GLOBAL MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES

Transcription

1 GLOBAL MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES EGY099B November 2015 Shalini Shahani Dewan Project Analyst ISBN: BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA USA (toll-free within the USA), or (+1) information@bccresearch.com

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 STUDY OBJECTIVES 2 REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 2 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3 METHODOLOGY 3 INFORMATION SOURCES 3 ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 4 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 4 BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE 5 DISCLAIMER 5 CHAPTER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL REVENUE FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL REVENUE FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, ($ 8 8 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 10 ENZYME 10 CO-FACTOR 10 COENZYME 10 PROSTHETIC GROUP 10 EC 10 BIOFUEL 10 BIOMASS 10 ENERGY CROP 10 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 11 PYROLYSIS 11 LIGNOCELLULOSE 11 TORREFACTION 11 GASIFICATION 11 METHANOGENS 11 FREE FATTY ACID (FFA) 11 HYDROLYSIS 11 WHAT IS AN ENZYME? 12 NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME 13 NOMENCLATURE OF ENZYME 13 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME 14 FIGURE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME 14 Classification Based On Structure 14 Simple Enzyme 15 Conjugate Enzyme 15 Classification Based On Reaction (EC Classification) 15 Oxidoreductases 15 Transferase 16

3 Hydrolases 16 Lyases 16 Isomerases 16 Ligases 17 TABLE 1 TYPES OF ENZYMES AND REACTIONS THEY CATALYZE 17 ENZYME-MODE OF ACTION 17 LOCK AND KEY MODEL 18 INDUCED FIT MODEL 18 ENZYME SPECIFICITY 18 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF ENZYMES 18 TABLE 2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF ENZYMES 18 ENZYME SOURCES 19 PRODUCTION OF ENZYME 19 STEPS IN PRODUCTION OF ENZYME 19 BIOFUEL 21 HISTORY OF BIOFUEL 21 RECENT FOSSIL FUEL CRISIS 22 TABLE 3 YEAR OF FOSSIL OIL CRISIS AND CAUSE 22 SOURCE OF BIOFUEL 23 CELLULOSE 23 ALGAL OIL 23 CORN 23 SOY 23 SUGARCANE 23 CAMELINA AND JATROPHA 24 RAPESEED 24 METHANE 24 ANIMAL FAT 24 PAPER WASTE 24 BIOFUEL TYPES AND ITS USAGE 24 SOLID BIOFUEL 25 Wood 25 Animal Dung 25 Municipal Waste 25 Energy Crops 25 Usage 26 LIQUID BIOFUEL 26 Alcohol 26 Bio-diesel from Plant Seed Oil 26 Bio Crude Oils 27 Usage 27 Examples of Liquid Biofuels 27 Bioethanol 27 TABLE 4 HISTORY OF ETHANOL INDUSTRY 27 Biodiesel 28 GASEOUS BIOFUEL 28 Application 28

4 Advantages 28 Examples of Gaseous Biofuels 29 Biopropane 29 Syngas 29 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO GENERATIONS OF BIOFUEL 29 FIRST GENERATION BIOFUEL 29 SECOND GENERATION OF BIOFUEL 30 Gasification 30 Pyrolysis 30 Torrefaction 30 Fermentation 30 THIRD GENERATION OF BIOFUEL 30 FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOFUEL 31 FIRST GENERATION FEEDSTOCK 31 SECOND GENERATION FEEDSTOCK 31 THIRD GENERATION FEEDSTOCK 32 BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK AROUND THE WORLD 32 TABLE 5 COMMONLY USED FEEDSTOCKS FOR BIODIESEL IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOFUELS 32 TABLE 6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF BIOFUELS 33 ROLE OF ENZYMES IN BIOFUEL PRODUCTION 34 ENZYMES IN BIO GAS 34 ENZYMES IN TRANSESTERIFICATION 34 ENZYMES IN BIOETHANOL 35 THERMOSTABLE AND IMMOBILIZE ENZYME IN BIOFUEL 35 COMMON ENZYMES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL 36 CELLULASE ENZYME IN BIOFUEL 36 LIPASES IN BIOFUEL 37 Nonspecific Lipases 37 1,3-specific Lipases 38 Fatty Acid-specific Lipases 38 AMYLASE IN BIOFUEL 38 XYLANASES IN BIOFUEL CHAPTER 4 REGULATORY ASPECTS 41 EPA'S ROLE IN THE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF BIOFUELS 42 TABLE 7 VOLUMES USED TO DETERMINE PROPOSED STANDARD, 2014 (MILLION GALLONS) TABLE 8 PROPOSED PERCENTAGE STANDARD, 2014 (%) 43 FUNDS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION 44 TABLE 9 AWARDEES OF USDA'S ADVANCED BIOFUEL PAYMENT PROGRAM, EUROPEAN UNION STRATEGY FOR BIOFUELS 50 E.U. SCHEMES FOR SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS 51 SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL CERTIFICATES 51 TABLE 10 RECOGNIZED VOLUNTARY SCHEMES 51 PROTECTING UNTOUCHED NATURE 52 PROMOTE ONLY BIOFUELS WITH HIGH GHG SAVINGS 52 43

