Kinetic Molecular Theory

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Kinetic Molecular Theory"

Transcription

1 Kinetic Molecular Theory Particle volume - The volume of an individual gas particle is small compaired to that of its container. Therefore, gas particles are considered to have mass, but no volume. There is a lot of empty space between the gas particles compared to the size of the particles. Gases are highly compressible. Particle motion - Gas particles are in constant straight-line motion, except for when they collied with each other or the sides of the container. Pressure exerted on the sides of the container is the result of the collisions of all the gas particles present. Particle collisions - Collisions between gas particles are perfectly elastic. The total kinetic energy of the particles is constant. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

2 Properties of Gases Expand to completely fill their container Take the shape of their container Low density compared to solids or liquids Compressible Mixtures of gases are always homogeneous Fluid

3 Gas Laws Explained by Kinetic Molecular Theory

4 Boyle's law: A Kinetic Theory View The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. Decreasing the volume forces the molecules into a smaller space. Since the velocity of the molecules does not change, more molecules will collide with the container at any one instant, increasing the pressure.

5 Boyle's law: A Kinetic Theory View

6 Charles' law: A Kinetic Theory View The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. Increasing the temperature increases their average speed, causing them to hit the wall harder and more frequently on average. Since the external pressure remains constant, To keep the internal pressure constant, the volume must increase.

7 Charles' law: A Kinetic Theory View

8 Amonton s Law: A Kinetic Theory View The amount of gas and its volume are the same in either case, but if the gas in the ice bath (O ºC) exerts a pressure of 1 atm, the gas in the boiling-water bath (100 ºC) exerts a pressure of 1.37 atm. The frequency and the force of the molecular collisions with the container walls are greater at the higher temperature.

9 Avogadro s Law -Kinetic Theory View The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of gas molecules. Velocity of the molecules does not change. Increasing the number of gas molecules causes more of them to hit the wall at the same time. To keep the pressure constant, the volume must then increase.

10 Dalton s Law -Kinetic Theory View Gas molecules are negligibly small and don t interact. The molecules behave independently of each other, each gas contributing its own collisions to the container with the same average kinetic energy. Because the average kinetic energy is the same, the total pressure is the sum of the pressures of the separate collisions.

11 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Velocities Average kinetic energy of the gas molecules depends on the average mass and velocity. KEave = ½mv 2 Gases in the same container have the same temperature, therefore they have the same average kinetic energy. If they have different masses, the only way for them to have the same kinetic energy is to have different average velocities. Lighter particles will have a faster average velocity than more massive particles.

12 Molecular Speed vs. Molar Mass To have the same average kinetic energy, heavier molecules must have a slower average speed.

13 Temperature and Molecular Velocities KEavg = ½NAmu 2 NA is Avogadro s number KEavg = 1.5RT R is the gas constant in energy units, J/mol K (1 J = 1 kg m 2 /s 2 ) Equating and solving we get 1.5RT = ½NAmu 2 NA mass = molar mass in kg/mol As temperature increases, the average velocity increases

14 Temperature vs. Molecular Speed As the absolute temperature increases, the average velocity increases and the distribution function spreads out, resulting in more molecules with faster speeds.

15 Molecular Velocities All the gas molecules in a sample can travel at different speeds. However, the distribution of speeds follows a statistical pattern called a Boltzman distribution. The method of choice for average velocity is called the root-mean-square method, where the rms average velocity, urms, is the square root of the average of the sum of the squares of all the molecule velocities.

16 Calculate the rms velocity of O2 at 25 C MM, T u rms

17

18 Practice Calculate the rms velocity of CH4 (MM 16.04) at 25 C MM, T u rms

19 Mean Free Path Molecules in a gas travel in straight lines until they collide with another molecule or the container. The average distance a molecule travels between collisions is called the mean free path. Mean free path decreases as the pressure increases.

20 Diffusion and Effusion The process of a collection of molecules spreading out from high concentration to low concentration is called diffusion. The process by which a collection of molecules escapes through a small hole into a vacuum is called effusion. The rates of diffusion and effusion of a gas are both related to its rms average velocity. For gases at the same temperature, this means that the rate of gas movement is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

21 Diffusion and Effusion Diffusion is the mixing of gas molecules by random motion under conditions where molecular collisions occur. Effusion is the escape of a gas through a pinhole without molecular collisions.

