Battery Market Development for Consumer Electronics, Automotive, and Industrial: Materials Requirements and Trends

Transcription

1 Automotive, and Director, AVICENNE ENERGY +33() Presentation Outline The rechargeable battery market in 214 The Li-ion battery value chain Li-ion battery material market Forecasts & conclusions

2 Million HEV powered by LIB Number of EV sold worldwide ( Million) AVICENNE ENERGY: RENOWNED TO HAVE REALISTIC FORECASTS HEV powered by Lithium ion battery forecasts from 28 to 214 EV sold, in million units, worldwide, ,5 2 IIT 27 IIT IIT (MARCH 211) DEUTSCHE BANK (212) 1,5 IIT 29 3 IIT (MARCH 21) 1 IIT 21 2 ROLAND BERGER (211),5 REALITY AVICENNE 27 1 ROLAND BERGER (212) AVICENNE AAB (212) Source : International Battery Conference, Fort Lauderdale 27, 28, 29, 21 & 211 2

3 Tons of cathode / Year $/Wh Million Units / year Million Units/Year THE BATTERY MARKET IS REALLY DYNAMIC Cellular Phones sold per Year (Million) 2 Li-ion 15 NiMH Portable PC sold per Year (Million) Li-ion 23 M Tablets 17 M Portable PCs Tons of Li-ion Cathode per year ,5 Li-ion 1865 cell price ($/Wh) , , Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses

4 MWh THE WORLDWIDE BATTERY MARKET Lithium Ion Battery: Highest growth & major part of industry investments Others (Flow battery, NAS, ) Li-ion 3 NiMH 2 1 NiCD Source: AVICENNE ENERGY, : Estimations 4

5 MWh MWh THE WORLDWIDE BATTERY MARKET Lithium Ion Battery: Highest growth & major part of the investments Lead acid batteries: By far the most important market (9% market share) Others (Flow battery, NAS, ) Li-ion NiMH NiCD Lead Acid Source: AVICENNE ENERGY, : Estimations 5

6 Billion US $ Billion US$ THE WORLDWIDE BATTERY MARKET BILLION US$ in 214 Pack level 1 5% AVERAGE GROWTH PER YEAR ( ) Others (Flow battery, NAS, ) Li-ion NiMH NiCD OTHERS AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIAL E-BIKES POWER TOOLS PORTABLE 1 Lead Acid 1 SLI SLI: Start light and ignition batteries for cars, truck, moto, boat etc PORTABLE: concumer electronics (cellular, portable PCs, tablests, Camera, ), data collection & handy terminals, POWER Tools: power tools but also gardening tools INDUSTRIAL MOTIVE: Forklift (95%), others STATIONARY: Telecom, UPS, Energy Storage System, Medical, Others (Emergency Lighting, Security, Railroad Signaling,, Diesel Generator Starting, Control & Switchgear, AUTOMOTIVE: HEV, P-HEV, EV OTHERS: Medical: wheelchairs, medical carts, medical devices (surgical power tools, mobile instrumentation (x-ray, ultrasound, EKG/ECG, large oxygen concentrators 1- Pack: cell, cell assembly, BMS, connectors Power electronics (DC DC converters, invertors ) not included Source: AVICENNE ENERGY, : Estimations 6

7 THE WORLDWIDE BATTERY MARKET IN 214: US $ 6 BILLION Battery market in 214 (M$) Others SLI Automotive Portable Other Applications Marine Medical devices Wheelchair Medical Cart SLI Other Applications Marine Medical devices Wheelchair Medical Cart Other Stationary Other Stationary Seismic ESS Other Stand-by UPS Telecom Other Motive Automotive Portable US $ 2 Billion for other applications Seismic ESS Other Stand-by UPS Telecom Forklift Power Tools E-Bikes Other Motive Forklift Power Tools E-Bikes Lead Acid LIB 1- Pack level: Pack including cells, cells assembly, BMS, connectors Power electronics (DC DC converters, invertors ) not included Source: AVICENNE ENERGY, 215 7

8 M Wh M Wh LI-ION IN 214 MAIN APPLICATIONS: CELLULAR, NOTEBOOK 5 4 M cells 46 MWh 13 6 M$ (2) Li-ion Battery sales, MWh, Worldwide, (1) CAGR 24/ % per year in Volume +14% per year in value Li-ion Battery sales, MWh, Worldwide, (1) Cellular Phones Portable PCs Others (1) 215 estimation data (2) Cell level Tablets Power Tools Camcorders Digital Camera Video Games MP3 Toys Auto Household devices E-bikes Others 8

9 M $ M $ LI-ION IN 214 MAIN APPLICATIONS: CELLULAR, NOTEBOOK 5 25 M cells 45 MWh 13 3 M$ (2) Li-ion Battery sales, M$, Worldwide, (1) CAGR 24/ % per year in Volume +14% per year in value Li-ion Battery sales, M$, Worldwide, (1) Cellular Phones Portable PCs Others (1) 215 estimation data (2) Cell level Automotives Tablets Power tools Camcorders Digital camera MP3 Games E-Bikes Others 9