5 E.U. FUNDING PROGRAMS 52 TABLE 11 BIOFUEL PROJECTS UNDER FP7 53 GREEN FUEL FOR ELECTRIC FURNACES 53 SPACE - THE FINAL FRONTIER FOR FOOD 54 CULTIVATING GRASSES TO SAVE THE PLANET 54 BIO-BASED INDUSTRY 54 INNOVATIVE TEXTILE TO CONTRIBUTE SEAWEED FARMING 54 CHAPTER 5 NEW DEVELOPMENTS 56 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOFUEL INDUSTRY (2010 TO 2015) 56 NEW ENZYMES IN BIOFUEL INDUSTRY 61 TABLE 12 NEW ENZYMES LAUNCHED FROM 2010 TO MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 62 TABLE 13 MERGER AND ACQUISITION IN BIOFUEL INDUSTRY, 2010 TO CHAPTER 6 MARKET ANALYSIS 71 MARKET BY TYPE 71 MARKET OVERVIEW 72 MARKET REVENUE 72 TABLE 14 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 2 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, ($ MARKET SHARE 73 TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, 2014 (%) 74 FIGURE 3 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, 2014 (%) 74 MARKET BY REGION 74 MARKET OVERVIEW 75 MARKET REVENUE 76 TABLE 16 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 4 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, ($ MARKET SHARE 77 TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 77 FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 77 AMYLASE 78 Market Overview 78 Market Revenue 79 TABLE 18 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 6 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ Market Share 80 TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 80 FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 80 CELLULASE 81 Market Overview 81 Market Revenue

6 TABLE 20 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 8 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ Market Share 83 TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 84 FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 84 XYLANASE 84 Market Overview 85 Market Revenue 86 TABLE 22 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 10 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ Market Share 87 TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 87 FIGURE 11 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 87 LIPASE 87 Market Overview 88 Market Revenue 88 TABLE 24 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 12 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ Market Share 90 TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 90 FIGURE 13 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 90 OTHER ENZYMES 90 Market Overview 91 Market Revenue 91 TABLE 26 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 14 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES, BY REGION, ($ Market Share 92 TABLE 27 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 93 FIGURE 15 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 93 MARKET BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL 93 AMYLASE 94 Market Overview 94 Market Revenue 95 TABLE 28 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 16 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ Market Share 96 TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 96 FIGURE 17 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 96 CELLULASE

7 Market Overview 97 Market Revenue 98 TABLE 30 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 18 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ Market Share 99 TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 99 FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 99 XYLANASE 100 Market Overview 100 Market Revenue 101 TABLE 32 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 20 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ Market Share 102 TABLE 33 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 102 FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 102 LIPASE 103 Market Overview 103 Market Revenue 104 TABLE 34 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 22 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ Market Share 105 TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 105 FIGURE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 105 OTHER ENZYMES 105 Market Overview 106 Market Revenue 106 TABLE 36 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 24 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ Market Share 107 TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) FIGURE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 110 AMYLASE 110 MARKET LEADERS 110 TABLE 38 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF AMYLASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 MARKET SHARE 111 TABLE 39 MARKET SHARES OF THE MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR AMYLASES AS

8 FIGURE 26 MARKET SHARES OF THE MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR AMYLASES AS CELLULASE 112 MARKET LEADERS 112 TABLE 40 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF CELLULASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 MARKET SHARE 113 TABLE 41 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR CELLULASES AS FIGURE 27 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR CELLULASES AS XYLANASE 114 MARKET LEADERS 114 TABLE 42 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF XYLANASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 MARKET SHARE 114 TABLE 43 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR XYLANASES AS FIGURE 28 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR XYLANASES AS LIPASE 115 MARKET LEADERS 115 TABLE 44 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF LIPASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 MARKET SHARE 115 TABLE 45 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR LIPASES AS FIGURE 29 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR LIPASES AS OTHER ENZYMES 116 MARKET LEADERS 116 TABLE 46 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF OTHER ENZYMES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 MARKET SHARE 117 TABLE 47 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR OTHER ENZYMES AS FIGURE 30 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR OTHER ENZYMES AS CHAPTER 8 MARKET BY APPLICATION 120 GLOBAL BIOFUEL ENZYMES MARKET BY TYPE OF END USER 121 TABLE 48 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END USER, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 31 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END USER, ($ MARKET SHARE 122 TABLE 49 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END-USER, 2014 (%) 122 FIGURE 32 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END-USER, 2014 (%) 123 TRANSPORT INDUSTRY 123 MARKET OVERVIEW