22 Graham s Law of Effusion Thomas Graham ( ) For two different gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rates of effusion is given by the following equation: The rate of gas movement is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

23 Calculate the ratio of rate of effusion for oxygen to hydrogen. O2, g/mol; H g/mol =? This means that, on average, the O2 molecules are traveling at ¼ the speed of H2 molecules.

24 Calculate the molar mass of a gas that effuses at a rate times N2. MM =? rate A /rate B, MM N2 MM unknown

25 Ideal vs. Real Gases Real gases often do not behave like ideal gases at high pressure or low temperature Ideal gas laws assume 1. no attractions between gas molecules 2. gas molecules do not take up space based on the kinetic-molecular theory At low temperatures and high pressures these assumptions are not valid. PV = nrt n = PV/RT = 1

26 Ideal vs. Real Gases This graph shows how real gas's behavior deviates from ideal behavior as pressure increases. If a gas were to behave perfectly ideally, then the ratio PV/RT would equal exactly 1 for one mole of gas (dashed line).

27 Ideal vs. Real Gases This graph shows how a real gas's behavior deviates from ideal behavior as pressure increases. Each curve represents the behavior of the gas at a different temperature. If a gas were to behave perfectly ideally, then the ratio PV/RT would equal exactly 1 for one mole of gas (dashed line).

28 Real Gas Behavior Because real molecules take up space, the molar volume of a real gas is larger than predicted by the ideal gas law at high pressures.

29 The Effect of Molecular Volume Johannes van der Waals ( ) At high pressure, the amount of space occupied by the molecules is a significant amount of the total volume. The molecular volume makes the real volume larger than the ideal gas law would predict. Van der Waals modified the ideal gas equation to account for the molecular volume. b is called a van der Waals constant and is different for every gas because their molecules are different sizes.

30 Real Gas Behavior Because real molecules attract each other, the molar volume of a real gas is smaller than predicted by the ideal gas law at low temperatures.

31 The Effect of Intermolecular Attractions At low temperature, the attractions between the molecules is significant. The intermolecular attractions makes the real pressure less than the ideal gas law would predict. Van der Waals modified the ideal gas equation to account for the intermolecular attractions. a is another van der Waals constant and is different for every gas because their molecules have different strengths of attraction.

32 van der Waals Equation Combining the equations to account for molecular volume and intermolecular attractions we get the following equation used for real gases:

33 Van der Waals Constants for Some Common Gases Van der Waals equation for n moles of a real gas (P + n2 a )(V nb) = nrt 2 V adjusts P up adjusts V down Gas a atm*l 2 mol 2 b L mol He Ne Ar Kr Xe H 2 N 2 O 2 Cl 2 CO 2 CH 4 NH 3 H 2 O

34 Real Gases A plot of PV/RT vs. P for 1 mole of a gas shows the difference between real and ideal gases. It reveals a curve that shows the PV/RT ratio for a real gas is generally lower than ideal for low pressures meaning the most important factor is the intermolecular attractions. It reveals a curve that shows the PV/RT ratio for a real gas is generally higher than ideal for high pressures meaning the most important factor is the molecular volume.

35 PV/RT Plots

36 Real Gas Behavior vs Ideal Gas Behavior The volume taken up by the gas particles themselves is less important at lower pressure (a) than at higher pressure (b). As a result, the volume of a real gas at high pressure is somewhat larger than the ideal value.

37 Real Gas Behavior vs Ideal Gas Behavior

Boyles Law. At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 P = P

Boyles Law. At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 P = P Boyles Law At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 or k 1 Boyles Law Example ressure olume Initial 2.00 atm 100 cm 3

More information

Gases. States of Matter. Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large Chaotic (random)

Gases. States of Matter. Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large Chaotic (random) Gases States of Matter States of Matter Kinetic E (motion) Potential E(interaction) Distance Between (size) Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large

More information

CHAPTER 12. Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory

CHAPTER 12. Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory CHAPTER 12 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 1 Gases vs. Liquids & Solids Gases Weak interactions between molecules Molecules move rapidly Fast diffusion rates Low densities Easy to compress Liquids

More information

Gas Laws. The kinetic theory of matter states that particles which make up all types of matter are in constant motion.

