A Beginner s Guide To English Grammar
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1 A Beginner s Guide To English Grammar Noncredit ESL Glendale Community College
2 Concept by: Deborah Robiglio Created by: Edwin Fallahi, Rocio Fernandez, Glenda Gartman, Robert Mott, and Deborah Robiglio Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the Noncredit ESL students who inspired the creation of this guide. In addition, Jane DiLucchio, Helen Merriman, Dr. Karen Ferkich- Holden, Mary Stone, Anahit Kusheryan and to all members of the Continuing and Community Education Division who encouraged and guided us in countless ways and provided the tools and resources we needed to get the job done. Images provided by: JUPITERIMAGES and Microsoft Clip Art Gallery Original artwork by: Nola Lunstedt 2006, 2007 by Glendale Community College Information to the student: This booklet will greatly help you learn English! It is full of rules and examples that your English language teachers have carefully decided are most important to your beginning English success. We have translated them to aid your understanding. But, it is only a beginning tool. And like any tool, it must be used repeatedly to become effective. Also, this booklet will require other tools as your need to build English competency grows. Learning a second language is a complex process and as you advance you will find more details and some exceptions to the rules and guidelines offered in this guide. Even so, enjoy this wonderful booklet and use its contents with confidence that you have some important tools to start you well on your way to your English goals!
3 Table of Contents English Alphabet 1 Subject Pronouns 2 Be (am, is, are) 3 Articles 10 Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns 11 There is/there are 12 Demonstratives (this, that, these, those) 13 Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns 15 Simple Present 17 Present Continuous 21 Prepositions 25 Imperatives 27 Question Words 28 Be (was, were) 29 Parts of Speech 30
4 English Alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz The letters represent more than 40 sounds. Vowels: a e i o u and sometimes y. Consonants: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z 1
5 Subject Pronouns Subject pronouns take the place of a noun. I You He She It We They 2
6 Be (am, is, are) The verb be is used to express existence, temporary condition or permanent status. It has three different forms (am, is, are) in the present tense. Please see page 8 for more information. Positive Singular Plural I am We are You are You are He is She is It is They are Examples: I am happy. They are happy. 3
7 Contractions Use an apostrophe ( ) to combine the pronoun and be (am, is, are). Singular I m Plural We re You re You re He s She s It s They re Examples: I m happy. They re happy. 4
8 Negative Use not after be (am, is, are) to form a negative phrase or sentence. Singular I am not Plural We are not You are not You are not He is not She is not It is not They are not Examples: I am not sad. They are not sad. 5
9 Negative Contractions Combine the pronoun with the verb and add not. Singular I m not Plural We re not You re not You re not He s not She s not It s not They re not Examples: I m not sad. They re not sad. 6
10 Questions To form questions, place be (am, is, are) at the beginning of the sentence. Add a question mark (?) at the end of the sentence. They are married. They are married. Are they married? Are they married? Yes, they are married. No, they are not married. Singular Am I married? Plural Are we married? Are you married? Are you married? Is he married? Is she married? Is it a book? Are they married? 7
11 Uses of the verb be (am, is, are): The verb be is used for different purposes. Long Form Short Form Place of origin I am from Mexico. I m from Mexico. Age He is 25 years old. He s 25 years old. Weather It is hot. It s hot. Time It is 6:00 o clock. It s 6:00 o clock. Description They are tall. They re tall. Price It is $ It s $ Location We are in class. We re in class. Occupation You are a teacher. You re a teacher. 8
12 Be (am, is, are) Positive I am We are You are You are He is She is It is They are Negative I am not We are not You are not He is not She is not It is not You are not They are not Questions Am I married? Are we married? Are you married? Is he married? Is she married? Is it a book? Are you married? Are they married? 9
13 Articles a an The indefinite articles a and an are used before singular, countable, and non-specific nouns. Use a before a noun that begins with a consonant sound. Use an before a noun that begins with a vowel sound. a an a student an eraser a teacher an apple a classroom an octopus a pencil an iguana a uniform /Y/ an umbrella a house an hour h 10
14 Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns A singular noun represents one noun. A plural noun represents two or more of the same noun. Add an s to change a singular noun to a plural noun. Singular Nouns Plural Nouns desk desks book books Irregular Plural Nouns They change their spelling from the singular to plural form. Singular Nouns Plural Nouns woman women man men child children person people 11
15 There is/there are There is and there are are used to talk about existing conditions. Use there is with singular conditions. Use there are with plural conditions There is There is a teacher. There is a chalkboard. There are There are two students. There are two computers. There are desks. 12
16 Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those) The demonstratives indicate that a noun is singular or plural and near to or far from the speaker. They can be pronouns or adjectives. Near Far Singular this that Plural these those 13
17 Examples Demonstrative Adjectives This dog is little. These dogs are little. That dog is big. Those dogs are big. This is a little dog. Demonstrative Pronouns These are little dogs. That is a big dog. Those are big dogs. 14