9 TABLE 50 ETHANOL FUEL PRODUCTION BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 2014 (MILLION GALLONS) FIGURE 33 ETHANOL FUEL PRODUCTION BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 2014 (MILLION GALLONS) MARKET REVENUE 126 TABLE 51 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 34 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, ($ MARKET SHARE 127 TABLE 52 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) FIGURE 35 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY 128 MARKET OVERVIEW 128 MARKET REVENUE 129 TABLE 53 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 36 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, ($ MARKET SHARE 131 TABLE 54 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) FIGURE 37 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) DOMESTIC USE 131 MARKET OVERVIEW 132 MARKET REVENUE 133 TABLE 55 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES FOR DOMESTIC USE, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 38 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES FOR DOMESTIC USE, ($ MARKET SHARE 134 TABLE 56 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME FOR DOMESTIC USE, 2014 (%) FIGURE 39 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME FOR DOMESTIC USE, 2014 (%) AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION 134 MARKET OVERVIEW 135 MARKET REVENUE 136 TABLE 57 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 40 GLOBAL REVENUE FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, ($ MARKET SHARE 137 TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, 2014 (%) FIGURE 41 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, 2014 (%) OTHER SECTOR

10 MARKET OVERVIEW 138 MARKET REVENUE 139 TABLE 59 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN OTHER SECTOR, THROUGH 2020 ($ FIGURE 42 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN OTHER SECTOR, ($ MARKET SHARE 140 TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME USED IN OTHER SECTOR, 2014 (%) FIGURE 43 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME USED IN OTHER SECTOR, 2014 (%) CHAPTER 9 PATENT ANALYSIS 143 PATENTS BY YEAR 143 TABLE 61 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY YEAR, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 44 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY YEAR, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 PATENTS BY CATEGORY 144 TABLE 62 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY CATEGORY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 45 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY CATEGORY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 PATENTS BY COMPANY 145 TABLE 63 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS BY COMPANY, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 PATENTS BY COUNTRY 147 TABLE 64 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS BY COUNTRY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 46 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS BY COUNTRY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 TABLE 65 PATENT SHARES BY COUNTRY, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 (NUMBER/%) FIGURE 47 PATENT SHARES BY COUNTRY, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 (%) 149 PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE 150 TABLE 66 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 48 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH CHAPTER 10 CURRENT SITUATION 152 FACTORS AFFECTING BIOFUEL ENZYME MARKET 152 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 152 TABLE 67 ESTIMATED ANNUAL AMOUNT OF CO2 REDUCTION IN U.S. AFTER USING E15 COST OF FOSSIL FUELS VS COST OF BIOFUEL 154 REGULATORY FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY GOAL 154 INCREASING BIOFUEL FACILITIES 155 NEW DEVELOPMENTS USING ENZYMES 156 SUSTAINED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

11 GRANT, SCHEMES AND FUNDING FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION 159 MERGER & ACQUISITION, COLLABORATION AND JOINT VENTURES IN THE BIOFUEL INDUSTRY CHALLENGES FOR ENZYMATIC BIOFUEL CHAPTER 11 COMPANY PROFILES 162 AB ENZYMES GMBH 162 C-LECTA GMBH 162 CODEXIS INC 163 DANISCO A/S 163 DUPONT 164 DYADIC INTERNATIONAL 164 ENZYME DEVELOPMENT CORP. 165 ENZYME SOLUTIONS INC. 165 ENZYME SUPPLIES LTD. 166 IOGEN CORP. 166 JIANGSU BOLI BIOPRODUCTS CO. LTD. 167 MAPS ENZYMES LTD. 167 NOOR ENZYMES PVT. LTD. 168 NOVOZYMES A/S 168 ROYAL DSM NV 169 SCHAUMANN BIOENERGY 169 SPECIALTY ENZYMES & BIOTECHNOLOGIES CO. 170 TRANSBIODIESEL LTD. 170 VERENIUM CORP. 171 CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX-ABBREVIATIONS 173

12 LIST OF TABLES TABLE HEADING SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL REVENUE FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 1 TYPES OF ENZYMES AND REACTIONS THEY CATALYZE 17 TABLE 2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF ENZYMES 18 TABLE 3 YEAR OF FOSSIL OIL CRISIS AND CAUSE 22 TABLE 4 HISTORY OF ETHANOL INDUSTRY 27 TABLE 5 COMMONLY USED FEEDSTOCKS FOR BIODIESEL IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD TABLE 6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF BIOFUELS 33 TABLE 7 VOLUMES USED TO DETERMINE PROPOSED STANDARD, 2014 (MILLION GALLONS) TABLE 8 PROPOSED PERCENTAGE STANDARD, 2014 (%) 43 TABLE 9 AWARDEES OF USDA'S ADVANCED BIOFUEL PAYMENT PROGRAM, TABLE 10 RECOGNIZED VOLUNTARY SCHEMES 51 TABLE 11 BIOFUEL PROJECTS UNDER FP7 53 TABLE 12 NEW ENZYMES LAUNCHED FROM 2010 TO TABLE 13 MERGER AND ACQUISITION IN BIOFUEL INDUSTRY, 2010 TO TABLE 14 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, 2014 (%) 74 TABLE 16 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 77 TABLE 18 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 80 TABLE 20 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 84 TABLE 22 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 87 TABLE 24 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE ENZYME BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 90 TABLE 26 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY REGION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 27 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 93 TABLE 28 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 96 TABLE 30 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 99 TABLE 32 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 33 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 102 TABLE 34 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($