Gas Laws. The kinetic theory of matter states that particles which make up all types of matter are in constant motion. Name Period Gas Laws Kinetic energy is the energy of motion of molecules. Gas state of matter made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules). Each atom or molecule is very far from other atoms or molecules.

More information

10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory

10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory The first scheduled quiz will be given next Tuesday during Lecture. It will last 5 minutes. Bring pencil, calculator, and your book. The coverage will be pp 364-44, i.e. Sections 0.0 through.4. 0.7 Theory

More information

The Gas Laws. Our Atmosphere. Pressure = Units of Pressure. Barometer. Chapter 10

The Gas Laws. Our Atmosphere. Pressure = Units of Pressure. Barometer. Chapter 10 Our Atmosphere The Gas Laws 99% N 2 and O 2 78% N 2 80 70 Nitrogen Chapter 10 21% O 2 1% CO 2 and the Noble Gases 60 50 40 Oxygen 30 20 10 0 Gas Carbon dioxide and Noble Gases Pressure Pressure = Force

More information

CHEMISTRY. Matter and Change. Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3. The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry

CHEMISTRY. Matter and Change. Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3. The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry CHEMISTRY Matter and Change 13 Table Of Contents Chapter 13: Gases Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3 The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry State the relationships among pressure, temperature,

More information

(1) The size of a gas particle is negligible as compared to the volume of the container in which the gas is placed.

(1) The size of a gas particle is negligible as compared to the volume of the container in which the gas is placed. Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory The Gas Laws are based on experiments, and they describe how a gas behaves under certain conditions. However, Gas Laws do not attempt to explain the behavior of gases.

More information

Lecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).

Lecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). CHEM110 Week 9 Notes (Gas Laws) Page 1 of 7 Lecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). Gases Are mostly empty space Occupy containers uniformly and completely Expand infinitely Diffuse

More information

Exam 4 Practice Problems false false

Exam 4 Practice Problems false false Exam 4 Practice Problems 1 1. Which of the following statements is false? a. Condensed states have much higher densities than gases. b. Molecules are very far apart in gases and closer together in liquids

More information

= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm

= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by

More information

Gases and Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Chapter 12. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline

Gases and Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Chapter 12. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline Gases and Kinetic-Molecular heory: Chapter Chapter Outline Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases Pressure Boyle s Law: he Volume-Pressure

More information

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: States of Matter In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. The kinetic-molecular

More information

1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws. Heat and Temperature

1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws. Heat and Temperature 1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws Heat and Temperature Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. Perhaps the reason the two are incorrectly thought to be the same is because

More information

CHEMISTRY GAS LAW S WORKSHEET

CHEMISTRY GAS LAW S WORKSHEET Boyle s Law Charles Law Guy-Lassac's Law Combined Gas Law For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure PV = k The volume of a fixed mass of gas is

More information

THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY

THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY Chapter 14 he Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic heory Chapter 14 HE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINEIC HEORY REIEW Kinetic molecular theory involves the study of matter, particularly gases, as very small particles in constant

More information

HEAT UNIT 1.1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases

HEAT UNIT 1.1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases UNIT HEAT. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.. Introduction Molecules have a diameter of the order of Å and the distance between them in a gas is 0 Å while the interaction distance in solids is very small. R. Clausius

More information

Chemistry 13: States of Matter

Chemistry 13: States of Matter Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties

More information

States of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided.

States of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided. CHAPTER 10 REVIEW States of Matter SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify whether the descriptions below describe an ideal gas or a real gas. ideal gas

More information

Study the following diagrams of the States of Matter. Label the names of the Changes of State between the different states.

Study the following diagrams of the States of Matter. Label the names of the Changes of State between the different states. Describe the strength of attractive forces between particles. Describe the amount of space between particles. Can the particles in this state be compressed? Do the particles in this state have a definite

More information

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion. The theory can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids,

More information

AS1 MOLES. oxygen molecules have the formula O 2 the relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 so the molar mass will be 32g mol -1

AS1 MOLES. oxygen molecules have the formula O 2 the relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 so the molar mass will be 32g mol -1 Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (L) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.023 x 10 23 mol -1. Example

More information

F321 MOLES. Example If 1 atom has a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g 1 mole of atoms will have a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g x 6.02 x 10 23 = 7.

