Table 1: Phonemes to graphemes (consonants)
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1 Tabl 1: Phonms to graphms (consonants) Corrspondncs found in many diffrnt words Phonm Graphm(s) Sampl words /b/ b, bb bat, rabbit High-frquncy words containing rar or uniqu corrspondncs (graphms ar undrlind) /k/ c, k, ck cat, kit, duck school, mosquito /d/ d, dd, -d dog, muddy, pulld /f/ f, ff, ph fan, puff, photo rough /g/ g, gg go, biggr /h/ h hn who /j/ j, g, dg jt, giant, badg /l/ l, ll lg, bll /m/ m, mm map, hammr lamb, autumn /n/ n, nn nt, funny gnat, knock /p/ p, pp pn, happy /r/ r, rr rat, carrot writ, rhym /s/ s, ss, c sun, miss, cll scnt, listn /t/ t, tt, -d tap, buttr, jumpd Thomas, doubt /v/ v van of /w/ w wig pnguin, on /y/ y ys onion /z/ z, zz s, s, z zip, buzz, is, plas, brz /sh/ sh, s, ss, t (bfor ion and -ial) shop, sur, mission, mntion, partial /ch/ ch, tch chip, catch /th/ th thin /th/ th thn brath /ng/ ng, n (bfor k) ring, pink tongu /zh/ s (bfor -ion and -ur) vision, masur scissors, xylophon spcial, chf, ocan usual, big In th last column words printd in italic ar from th list of 100 words occurring most frquntly in childrn s books. 23
2 Tabl 2: Phonms to graphms (vowls) Corrspondncs found in many diffrnt words Phonm Graphm(s) Sampl words /a/ a ant High-frquncy words containing rar or uniqu corrspondncs (graphms ar undrlind) //, a gg, had said, says, frind, lopard, any /i/ i, y in, gym womn, busy, build, prtty, ngin /o/ o, a on, was /u/¹ u, o, o- up, son, com young, dos, blood /ai/ ai, ay, a- rain, day, mak thy, vil, wigh, straight //, a,, i ft, sa, h, chif ths², popl /igh/ igh, i, y, i-, i night, ti, my, lik, find /oa/ oa, ow, o, o, o- boat, grow, to, go, hom hight, y, I, goodby, typ oh, though, folk /oo/ oo, w, u, u- boot, grw, blu, rul to, soup, through, two, los /oo/ oo, u look, put could /ar/ ar, a farm, fathr calm, ar, aunt, hart /or/ or, aw, au, or, al for, saw, Paul, mor, talk caught, thought, four, door, broad /ur/ ur, r, ir, or (aftr w ) hurt, hr, girl, work larn, journy, wr /ow/ ow, ou cow, out drought /oi/ oi, oy coin, boy /air/ air, ar, ar fair, car, bar thr /ar/ ar, r, r dar, dr, hr pir /ur/³ / / many diffrnt graphms sur, poor, tour cornr, pillar, motor, famous, favour, murmur, about, cotton, mountain, possibl, happn, cntr, thorough, pictur, cupboard... and othrs In th last column words printd in italic ar from th list of 100 words occurring most frquntly in childrn s books. ¹ S Frquntly askd qustions: How do local accnts affct th taching of phonics? on pag 17. ² Th - splling is rar in words of on syllabl but is quit common in longr words, (.g. graphm, phonm, complt, rcd, concrt, cntipd). ³ Th pronunciation of th vowl sound in sur, poor and tour as a diphthong (a short /oo/ sound followd by a schwa) occurs in rlativly fw words and dos not occur in vryon s spch. 24
3 Tabl 3: Graphms to phonms (consonants) Corrspondncs found in many diffrnt words Graphm Phonm(s) Sampl words b, bb /b/ bat, rabbit lamb, dbt c /k/, /s/ cat, cll spcial cc /k/, /ks/ account, succss ch /ch/ chip school, chf ck /k/ duck d, dd /d/ dog, muddy dg /j/ badg f, ff /f/ fan, puff of g /g/, /j/ go, gm gg /g/, /j/ biggr, suggst gh /g/, /-/ ghost, high rough gn /n/ gnat, sign gu /g/ guard h /h/ hn honst j /j/ jt k /k/ kit kn /n/ knot l /l/ lg half ll /l/ bll l /l/ or / l/ paddl m, mm /m/ map, hammr mb /m/ lamb mn /m/ autumn n /n/, /ng/ nt, pink nn /n/ funny ng /ng/, /ng+g/, /n+j/ ring, fingr, dangr p, pp /p/ pn, happy ph /f/ photo qu /kw/ quiz mosquito r, rr /r/ rat, carrot rh /r/ rhym s /s/, /z/ sun, is sur, masur Corrspondncs found in som high-frquncy words but not in many/any othr words 25
4 ss /s/, /sh/ miss, mission sc /s/ scnt s /s/, /z/ mous, plas sh /sh/ shop t, tt /t/ tap, buttr listn tch /ch/ catch th /th/, /th/ thin, thn Thomas v /v/ van w /w/ wig answr wh /w/ or /hw/ whn who wr /r/ writ x /ks/ /gz/ box, xam xylophon y /y/, /i/ (//), /igh/ ys, gym, vry, fly y, y- z, zz /z/ zip, buzz goodby, typ In th last column words printd in italic ar from th list of 100 words occurring most frquntly in childrn s books. Tabl 4: Graphms to phonms (vowls) Corrspondncs found in many diffrnt words Corrspondncs found in som high-frquncy words but not in many/any othr words Graphm Phonm(s) Sampl words a /a/, /o/, /ar/ ant, was, fathr watr, any a- /ai/ mak ai /ai/ rain said air /air/ hair al, all /al/, /orl/, /or/ Val, shall, always, all, talk half ar /ar/ farm war ar /air/ car ar au /or/ Paul aunt augh aw /or/ saw ay /ai/ say says //, // gg, h a //, // bad, had grat caught, laugh ar /ar/ har larn, hart 26
5 d /d/, /t/, / d/ turnd, jumpd, landd // b - // ths r /ar/ dr i // rciv vil, lisur igh /ai/ ight hight r /ur/ hr r /ar/ hr wr, thr u /yoo/ Euston w /yoo/, /oo/ fw, flw sw y /i/ (//) donky thy i /i/, /igh/ in, mind i /igh/, //, /i/ ti, chif, babis frind i- /igh/, /i/, // lik, ngin, machin igh /igh/ night ir /ur/ girl o /o/, /oa/, /u/ on, go, won do, wolf oa /oa/ boat broad o /oa/ to sho o- /oa/, /u/ hom, com oi /oi/ coin oo /oo/, /oo/ boot, look blood or /or/, /ur/ for work ou /ow/, /oo/ out, you could, young, shouldr our /ow /, /or/ our, your journy, tour (s tabl 2, footnot 3) ow /ow/, /oa/ cow, slow oy /oi/ boy u /u/, /oo/ up, put u /oo/, /yoo/ clu, cu u- /oo/, /yoo/ rud, cut ui ur /ur/ fur uy build, fruit buy In th last column words printd in italic ar from th list of 100 words occurring most frquntly in childrn s books. To avoid lngthning this tabl considrably, graphms for th schwa ar not includd, but s tabl 2. 27
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