieces move and interact
More informationarchaeologist artifact WC-1
WC-1 archaeologist artifact A scientist who studies the life and culture of ancient people. An object, such as a tool, made by humans. WC-1 climate climate zone The weather in an area averaged over a long
More informationPrinciples of Evolution - Origin of Species
Theories of Organic Evolution X Multiple Centers of Creation (de Buffon) developed the concept of "centers of creation throughout the world organisms had arisen, which other species had evolved from X
More informationAP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic
AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic Background The Essential Knowledge statements provided in the AP Biology Curriculum Framework are scientific claims describing phenomenon occurring in
More informationEvidence for evolution factsheet
The theory of evolution by natural selection is supported by a great deal of evidence. Fossils Fossils are formed when organisms become buried in sediments, causing little decomposition of the organism.
More informationFUSSING OVER FOSSILS
CHRISTIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE PO Box 8500, Charlotte, NC 28271 Review: JAR1356 FUSSING OVER FOSSILS a book review of The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 10 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 10 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term for a feature
More informationWorksheet - COMPARATIVE MAPPING 1
Worksheet - COMPARATIVE MAPPING 1 The arrangement of genes and other DNA markers is compared between species in Comparative genome mapping. As early as 1915, the geneticist J.B.S Haldane reported that
More informationMacroevolution: Change above the species level NABT 2006 Evolution Symposium
Introduction Macroevolution: Change above the species level NABT 2006 Evolution Symposium The basic concept of evolution change over time can be examined in two different time frames. The first, which
More informationTectonic plates have different boundaries.
KEY CONCEPT Plates move apart. BEFORE, you learned The continents join and break apart The sea floor provides evidence that tectonic plates move The theory of plate tectonics helps explain how the plates
More informationChapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Overview Name Period 1. In the last chapter, you were asked about macroevolution. To begin this chapter, give some examples of macroevolution. Include at least one novel example not in your text. Concept
More informationARCH 1616 Between Sahara and Sea: North Africa from Human Origins to Islam
ARCH 1616 Between Sahara and Sea: North Africa from Human Origins to Islam Brett Kaufman brett_kaufman@brown.edu Office Hours week of September 22: Monday, 2:30-4:30 pm Rhode Island Hall 007 Hominid Evolution
More informationLab 2/Phylogenetics/September 16, 2002 1 PHYLOGENETICS
Lab 2/Phylogenetics/September 16, 2002 1 Read: Tudge Chapter 2 PHYLOGENETICS Objective of the Lab: To understand how DNA and protein sequence information can be used to make comparisons and assess evolutionary
More informationOnce We Were Not. Today we take for granted that Homo sapiens is the only hominid on Earth.Yet for at least four million years many
Today we take for granted that Homo sapiens is the only hominid on Earth.Yet for at least four million years many Once We Were Not PARANTHROPUS BOISEI had massive jaws, equipped with huge grinding teeth
More informationConnected Experience: Evolution and the Galápagos Tortoise
Connected Experience: Evolution and the Galápagos Tortoise GRADE LEVELS 6 th -8 th ; California Content Standards for 7 th and High School Biology Objectives SUBJECTS Life Sciences DURATION Pre-Visit:
More informationONCE we TODAYWETAKE FOR GRANTED THAT HOMO SAPIENS FOUR MILLION YEARS MANY HOMINID SPECIES EMERGENCE
EMERGENCE TODAYWETAKE FOR GRANTED THAT HOMO SAPIENS FOUR MILLION YEARS MANY HOMINID SPECIES ONCE we SHARING A SINGLE LANDSCAPE, four kinds of hominids lived about 1.8 million years ago in what is now part
More informationWORLD. Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees
2011 WORLD Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees WORLD Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees The World Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees identifies mobility trends among GMAT examinees
More informationA Diffusion Wave out of Africa
Current Anthropology Volume 43, Number 5, December 2002 2002 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved 0011-3204/2002/4305-0003$3.00 A Diffusion Wave out of Africa
More informationThe Origin of Life. The Origin of Life. Reconstructing the history of life: What features define living systems?
The Origin of Life I. Introduction: What is life? II. The Primitive Earth III. Evidence of Life s Beginning on Earth A. Fossil Record: a point in time B. Requirements for Chemical and Cellular Evolution:
More informationContinents join together and split apart.