F321 MOLES. Example If 1 atom has a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g 1 mole of atoms will have a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g x 6.02 x 10 23 = 7. Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance (mol) the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (N A ) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1.

More information

CHEM 120 Online Chapter 7

CHEM 120 Online Chapter 7 CHEM 120 Online Chapter 7 Date: 1. Which of the following statements is not a part of kinetic molecular theory? A) Matter is composed of particles that are in constant motion. B) Particle velocity increases

More information

10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory

10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory Week lectures--tentative 0.7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory 40 Application to the Gas Laws 0.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion 43 Graham's Law of Effusion Diffusion and Mean Free Path 0.9 Real Gases: Deviations

More information

Unit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam

Unit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam Page 1 Unit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam Multiple Choice. Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Two gases with unequal masses are injected into opposite

More information

7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790.

7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790. CHATER 3. The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. have volumes that depend on their conditions,

More information

momentum change per impact The average rate of change of momentum = Time interval between successive impacts 2m x 2l / x m x m x 2 / l P = l 2 P = l 3

momentum change per impact The average rate of change of momentum = Time interval between successive impacts 2m x 2l / x m x m x 2 / l P = l 2 P = l 3 Kinetic Molecular Theory This explains the Ideal Gas Pressure olume and Temperature behavior It s based on following ideas:. Any ordinary sized or macroscopic sample of gas contains large number of molecules.

More information

CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8

CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8 CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8 Kinetic Theory Information concerning the initial motions of each of the atoms of macroscopic systems is not accessible, nor do we have the computational capability even with

More information

Kinetic Theory of Gases. Chapter 33. Kinetic Theory of Gases

Kinetic Theory of Gases. Chapter 33. Kinetic Theory of Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases Chapter 33 Kinetic theory of gases envisions gases as a collection of atoms or molecules. Atoms or molecules are considered as particles. This is based on

More information

Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas. 8.01t Nov 22, 2004

Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas. 8.01t Nov 22, 2004 Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas 8.01t Nov 22, 2004 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Old & Fundamental Understanding of Heat (I.e. Steam) Engines Part of Physics Einstein

More information

EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor

EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor Purpose: In this experiment you will use the ideal gas law to calculate the molecular weight of a volatile liquid compound by measuring the mass,

More information

Temperature. Number of moles. Constant Terms. Pressure. Answers Additional Questions 12.1

Temperature. Number of moles. Constant Terms. Pressure. Answers Additional Questions 12.1 Answers Additional Questions 12.1 1. A gas collected over water has a total pressure equal to the pressure of the dry gas plus the pressure of the water vapor. If the partial pressure of water at 25.0

More information

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. Test 1 General Chemistry CH116 Summer, 2012 University of Massachusetts, Boston Name ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 1) Sodium hydride reacts with excess

More information

THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Chapter 19: THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 1. Evidence that a gas consists mostly of empty space is the fact that: A. the density of a gas becomes much greater when it is liquefied B. gases exert pressure

More information

Gas Laws. vacuum. 760 mm. air pressure. mercury

Gas Laws. vacuum. 760 mm. air pressure. mercury Gas Laws Some chemical reactions take place in the gas phase and others produce products that are gases. We need a way to measure the quantity of compounds in a given volume of gas and relate that to moles.

More information

1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion

1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic

More information

7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter is a concept that basically states that matter is composed

More information

Gases. Macroscopic Properties. Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6

Gases. Macroscopic Properties. Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6 Gases Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6 CHEM 1000A 3.0 Gases 1 We will be looking at Macroscopic and Microscopic properties: Macroscopic Properties of bulk gases Observable Pressure, volume, mass,

More information

Temperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K

Temperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K Temperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 1. Large number of atoms/molecules in random motion 2.

