A Balanced Approach to Octane Replacement

Transcription

1 A Balanced Approach to Octane Replacement Policy Development Meeting on Clean Fuels and Vehicles for the Middle East and North Africa 24 May 2006 Cairo, Egypt Lee Chook Khean Communications Director

2 Octane Rating o Octane Number represents how much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. o RON (Research Octane Number) is determined in a single cylinder variable compression ratio engine that operates at 600 rpm with a 65.6 ºC inlet air temperature at standard barometric pressure. o MON (Motor Octane Number) is determined at engine speed of 900 rpm and ºC inlet air temperature. o Anti Knock Index (AKI) = (RON+MON)/2 -also referred to as Road Octane Number (RdON) or Pump Octane Number (PON)

3 Octane is Desirable because. o Avoids engine knocking o Increases fuel-air mix compression ratio, engine power & efficiency o Optimal RON reduces CO2 emissions Optimum Octane Level depends on vehicle s engine compression ratio

4 Middle East Octane Standards Country RON MON AKI Bahrain 91/95 -/84 - Iran 87/95 -/87 - Iraq Jordan 88/91/96/ Kuwait 91/95/98 81/85/87 - Lebanon Oman 90/ Qatar 90/ Saudi Arabia Syria 76/ U.A.E 95/98 85/87 - Yemen Egypt 80/90/95 - -

5 ROW - Octane Standards Country RON MON AKI EU 91/95 81/91 - USA /89/94 China 90/93/95-85/88/90 India 88/93-84/88 Japan 89/ South Korea 91/ Taiwan Australia 91/95/ Indonesia 88/91/ Thailand 91/95 80/84 - WWFC 91/ /85 -

6 Global Fuel Quality Status Indonesia Cambodia Vietnam Philippines Malaysia Singapore Thailand China Japan South Korea Taiwan North America Western Europe Lead Removal Volatility Controls & Oxygenate Introduction Initial Benzene & Sulfur Reduction Olefin & Aromatic Content Limits Sulfur Elimination & Additional Composition Controls Introduction of Renewable Fuels (Biofuels) Objective: Control Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants Objective: CO 2 Reduction Source: International Fuel Quality Center

7 Gasoline Quality Effect on Emissions

8 o Lead Phase-out Octane is Lost when.. o Reduction/Elimination of other metallic compounds o Sulfur Reduction o Benzene and Aromatics Reduction CO, HC, NOx, PM, CO2, SOx, Bz, VOCs, Toxic, etc o Olefins Reduction Tighter exhaust emission standards due to Health & Environment concerns has resulted in stricter fuel quality standards

9 Relative Cost of Octane Improvement Options Cost per Octane Barrel Lead MMT Refinery Processing (Range) MTBE Aromatic Comp. Blending (Range) Source: Hart Downstream Energy Services

10 Octane Replacement Options MMT o Lowest cost lead alternative, octane response less than lead. Not a total octane replacement. o Only a small percentage of the MMT derived manganese from the fuel is emitted from the tailpipethe majority remains within the engine, catalyst and exhaust system o Most major auto-makers state in their Owner s guide that they recommend against using MMT, advising further that any damage caused by MMT may not be covered by the warranty Source: World Wide Fuel Charter, August 2005

11 Octane Replacement Options Refinery Processing o Reforming Increase severity (higher octane product), revamp capacity to allow higher severity operations. Moderate cost, may require capital, increased benzene/aromatics, loss of volume, overall net producer of hydrogen o Reforming Add new reforming capacity. As above, but higher cost. o Isomerization - moderate cost, requires capital, lower octane addition than reforming, volatility impact, reduced benzene, requires small amount of hydrogen, capital requirement o Alkylation - high cost, capital requirement, requires high purity of IC4 feedstock, favorable benzene/aromatics dilution, high MON octane contribution to gasoline pool

12 Octane Replacement Options High Octane Blend Purchases o MTBE High octane, low volatility, no sulfur, benzene or aromatics, widely traded on international market. Moderate to high cost o Ethanol High octane, no sulfur, benzene or aromatics Limited availability, high volatility, higher cost. o Other ethers (ETBE, TAME) - High octane, low volatility, no sulphur, benzene or aromatics Moderate to high cost, limited availability

13 Octane Replacement Options High Octane Blend Purchases o Toluene - high octane, low volatility, no sulfur or benzene, widely traded on international market. Moderate to high cost (variable), 100 percent aromatic o Other refinery components (reformate, alkylate, isomerate) - High octane, low volatility (except isomerate), no sulphur, no benzene (alkylate and isomerate), low or no aromatics (alkylate and isomerate), Relatively high cost, limited availability, high benzene and aromatics for reformate.

14 Oxygenates - Octane Numbers RON MON AKI MTBE ETBE TAME Ethanol Methanol Alkylate

15 Component Option Octane Replacement Options Effect on Emissions & Supply RON MON AKI (R+M/2) Blendin g RVP (kpa) Hydrocarbon Emission Tailpipe Reformate 92 to to to No Evaporative Hydrocarbo n Reactivity (Ozone/smog ) Air Toxics Emissio n Benzen e Emissio n CO Emissio n Toluene No PM Expand Supply (per barrel of crude oil) Ethanol MTBE ETBE to 10 vol % 1 8 to 15 vol % 2 8 to 17 vol % 3 - Emissions Increase - Emissions Decrease - Emissions Unchanged Notes: 1 Depends on RVP control for petrol used in winter versus summer time; provides 2 to 3 octane numbers benefit (R + M/2). 2 Based on blending at 1.5 to 2.7 wt. % oxygen in petrol; provides 2 to 4 octane numbers benefit (R + M/2). 3 Based on blending at 1.5 to 2.7 wt. % oxygen in petrol; provides 2 to 5 octane numbers benefit (R + M/2); includes use of renewable ethanol ethanol portion is 42% of total ETBE volume blended into petrol.

16 Net Emission Reductions in RFG (%) Oxygenates Impact on Emissions Ethanol MTBE ETBE 0 VOCs NOx Toxics CO Source: Hart Downstream Energy Services, 2003

17 Oxygenates Impact on RVP

18 Oxygenates Impact on Ozone

19 Alternative Hi-Octane components have much less favourable properties than MTBE

20 Ethers Excellent Technical Properties o Have high octane rating and low volatility, enabling substitution of other octane components such as aromatics o Significantly better than ethanol o Preferred by carmakers and refiners MTBE ETBE TAME Motor Octane Number Researc h Octane Number Reid Vapour Pressure (kpa) Boiling point ( C) Water tolerance Excellent Excellent Excellent Ethanol Very poor Gasoline

21 o Industry players such as the automakers have indicated Conclusions o Octane will remain primary determiner of price and value. o Fuel quality improvements will continuously impact gasoline octane composition. o New octane sources and capacity will be required as pressure to reduce lead, sulfur, aromatics & benzene and olefins continues on a global basis. o Primary candidates of future octane sources include oxygenates, alkylate, iso-octane/ene and light aromatics. o Octane Sources dependant on regional/national refinery structure & policy pressures e.g. biofuels

22 Thank You