13 TABLE HEADING TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 105 TABLE 36 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) TABLE 38 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF AMYLASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 TABLE 39 MARKET SHARES OF THE MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR AMYLASES AS TABLE 40 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF CELLULASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 TABLE 41 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR CELLULASES AS TABLE 42 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF XYLANASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 TABLE 43 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR XYLANASES AS TABLE 44 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF LIPASES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 TABLE 45 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR LIPASES AS TABLE 46 LEADING MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF OTHER ENZYMES AS BIOFUEL ENZYME, 2014 TABLE 47 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR OTHER ENZYMES AS TABLE 48 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END USER, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 49 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END-USER, 2014 (%) 122 TABLE 50 ETHANOL FUEL PRODUCTION BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 2014 (MILLION GALLONS) TABLE 51 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 52 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) TABLE 53 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 54 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) TABLE 55 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES FOR DOMESTIC USE, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 56 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME FOR DOMESTIC USE, 2014 (%) TABLE 57 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, 2014 (%) TABLE 59 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN OTHER SECTOR, THROUGH 2020 ($ TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME USED IN OTHER SECTOR, 2014 (%) TABLE 61 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY YEAR, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH

14 TABLE HEADING TABLE 62 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY CATEGORY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 TABLE 63 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS BY COMPANY, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 TABLE 64 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS BY COUNTRY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 TABLE 65 PATENT SHARES BY COUNTRY, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 (NUMBER/%) TABLE 66 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 TABLE 67 ESTIMATED ANNUAL AMOUNT OF CO2 REDUCTION IN U.S. AFTER USING E

15 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL REVENUE FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME 14 FIGURE 2 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, ($ 73 FIGURE 3 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY TYPE, 2014 (%) 74 FIGURE 4 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 77 FIGURE 6 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 80 FIGURE 8 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 84 FIGURE 10 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 11 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 87 FIGURE 12 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE ENZYME BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 13 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 90 FIGURE 14 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES, BY REGION, ($ FIGURE 15 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY REGION, 2014 (%) 93 FIGURE 16 GLOBAL REVENUE OF AMYLASES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ FIGURE 17 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF AMYLASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 96 FIGURE 18 GLOBAL REVENUE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF CELLULASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 99 FIGURE 20 GLOBAL REVENUE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF XYLANASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 102 FIGURE 22 GLOBAL REVENUE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ FIGURE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF LIPASE BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) 105 FIGURE 24 GLOBAL REVENUE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUELS, ($ FIGURE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF OTHER ENZYMES BY TYPE OF BIOFUEL, 2014 (%) FIGURE 26 MARKET SHARES OF THE MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR AMYLASES AS FIGURE 27 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR CELLULASES AS FIGURE 28 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR XYLANASES AS FIGURE 29 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR LIPASES AS FIGURE 30 MARKET SHARES OF MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS FOR OTHER ENZYMES AS

16 FIGURE TITLE FIGURE 31 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END USER, ($ FIGURE 32 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES BY END-USER, 2014 (%) 123 FIGURE 33 ETHANOL FUEL PRODUCTION BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 2014 (MILLION GALLONS) FIGURE 34 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, ($ FIGURE 35 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) FIGURE 36 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, ($ FIGURE 37 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY, 2014 (%) FIGURE 38 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES FOR DOMESTIC USE, ($ FIGURE 39 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME FOR DOMESTIC USE, 2014 (%) FIGURE 40 GLOBAL REVENUE FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, ($ FIGURE 41 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, 2014 (%) FIGURE 42 GLOBAL REVENUE OF BIOFUEL ENZYMES USED IN OTHER SECTOR, ($ FIGURE 43 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE OF BIOFUEL ENZYME USED IN OTHER SECTOR, 2014 (%) FIGURE 44 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY YEAR, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 45 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY CATEGORY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 46 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS BY COUNTRY FOR BIOFUEL ENZYMES, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 FIGURE 47 PATENT SHARES BY COUNTRY, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH 2015 (%) 149 FIGURE 48 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE, JANUARY 2010 TO MARCH