More information

The Mole. Chapter 10. Dimensional Analysis. The Mole. How much mass is in one atom of carbon-12? Molar Mass of Atoms 3/1/2015

The Mole. Chapter 10. Dimensional Analysis. The Mole. How much mass is in one atom of carbon-12? Molar Mass of Atoms 3/1/2015 The Mole Chapter 10 1 Objectives Use the mole and molar mass to make conversions among moles, mass, and number of particles Determine the percent composition of the components of a compound Calculate empirical

More information

IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES

IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES 2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to

More information

Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature

Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature OpenStax-CNX module: m42217 1 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons

More information

CHEMISTRY 113 EXAM 4(A)

CHEMISTRY 113 EXAM 4(A) Summer 2003 1. The molecular geometry of PF 4 + ion is: A. bent B. trigonal planar C. tetrahedral D. octahedral CHEMISTRY 113 EXAM 4(A) 2. The Cl-C-Cl bond angle in CCl 2 O molecule (C is the central atom)

More information

Kinetic Theory of Gases. 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure. Properties That Describe a Gas. Gas Pressure. Learning Check.

Kinetic Theory of Gases. 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure. Properties That Describe a Gas. Gas Pressure. Learning Check. Chapter 6 Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure A gas consists of small particles that move rapidly in straight lines. have essentially no attractive (or repulsive) forces.

More information

PHYS-2010: General Physics I Course Lecture Notes Section XIII

PHYS-2010: General Physics I Course Lecture Notes Section XIII PHYS-2010: General Physics I Course Lecture Notes Section XIII Dr. Donald G. Luttermoser East Tennessee State University Edition 2.5 Abstract These class notes are designed for use of the instructor and

More information

13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory

13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Chapter 10 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A gas at a pressure of 10.0 Pa exerts a force of N on an area of 5.5 m2. A) 1.8 B) 0.55

More information

Thermodynamics AP Physics B. Multiple Choice Questions

Thermodynamics AP Physics B. Multiple Choice Questions Thermodynamics AP Physics B Name Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the name of the following statement: When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium

More information

Chemistry 110 Lecture Unit 5 Chapter 11-GASES

Chemistry 110 Lecture Unit 5 Chapter 11-GASES Chemistry 110 Lecture Unit 5 Chapter 11-GASES I. PROPERITIES OF GASES A. Gases have an indefinite shape. B. Gases have a low density C. Gases are very compressible D. Gases exert pressure equally in all

More information

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to

More information

Type: Single Date: Kinetic Theory of Gases. Homework: Read (14.1), Do CONCEPT Q. # (1), Do PROBLEMS # (2, 3, 5) Ch. 14

Type: Single Date: Kinetic Theory of Gases. Homework: Read (14.1), Do CONCEPT Q. # (1), Do PROBLEMS # (2, 3, 5) Ch. 14 Type: Single Date: Objective: Kinetic Theory of Gases Homework: Read (14.1), Do CONCEPT Q. # (1), Do PROBLEMS # (2, 3, 5) Ch. 14 AP Physics Mr. Mirro Kinetic Theory of Gases Date Unlike the condensed phases

More information

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Kinetic Theory of Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases Physics 1425 Lecture 31 Michael Fowler, UVa Bernoulli s Picture Daniel Bernoulli, in 1738, was the first to understand air pressure in terms of molecules he visualized them shooting

More information

87 16 70 20 58 24 44 32 35 40 29 48 (a) graph Y versus X (b) graph Y versus 1/X

87 16 70 20 58 24 44 32 35 40 29 48 (a) graph Y versus X (b) graph Y versus 1/X HOMEWORK 5A Barometer; Boyle s Law 1. The pressure of the first two gases below is determined with a manometer that is filled with mercury (density = 13.6 g/ml). The pressure of the last two gases below

More information

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws I. Handout: Unit Notes II. Modeling at the Atomic Scale I. In another unit you learned about the history of the atom and the different models people had of what the

More information

Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gas

Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gas 1 of 6 Thermodynamics Summer 2006 Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gas The study of thermodynamics usually starts with the concepts of temperature and heat, and most people feel that the temperature of an object

More information

Vacuum Technology. Kinetic Theory of Gas. Dr. Philip D. Rack

Vacuum Technology. Kinetic Theory of Gas. Dr. Philip D. Rack Kinetic Theory of Gas Assistant Professor Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Tennessee 603 Dougherty Engineering Building Knoxville, TN 3793-00 Phone: (865) 974-5344 Fax (865)

More information

Review - After School Matter Name: Review - After School Matter Tuesday, April 29, 2008

Review - After School Matter Name: Review - After School Matter Tuesday, April 29, 2008 Name: Review - After School Matter Tuesday, April 29, 2008 1. Figure 1 The graph represents the relationship between temperature and time as heat was added uniformly to a substance starting at a solid

More information

= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C

= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.

