Phylogeny and the dispersal of Homo. David S. Strait, U Albany
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1 Phylogeny and the dispersal of Homo David S. Strait, U Albany
2 Biogeography g The study of how and why organisms are distributed across the landscape
3 Darwin s voyage to the Galapagos Islands
4 Darwin s finches
5
6 Phylogeny implies biogeography
7 Strait and Grine (2004)
8 Uncertain Central Africa East Africa South Africa
9 6-7Myr
10 6-7Myr > 3 Myr
11 6-7Myr > 3 Myr ~ 18Myr 1.8
12 6-7Myr > 3 Myr ~ 18Myr 1.8 ~ 1.8 Myr
13 6-7Myr > 3 Myr ~ 18Myr 1.8 ~ 1.8 Myr Myr
14 Out of Africa 1: The old view 1.9 Myr
15 Out of Africa 1: The old view 1.9 Myr Myr
16 Out of Africa 1: The old view 1.9 Myr Myr 1.0 Myr
17 Out of Africa 1: The old view 1.9 Myr Myr 1.0 Myr 500 Kyr
18 Out of Africa 1: The new(er) view 1.9 Myr
19 Out of Africa 1: The new(er) view 1.9 Myr 1.8 Myr
20 Out of Africa 1: The new(er) view 1.9 Myr 1.8 Myr At least 1.2 Myr
21
22
23
24 ER 1813 D 2700
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 Objectives Use cladistic analysis to test the predictions of Out-of-Africa 1 : The first hominin to leave Africa was a descendant of early African Homo erectus (i.e., H. ergaster). All European and Asian H. erectus populations are descended from that original dispersing population (i.e., there were not multiple dispersals out of Africa). African H. erectus is descended from African ancestors (I.e., there were not dispersals of Asian hominins back into Africa). Evaluate the phylogenetic and biogeographic hypotheses emerging from recent analyses of the Dmanisi and Liang Bua hominins.
32 Methods: Taxa Outgroup: Australopithecus africanus Ingroup: Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo georgicus Homo erectus Homo floresisensis Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens H. ergaster includes only the early fossils from the Turkana Basin (e.g., ER 992, ER 3733, ER 3883, WT 15000)
33 Methods: Taxa Outgroup: Australopithecus africanus Ingroup: Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo georgicus Homo erectus Homo floresisensis Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens H. erectus includes early and late Asian fossils, similar African fossils, and fossils now attributed to H. antecessor (e.g., Sangiran, Zhoukoutian, Ngangdong, Sambungmachan, Trinil, OH 9, Ternifine, ER 42700, Gran Dolina, Sima del Elephante, Ceprano)
34 Methods: Taxa Outgroup: Australopithecus africanus Ingroup: Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo georgicus Homo erectus Homo floresisensis Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens H. heidelbergensis includes Asian, African and European archaic humans, including specimens preserving an incomplete set of Neanderthal features (e.g., Dali, Zuttiyeh, Kabwe, Bodo, Florisbad, Petralona, Arago, Steinheim, Mauer, Sima de los Huesos, Swanscombe)
35 Methods: Taxa Outgroup: Australopithecus africanus Ingroup: Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo georgicus Homo erectus Homo floresisensis Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens H. sapiens includes only early African specimens (e.g., Omo Kibish, Herto, Jebel Irhoud, Border Cave, Klasies River Mouth, Ngaloba, Dar Es Soltane)
36 Methods: characters Examined 81 (mostly cranial) characters, but not all of them were cladistically useful. Many characters were either too variable, or autapomorphic. Examined 51 traditional characters. Of those, 28 were cladistically useful. Examined 30 craniometric characters derived from the Howells data set. Of those, 7 were cladistically useful.
37 Two equally parsimonious trees Tree length = 70 Consistency index = 0.69 Retention index = 0.68
38 Africa Europe Eurasia
39 Africa Europe Eurasia
40 Africa Europe Eurasia
41 Africa Europe Eurasia
42 2.3 Myr
43 2.3 Myr Myr?????
44 2.3 Myr Myr?????????
45 2.3 Myr Myr????????? 1.9 Myr
46 2.3 Myr Myr????????? 1.9 Myr 1.9 Myr
47 2.3 Myr Myr????????? 1.9 Myr 1.9 Myr 1.8 Myr 1.5 Myr
48 2.3 Myr Myr????????? 1.9 Myr 1.9 Myr 1.8 Myr 1.5 Myr At least 1.2 Myr
49 2.3 Myr Myr????????? 1.9 Myr 1.9 Myr 1.8 Myr 1.5 Myr At least 1.2 Myr Kyr
50 Conclusion Cladistic analysis supported cladograms in which H. floresisensis and H. georgicus diverge prior to the appearance of H. ergaster. Biogeographic patterns implied by this phylogeny are inconsistent with Out-of-Africa 1. The first hominins to leave Africa may be broadly classified as belonging to H. habilis sensu lato. Several species of Homo evolve first in Asia and subsequently disperse into Africa and Europe. Neanderthals may have evolved in Europe, and modern humans may have evolved in Africa, but the archaic ancestors of these lineages are likely l to have evolved first in Asia. Fieldwork efforts directed towards expanding the fossil record of Homo in Eurasia are needed.
51 Dedicated to the memory of Charlie Lockwood
52 Adaptive landscapes
53 Shifting balance
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