18 Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are used to talk about possession. Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns. Possessive pronouns are not followed by nouns. Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns I my house mine you your house yours he his house his she her house hers it its house -- we our house ours they their house theirs Possessive Adjectives My house is new. Possessive Pronouns The new house is mine. Your pen is blue. The blue pen is yours. His car is old. The old car is his. Our cat is big. The big cat is ours. Their dog is noisy. The noisy dog is theirs. 15
19 Possessive Adjectives my our your your his her its their Possessive Pronouns mine ours yours yours his hers theirs *Note: Its is not used as a possessive pronoun in English. 16
20 Simple Present A verb tense used for regular actions and general truths. Positive Singular I eat. Plural We eat. You eat. You eat. He eats. She eats. It eats. They eat. Examples: He eats a sandwich. They eat a sandwich. 17
21 Negative Do or does is needed as a helping verb in the simple present to form negative statements. Add not after do or does. Singular I do not eat. Plural We do not eat. You do not eat. You do not eat. He does not eat. She does not eat. It does not eat. They do not eat. Examples: He does not eat apples. They do not eat apples. 18
22 Questions Do or does is needed as a helping verb in the simple present to form questions. Place do or does at the beginning of the sentence. Add a question mark (?) at the end of the sentence. He eats a sandwich. he eat a sandwich? Does he eat a sandwich? Does Does he eat a sandwich? Yes, he does. No, he doesn t. Singular Do I eat? Do you eat? Plural Do we eat? Do you eat? Does he eat? Does she eat? Does it eat? Do they eat? 19
23 Simple Present Positive I eat. We eat. You eat. You eat. He eats. She eats. It eats. They eat. Negative I do not eat. We do not eat. You do not eat. You do not eat. He does not eat. She does not eat. It does not eat. They do not eat. Questions Do I eat? Do we eat? Do you eat? Do you eat? Does he eat? Does she eat? Does it eat? Do they eat? 20
24 Present Continuous A verb tense that shows action is happening now. The verb be (am, is, are) is needed as a helping verb to form statements and questions. Positive Singular Plural I am working. We are working. You are working. You are working. He is working. She is working. It is working. They are working. Examples: She is working right now. They are working right now. 21
25 Negative Use the verb be (am, is, are) and not to form negative statements. Singular I am not working. Plural We are not working. You are not working. You are not working. He is not working. She is not working. It is not working. They are not working. Examples: She is not working right now. They are not working right now. 22
26 Questions To form questions, place be (am, is, are) at the beginning of the sentence. Add a question mark (?) at the end of the sentence. She is working now. She is working now. Is she working now? Is she working right now? Yes, she is. No, she is not. Singular Plural Am I working? Are we working? Are you working? Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are they working? 23
27 Present Continuous Positive I am working. We are working. You are working. You are working. He is working. She is working. It is working. They are working. Negative I am not working. We are not working. You are not working. You are not working. He is not working. She is not working. It is not working. They are not working. Questions Am I working? Are we working? Are you working? Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are they working? 24
28 Prepositions Prepositions are usually used to show where something is located or when something happens. Prepositions link nouns and pronouns to another element in the sentence. from I am from Mexico. to I go to work. at I go to school at 6:00 p.m. from to I go to school from 6:00 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. 25
29 in The ball is in the box. on The ball is on the box. next to The ball is next to the box. between The ball is between the boxes. under The ball is under the box. 26
30 Imperatives Imperatives are commands. Listen. Point. Read. Open your book. Write. Repeat. No talking. Practice with your partner. Raise your hand. No cheating. Test 27
31 Question Words Question words are used to ask questions. Who refers to a person. Who is he? He is my teacher. What refers to a thing. What is it? It is a book. When refers to time. When is your English class? It is at 6:00 p.m. Where refers to location. Where do you live? I live in Glendale. How much refers to non-count nouns. How much rice do you want? I want a bowl of rice. How many refers to count nouns. How many eggs do you want? I want three eggs. 28
32 Be (was, were) Was and were are the simple past form of the verb be. It is used to describe action in the past or to give a description in the past. Yesterday Today Simple Past- Yesterday Was Was Were Simple Present - Today Am Is Are Examples: Simple Past Simple Present I was sick yesterday. I am sick today. It was hot yesterday. It is hot today. We were in class yesterday. We are in class today. You were a student last year. You are a student this year. 29
33 Parts of Speech Parts of speech are the words that form a sentence. Parts of speech have a grammatical purpose. I eat green grapes. pronoun verb adjective noun 1. Noun: A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: People -brother, teacher, man, Susan Places - bank, city, classroom, store Things - book, pencil, shirt, door Ideas - love, health, religion, freedom 2. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Examples: Susan lives in Glendale. She is American. 3. Adjective: An adjective is a word that modifies (gives more information about) a noun or a pronoun. Examples: He is a good teacher. 4. Verb: A verb is a word that shows action or links another word to the subject. Example: I eat lunch. The teacher is hungry. 30
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