More information

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular Forces: Introduction Intermolecular Forces Forces between separate molecules and dissolved ions (not bonds) Van der Waals Forces 15% as strong as covalent or ionic bonds Chapter 11 Intermolecular

More information

Ideal Gas and Real Gases

Ideal Gas and Real Gases Ideal Gas and Real Gases Lectures in Physical Chemistry 1 Tamás Turányi Institute of Chemistry, ELTE State roerties state roerty: determines the macroscoic state of a hysical system state roerties of single

More information

Chapter 13 Gases. Review Skills

Chapter 13 Gases. Review Skills Chapter 13 Gases t s Monday morning, and Lilia is walking out of the chemistry building, thinking about the introductory lecture on gases that her instructor just presented. Dr. Scanlon challenged the

More information

Materials 10-mL graduated cylinder l or 2-L beaker, preferably tall-form Thermometer

Materials 10-mL graduated cylinder l or 2-L beaker, preferably tall-form Thermometer VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER Introduction At very low temperatures (temperatures near the freezing point), the rate of evaporation of water (or any liquid) is negligible. But as its temperature increases, more

More information

Page 2. Base your answers to questions 7 through 9 on this phase diagram

Page 2. Base your answers to questions 7 through 9 on this phase diagram 1. The normal boiling point of water is often depressed at high altitudes. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? t high altitudes, the lower atmospheric pressure equals the equilibrium water

More information

Calorimetry: Heat of Vaporization

Calorimetry: Heat of Vaporization Calorimetry: Heat of Vaporization OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION - Learn what is meant by the heat of vaporization of a liquid or solid. - Discuss the connection between heat of vaporization and intermolecular

More information

Chapter 10. Can You... 1. draw the Lewis structure for a given covalently bonded molecule?

Chapter 10. Can You... 1. draw the Lewis structure for a given covalently bonded molecule? Chapter 10 Can You... 1. draw the Lewis structure for a given covalently bonded molecule? e.g. SF 6 and CH 3 Cl 2. identify and count the number of non-bonding and bonding domains within a given covalently

More information

Element of same atomic number, but different atomic mass o Example: Hydrogen

Element of same atomic number, but different atomic mass o Example: Hydrogen Atomic mass: p + = protons; e - = electrons; n 0 = neutrons p + + n 0 = atomic mass o For carbon-12, 6p + + 6n 0 = atomic mass of 12.0 o For chlorine-35, 17p + + 18n 0 = atomic mass of 35.0 atomic mass

More information

Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems

Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems 1. At 0.967 atm, the height of mercury in a barometer is 0.735 m. If the mercury were replaced with water, what height of water (in meters) would be supported at this pressure?

More information

Boyle s law - For calculating changes in pressure or volume: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2. Charles law - For calculating temperature or volume changes: V 1 T 1

Boyle s law - For calculating changes in pressure or volume: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2. Charles law - For calculating temperature or volume changes: V 1 T 1 Common Equations Used in Chemistry Equation for density: d= m v Converting F to C: C = ( F - 32) x 5 9 Converting C to F: F = C x 9 5 + 32 Converting C to K: K = ( C + 273.15) n x molar mass of element

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. General Chemistry PHS 1015 Practice Exam 4 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following statements about pressure

More information

Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.

Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance. .1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations

More information

Kinetic Molecular Theory. Chapter 5. KE AVE and Average Velocity. Graham s Law of Effusion. Chapter 7. Real Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory. Chapter 5. KE AVE and Average Velocity. Graham s Law of Effusion. Chapter 7. Real Gases hapter 5 1. Kinetic Molecular Theory. 2. Average kinetic energy and velocity. 3. Graham s Law of Effusion. 4. Real gases and the van der Waals equation. Kinetic Molecular Theory The curves below represent

More information

) and mass of each particle is m. We make an extremely small

) and mass of each particle is m. We make an extremely small Umeå Universitet, Fysik Vitaly Bychkov Prov i fysik, Thermodynamics, --6, kl 9.-5. Hjälpmedel: Students may use any book including the textbook Thermal physics. Present your solutions in details: it will

More information

Gases. Solids' particles vibrate. This is the only motion experienced by this state of matter.

Gases. Solids' particles vibrate. This is the only motion experienced by this state of matter. 1. Kinetic Molecular Theory A. Main Points 1. All matter consists of particles: either atoms or molecules. For a gas, if it is monoatomic (like He or Ar), it will consist of atoms. If it consists of I2,

More information

1. Fluids Mechanics and Fluid Properties. 1.1 Objectives of this section. 1.2 Fluids

1. Fluids Mechanics and Fluid Properties. 1.1 Objectives of this section. 1.2 Fluids 1. Fluids Mechanics and Fluid Properties What is fluid mechanics? As its name suggests it is the branch of applied mechanics concerned with the statics and dynamics of fluids - both liquids and gases.

More information

Sample Test 1 SAMPLE TEST 1. CHAPTER 12

Sample Test 1 SAMPLE TEST 1. CHAPTER 12 13 Sample Test 1 SAMPLE TEST 1. CHAPTER 12 1. The molality of a solution is defined as a. moles of solute per liter of solution. b. grams of solute per liter of solution. c. moles of solute per kilogram

More information

Chapter 8: Gases and Gas Laws.

Chapter 8: Gases and Gas Laws. 133 Chapter 8: Gases and Gas Laws. The first substances to be produced and studied in high purity were gases. Gases are more difficult to handle and manipulate than solids and liquids, since any minor

More information

Thermodynamics: Lecture 8, Kinetic Theory

Thermodynamics: Lecture 8, Kinetic Theory Thermodynamics: Lecture 8, Kinetic Theory Chris Glosser April 15, 1 1 OUTLINE I. Assumptions of Kinetic Theory (A) Molecular Flux (B) Pressure and the Ideal Gas Law II. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributuion

More information

Name Date Class CHEMICAL QUANTITIES. SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296)

Name Date Class CHEMICAL QUANTITIES. SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296) Name Date Class 10 CHEMICAL QUANTITIES SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287 296) This section defines the mole and explains how the mole is used to measure matter. It also teaches

More information

Nuclear Structure. particle relative charge relative mass proton +1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass

Nuclear Structure. particle relative charge relative mass proton +1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass Protons, neutrons and electrons Nuclear Structure particle relative charge relative mass proton 1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass Protons and neutrons make up

More information

Molar Mass of Butane

Molar Mass of Butane Cautions Butane is toxic and flammable. No OPEN Flames should be used in this experiment. Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of butane using Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures

More information

IB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review

IB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount

More information

Fluid & Gas Properties

Fluid & Gas Properties Fluid & Gas Properties FLUID DENSITY Density is the ratio of mass to volume. In English, units density is expressed in pounds mass/cubic foot (lbm/ft 3 ). The symbol for density is ρ. Density is usually

More information

Phys222 W11 Quiz 1: Chapters 19-21 Keys. Name:

Phys222 W11 Quiz 1: Chapters 19-21 Keys. Name: Name:. In order for two objects to have the same temperature, they must a. be in thermal equilibrium.

More information

Chem 112 Intermolecular Forces Chang From the book (10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,84,92,94,102,104, 108, 112, 114, 118 and 134)

Chem 112 Intermolecular Forces Chang From the book (10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,84,92,94,102,104, 108, 112, 114, 118 and 134) Chem 112 Intermolecular Forces Chang From the book (10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,84,92,94,102,104, 108, 112, 114, 118 and 134) 1. Helium atoms do not combine to form He 2 molecules, What is the strongest attractive

More information

Name Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)

Name Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) 13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature

More information

EXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES

EXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES Name Section EXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES PRE-LABORATORY QUESTIONS The following preparatory questions should be answered before coming to lab. They are intended to

More information

Online Changing States of Matter Lab Solids What is a Solid? 1. How are solids different then a gas or a liquid?