KEY CONCEPT Continents change position over time. BEFORE, you learned Earth s main layers are the core, the mantle, and the crust The lithosphere and asthenosphere are the topmost layers of Earth The lithosphere
More informationName: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 17 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The correct order for the levels of Linnaeus's classification system,
More information6 LUCY & THE LEAKEYS BIOGRAPHY 770L
6 LUCY & THE LEAKEYS BIOGRAPHY 770L LUCY & THE LEAKEYS HOMININE FOSSILS AND PALEOARCHAEOLOGISTS Louis Leakey Mary Leakey Lucy c. 3.2 MYA Afar, Ethiopia Born August 7, 1903 Kabete, Kenya Died October 1,
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 3 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 3 1 Chapter in Review 1. Heredity is the tendency of offspring to resemble their parents in various ways. Genes are units of heredity. They are functional strands of DNA grouped
More informationPhylogenetic trees have a long history of representing
Deep Time in Perspective: An Animated Fossil Hominin Timeline HOLLY M. DUNSWORTH Department of Anthropology, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave., Northeastern Illionois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; h-dunsworth@neiu.edu
More informationCPO Science and the NGSS
CPO Science and the NGSS It is no coincidence that the performance expectations in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) are all action-based. The NGSS champion the idea that science content cannot
More informationHuman Nature A look at the ways in which monkeys and apes are similar to humans, not just biologically but mentally and socially
Lesson Title: Life As We Know It Grade Level: 9-12 Time Allotment: 3 45-minute class periods Overview Where did life on Earth come from, and how did it become what it is today? Students will explore the
More informationUnit 2 Lesson 4 The Geologic Time Scale. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Once Upon a Time How have geologists described the rate of geologic change? Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that shape it. Early geologists
More informationMS. Structure, Function, and Information Processing
MIDDLE SCHOOL LIFE SCIENCE Alignment with National Science Standards Use the chart below to find Science A-Z units that best support the Next Generation Science Standards* for Middle School Life Science,
More informationThe assassination of JFK
The assassination of JFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot by a sniper
More informationProblem Set 5 BILD10 / Winter 2014 Chapters 8, 10-12
Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection 1) A population is: a) a group of species that shares the same habitat. b) a group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same general location
More informationBiological Sciences Initiative. Human Genome
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI Human Genome Introduction In 2000, researchers from around the world published a draft sequence of the entire genome. 20 labs from 6 countries worked on the sequence.
More informationAP Biology Unit I: Ecological Interactions
AP Biology Unit I: Ecological Interactions Essential knowledge 1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth s history. Species extinction rates are rapid at times of ecological stress.
More informationclimate science A SHORT GUIDE TO This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science.
A SHORT GUIDE TO climate science This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science. For more information and to view the full report, visit royalsociety.org/policy/climate-change
More informationICFT: An Assault On Biblical Creation (Genesis 1)
Introduction. ICFT: An Assault On Biblical Creation (Genesis 1) A) In Colleges and Universities around the world, young men and women from Christians homes are challenged with questions by liberal professors
More informationTaxonomy and Classification
Taxonomy and Classification Taxonomy = the science of naming and describing species Wisdom begins with calling things by their right names -Chinese Proverb museums contain ~ 2 Billion specimens worldwide
More informationThe retreat of glaciers and the original people of the Great Lakes
Subject/target grade: Grade 9-12 Local History, Ecology, or Earth/Environmental Science classes Duration: Four 50-minute class periods; one optional half-day field activity Setting: Classroom Materials
More informationFossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion
J. Anat. (2004) 204, pp403 416 Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. REVIEW Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion W. E. H. Harcourt-Smith 1 and L. C. Aiello 2 1 Division of Vertebrate Paleontology,
More informationUtah State Office of Education Elementary STEM Endorsement Course Framework Nature of Science and Engineering
Course Description: Utah State Office of Education Elementary STEM Endorsement Course Framework Nature of Science and Engineering In this course participants will experience introductory explorations of
More informationUnit One Study Guide
Unit One Study Guide Terms BCE: Before the Common Era. Referring to the time before Christ s birth. CE: Common Era. Referring to the time after Christ s birth. BC: Before Christ. Referring to the time
More informationTHE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE. Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui
THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui Outline Introduce the warm early Pliocene Recent Discoveries in the Tropics Reconstructing the early Pliocene SSTs
More informationGeologic Time Scale Notes
Name: Date: Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Notes Essential Question: What is the geologic time scale? Vocabulary: Geology: the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that
More informationA Quick Taxonomy of the Primate Order (See University of Manitoba for an excellent and very thorough primate taxonomy)
PRIMATE TAXONOMY Apes are no monkeys! The best way to insult a scientist working on chimpanzees is to say he/she is working with monkeys. We, humans, belong to the same family as the anthropoid (human-like)
More informationMCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009
MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009 Before you start, print your name and student identification number (S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page. You will have 50 minutes for
More informationDefining the Genus Homo
Defining the Genus Homo Mark Collard and Bernard Wood Contents Introduction... 2108 Changing Interpretations of Genus Homo... 2109 Is Genus Homo a Good Genus?... 2114 Updating Wood and Collard s (1999)
More informationEvolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Student number: 763068
A M O R P H O M E T R I C A N A L Y S I S O F H O M I N I N T E E T H A T T R I B U T E D T O D I F F E R E N T S P E C I E S O F A U S T R A L O P I T H E C U S, P A R A N T H R O P U S A N D H O M O
More informationQUATERNARY DATING METHODS 1: RELATIVE DATING TECHNIQUES
QUATERNARY DATING METHODS 1: RELATIVE DATING TECHNIQUES Objectives: In this lab we will examine relative dating methods used to date Quaternary glacial deposits. After this lab you should be able to: 1)
More informationUnit 2 Lesson 4 Early Human Migration and Stone Age Tools
Unit 2 Lesson 4 Early Human Migration and Stone Age Tools Daily Warm-up True/False Read the False statements below. Replace each underlined word with one from the word bank that makes each sentence True.
More informationRocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or
More informationEvolution of Retroviruses: Fossils in our DNA 1
Evolution of Retroviruses: Fossils in our DNA 1 JOHN M. COFFIN Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology Tufts University UNIQUE AMONG INFECTIOUS AGENTS, retroviruses provide the opportunity for
More informationIllinois School for the Deaf Course Curriculum. Craft and Structure RL.6.4. RL.6.5. RL.6.6. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas RL.6.7. RL.6.8. RL.6.9.
Illinois School for the Deaf Course Curriculum Course Title: Science Grades 6-8 Cycle: Year 3 (Physical Science) Course Agenda: Topic Length of Unit Characteristics of Matter 3 weeks MS-PS1-1., MS-PS1-3.,
More informationGeologic History Review
1. The climate that existed in an area during the early Paleozoic Era can best be determined by studying (1) the present climate of the area (2) recorded climate data of the area since 1700 (3) present
More informationWorld Geography Profile Sheet
Tet/Instructional Material Title: McDougal Littell World Geography, eedition Online (electronic) Rating Section I WG.1 WG.2 WG.3 WG.4 WG.5 WG.6 WG.7 WG.8 WG.9 WG.10 WG.11 WG.12 Section II. Additional Criteria:
More informationGETTING TO THE CORE: THE LINK BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND CARBON DIOXIDE
DESCRIPTION This lesson plan gives students first-hand experience in analyzing the link between atmospheric temperatures and carbon dioxide ( ) s by looking at ice core data spanning hundreds of thousands
More informationThe Fossil Record and Geologic Time Scale
Two Conceptions of Earth History: Catastrophism Assumption: Great Effects Require Great Causes Earth History Dominated by Violent Events Uniformitarianism Assumption: We Can Use Cause And Effect to Determine
More informationMigration, the great human story
Migration, the great human story Eric Vanhaute Human beings are mobile. i It is because we are mobile that we are so successful; that we have grown from a small and threatened species roaming the African
More informationCHAPTER ONE: A CONTINENT OF VILLAGES, TO 1500
CHAPTER ONE: A CONTINENT OF VILLAGES, TO 1500 SETTLING THE CONTINENT Who Are the Indian People? Migration from Asia Clovis: The First American Technology NEW WAYS OF LIVING ON THE LAND Hunting Traditions
More informationSECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Investigating the parts of a volcano. LAB: Comparing the parts of a
More informationExtinction; Lecture-8
I. introduction Definition Current extinction Genetic drift Extinction; Lecture-8 II. 3 types of extinction 1. background 2. mass 3. stochastic III. 5 periods of mass IV. human caused 1. on land and in
More informationREVIEW UNIT 10: ECOLOGY SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Period Date REVIEW UNIT 10: ECOLOGY SAMPLE QUESTIONS A. Sample Multiple Choice Questions Complete the multiple choice questions to review this unit. 1. All of the following are density-dependent factors
More informationGlobal Seasonal Phase Lag between Solar Heating and Surface Temperature
Global Seasonal Phase Lag between Solar Heating and Surface Temperature Summer REU Program Professor Tom Witten By Abstract There is a seasonal phase lag between solar heating from the sun and the surface
More informationS1. Training to sustain evolutionary biology
S1. Training to sustain evolutionary biology Contemporary evolutionary biology integrates fields as diverse as genomics, informatics, systematics, evolutionary genetics, paleontology, and developmental
More informationEvolutionary Evidence
Evolutionary Evidence 7th Grade, Science and English/Language Arts: Age of Mammals Make the most of your Museum field trip by integrating it into your classroom curriculum. These lesson plans provide a
More informationHow Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations
More informationGeologic Timeline. Objectives. Overview
Geologic Timeline Overview Students will build a timeline using both a physical and digital medium to better grasp geologic time that encompasses all the time that has passed since the formation of Earth.
More information