Emissions de CO 2 et objectifs climatiques
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1 Emissions de CO 2 et objectifs climatiques Pierre Friedlingstein University of Exeter, UK Plus many IPCC WG1 authors and GCP colleagues Yann Arthus-Bertrand / Altitude
2 Recent trends in anthropogenic CO 2 emissions
3 Fossil Fuel and Cement Emissions
4 Fossil Fuel and Cement Emissions Global fossil fuel and cement emissions: 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC in 2012 Projection for 2013 : 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC, 61% over average: 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC Uncertainty is ±5% for one standard deviation (IPCC likely range) Source: Le Quéré et al 2013; CDIAC Data; Global Carbon Project 2013
5 Emissions from Coal, Oil, Gas, Cement Share of global emissions in 2012: coal (43%), oil (33%), gas (18%), cement (5%), flaring (1%, not shown) Source: CDIAC Data; Le Quéré et al 2013; Global Carbon Project 2013
6 Top Fossil Fuel Emitters (Absolute) Top four emitters in 2012 covered 58% of global emissions China (27%), United States (14%), EU28 (10%), India (6%) Source: CDIAC Data; Le Quéré et al 2013; Global Carbon Project 2013
7 Top Fossil Fuel Emitters (Per Capita) Average per capita emissions in 2012 China is growing rapidly and the US is declining fast Source: CDIAC Data; Le Quéré et al 2013; Global Carbon Project 2013
8 Historical Cumulative Emissions by Country Cumulative emissions from fossil-fuel and cement were distributed ( ): USA (26%), EU28 (23%), China (11%), and India (4%) covering 64% of the total share N 1 N 1 Cumulative emissions ( ) were distributed USA (20%), China (18%), EU28 (15%), India (5%) Source: CDIAC Data; Le Quéré et al 2013; Global Carbon Project 2013
9 Land-Use Change Emissions
10 Land-Use Change Emissions Global land-use change emissions are estimated 0.8 ± 0.5 GtC during The data suggests a general decrease in emissions since 1990 Indonesian peat fires 2011 and 2012 are extrapolated estimates Source: Le Quéré et al 2013; Houghton & Hackler (in review); Global Carbon Project 2013
11 Total Global Emissions Total global emissions: 10.5 ± 0.7 GtC in 2012, 43% over 1990 Percentage land-use change: 38% in 1960, 17% in 1990, 8% in 2012 Land use emissions in 2011 and 2012 are extrapolated estimates Source: Le Quéré et al 2013; CDIAC Data; Houghton & Hackler (in review); Global Carbon Project 2013
12 Observed Emissions and Emissions Scenarios Emissions are on track for ºC likely increase in temperature above pre-industrial Large and sustained mitigation is required to keep warming below 2ºC Linear interpolation is used between individual data points Source: Peters et al. 2012a; CDIAC Data; Global Carbon Project 2013
13 Cumulated CO 2 emissions and the 2 C target
14 Warming will persist for centuries Zero CO 2 emissions lead to near constant surface temperature. A large fraction of climate change persists for many centuries. Depending on the scenario, about 15-40% of the emitted carbon remains in the atmosphere for 1000 yrs.
15 Cumulative carbon determines warming Peak warming is approximately proportional to cumulative (total) emissions. Transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions TCRE = Warming per 1000 PgC
16 Trajectory does not really matter RCP2.6 Warming is approximately proportional to cumulative emissions. More emissions sooner means less emissions later
17 Transient Climate Response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) Estimated from many independent studies
18 TCRE best estimate is o C warming for 1000 GtC emission Assessed likely range C
19 Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions to 2010
20 Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions to 2020
21 Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions to 2050
22 Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions to 2100
23 Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions to 2100
24 To limit CO 2 -induced warming to likely below 2 o C, cumulative CO 2 emissions must be limited to 1000 GtC.
25 To limit anthropogenic warming to likely below 2 o C, cumulative CO 2 emissions must be limited to 800 GtC (when accounting for warming from non-co2 forcing)
26 Cumulative emissions are 550 ±60 GtC 70% from fossil fuels and cement, 30% from land-use change That leaves about 250 GtC for the future. That s about 25 years at the current emission level (10 GtC/yr)
27 Anthropogenic CO2 emissions above 10 GtC/yr in 2012, ~60% above 1990 Current rate of increase about 2% per year CO2 represents, by far, the largest contributor to the anthropogenic radiative forcing (> 80%) Global warming scales with cumulative CO2 emissions Limiting global warming likely below 2 C requires emissions to stay below about 800 GtC since preindustrial. 550 GtC already emitted, 250 GtC left for the future
28 Further Information Yann Arthus-Bertrand / Altitude
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