Online Changing States of Matter Lab Solids What is a Solid? 1. How are solids different then a gas or a liquid? Name: Period: Online Changing States of Matter Lab Solids What is a Solid? 1. How are solids different then a gas or a liquid? 2. What are the atoms doing in a solid? 3. What are the characteristics of

More information

Energy Transport. Focus on heat transfer. Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids)

Energy Transport. Focus on heat transfer. Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids) Energy Transport Focus on heat transfer Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids) Conduction Conduction heat transfer occurs only when there is physical contact

More information

The Mole. 6.022 x 10 23

The Mole. 6.022 x 10 23 The Mole 6.022 x 10 23 Background: atomic masses Look at the atomic masses on the periodic table. What do these represent? E.g. the atomic mass of Carbon is 12.01 (atomic # is 6) We know there are 6 protons

More information

1. How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.00 g of hydrogen?

1. How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.00 g of hydrogen? MOLES AND CALCULATIONS USING THE MOLE CONCEPT INTRODUCTORY TERMS A. What is an amu? 1.66 x 10-24 g B. We need a conversion to the macroscopic world. 1. How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.00 g of hydrogen?

More information

Chemistry. Stage 1 Desired Results 2013-2014. Kelly Clark, Kelly Puder, Sheryl Rabinowitz, Sarah Warren

Chemistry. Stage 1 Desired Results 2013-2014. Kelly Clark, Kelly Puder, Sheryl Rabinowitz, Sarah Warren Chemistry 2013-2014 Kelly Clark, Kelly Puder, Sheryl Rabinowitz, Sarah Warren Unit 4: Kinetic Theory Transfer Goal: I want you to learn that the properties of particles can be predicted from their intermolecular

More information

5. Which temperature is equal to +20 K? 1) 253ºC 2) 293ºC 3) 253 C 4) 293 C

5. Which temperature is equal to +20 K? 1) 253ºC 2) 293ºC 3) 253 C 4) 293 C 1. The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when 1) H 2 O(s) changes to H 2 O( ) at 0ºC 3) H 2 O( ) at 10ºC changes to H 2 O( ) at 20ºC 2) H 2 O( ) changes to H 2 O(s) at 0ºC 4) H 2 O( )

More information

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (ICE METHOD)

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (ICE METHOD) CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (ICE METHOD) Introduction Chemical equilibrium occurs when opposing reactions are proceeding at equal rates. The rate at which the products are formed from the reactants equals the

More information

Chemical Composition. Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FOURTH EDITION. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Chapter 8

Chemical Composition. Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FOURTH EDITION. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Atomic Masses. Chapter 8 Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FOURTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois Chemical Composition Chapter 8 1 2 Atomic Masses Balanced equation tells us the relative numbers of molecules

More information

Chapter 14 Solutions

Chapter 14 Solutions Chapter 14 Solutions 1 14.1 General properties of solutions solution a system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance two components in a solution: solute

More information

The Mole Notes. There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the.

The Mole Notes. There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the. The Mole Notes I. Introduction There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the. A. The Mole (mol) Recall that atoms of

More information

19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases When a container of cold champagne, soda pop, or any other carbonated drink is opened, a slight fog forms around the opening and some of the liquid sprays outward. (In the

More information

a) Use the following equation from the lecture notes: = ( 8.314 J K 1 mol 1) ( ) 10 L

a) Use the following equation from the lecture notes: = ( 8.314 J K 1 mol 1) ( ) 10 L hermodynamics: Examples for chapter 4. 1. One mole of nitrogen gas is allowed to expand from 0.5 to 10 L reversible and isothermal process at 300 K. Calculate the change in molar entropy using a the ideal

More information

CHEM 1211K Test IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE (3 points each)

CHEM 1211K Test IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE (3 points each) CEM 1211K Test IV MULTIPLE COICE (3 points each) 1) ow many single covalent bonds must a silicon atom form to have a complete octet in its valence shell? A) 4 B) 3 C) 1 D) 2 E) 0 2) What is the maximum

More information