10 1Q 9 2Q 9 3Q9 4Q 9 1Q 1 2Q 1 3Q1 4Q 1 1Q 11 2Q 11 3Q11 4Q 11 M cells /month M cells /Year Over supply Ratio BATTERY PRICE IS DECREASING DRASTICALLY In 1 Years 8% price decreasing despite a fluctuating Co price Average LIB cell price ($/Wh) 1,,8,6,4,2, Cylindrical Prismatic Laminate Production capacity 29/211: from 15 to 25 M cells/month BAK ATL Lishen E-One LG SDI MAXELL SONY PANASONIC SANYO Note- Q4 214: Cylindrical:,17 $/Wh ; Laminates:,3$/Wh 1865 oversupply ratio is decreasing thanks to TESLA Standard Demand Production Capacity TESLA Oversupply ratio 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 1

11 LI-ION VALUE CHAIN MARKET DEMAND CATHODE 15 OOO T in 214 Revenues: 2,5 B$ CAGR 4/14: +16% ANODE 57 T Revenues:,8 B$ CAGR 3/13: +14% ELECTROLYTE 44 T Revenues:,68 B$ CAGR 4/14 : 2% CELL MANUFACTURERS Revenues: 13,6 B$ Gross margin: <1% PACK MANUFACTURERS Revenues: 19,6 B$ Gross margin: <1% SEPARATOR 695 M m² Revenues: 1,15 B$ CAGR 4/14 : 18% BINDER 7 1 Tons Revenues:,2 B$ CAGR 8/13 : 15% ANCILLARY Revenues:,7 B$ 11

12 Tons CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIALS NEEDS BY CHEMISTRY SUPPLY Cathode active materials for LIB in Tons, (Demand) LEADERS: LFP LMO NCA NMC LCO LCO >45 KT (214) NMC 1 > 35 KT (214) Others 3% Other China 13% PULEAD 9% Shan Shan 9% L&F 14% Internal 2% Nichia 12% Umicore 15% Easpring Reshine 6% 1% B&M 7% NEW ENTRANTS ON THE FIELD: SUMITOMO 16% TODA 4% Other China 8% Reshine 3% ShanShan 8% NKS 4% L&F 6% Nichia 11% Umicore 24% Others 5% Internal 11% LMO > 18 KT (214) LFP > 1 KT (214) Qiannyun 15% Yuan Yuan 4% Others 6% Reshine 8% Shan Shan 9% Nichia Corp 7% JGC 17% Nippon denko 8% Chinese local 26% 1- Including NCA Others 21% BTR 2% Zhuoneng 6% Pulead 13% STL 11% INTERNAL 29% CLARIANT 8% ALEEES 1% ( ) 12

13 Tons CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FORECASTS Cathode active materials Tons LCO NMC NCA ASSUMPTIONS: Portable devices: : +11% per year in volume HEV 4,8 M HEV/year in 22-35% LIB 6,8 M HEV in 225 9% LIB P-HEV,4 M P-HEV/year in 22,,7 M in 225 1% LIB EV 1M EV/year in 22, 1,5M/year in 225 1% LIB Industrial & stationary : +16% per year 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % LMO LFP China (%) Cathode active materials in 214: > 1 Tons NCA 9% LFP 1% LMO 2% NMC 25% LCO 36% Cathode active materials in 225: > 3 Tons LMO 9% LFP 26% NCA 14% LCO 26% NMC 25% Assumption: Tesla keep NCA chemistry and have a relative success (2 EV sold per year in 225 TESLA forecast 5 ) LFP part could be higher thanks to explosion of Chinese EV market 13

14 Tons ANODE ACTIVE MATERIALS > 55 TONS IN 214 LIB Anode Materials Source: A. Jossen, IRES 27 LIB Anode Materials 1,2 1,,8,6,4,2, Source: Sanyo, March 211 Source: Hitachi Chemical LIB Anode market, (Tons) LTO Si or Sn Type Amorphous Carbon Meso-Phase Artificial Graphite Natural Graphite 14

15 ANODE FOR LIB IN 214 Natural graphite become a commodity Others TOSHIBA A123 BAK ATL Maxell Lishen BYD LGC SDI PANASONIC SONY Note: MCMB: Mesocarbon Microbeads LEADERS: % 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% Carbon for LIB anodes by type (214) Natural Graphite 67% Artificial Graphite 24% ARTIFICIAL MCMB NATURAL Amorphous METAL LTO MCMB 2% Amorphous 5% Si or Sn Type 1% LTO 1% Capacity (/g) Capacity (/cc) Hard Carbon Cyclability ++ + Source: Hitachi Chemical NEW ENTRANTS ON THE FIELD: Soft Carbon Graphite 4 mah/g 25 mah/g mah/g ++ + Power ++ + Stability ++ + Precursors COST 212- >22 Petroleum Pitch, Resin, cellulose, wood, coconuts 3 -> 25 $/kg Petroleum coke 25->2 $/kg Natural or petroleum coke 15 -> 1 $/kg SUPPLIERS KUREHA HITACHI HITACHI BTR & many others ( ) 15

16 Mm² SEPARATOR MARKET MAJOR PLAYERS In February 215, ASAHI announced that they will acquire all Polypore shares in the Energy Storage segment: Asahi Kasei to pay around $2.2billion to purchase Polypore s battery separator business Separator market in volume (Mm²) by suppliers CAGR 4/14: +16% Senior Green Jinhui Sumitomo SK UBE TORAY Separators market shares in 214 in volume > 65 M m² SUMITOMO 5% TONEN 21% ENTEK 3% SK 12% Jinhui TDK 2% 2% Fengfan 1% Other Wet 3% CELGARD 11% CELGARD ASAHI ASAHI 25% Other Dry 3% UBE 5% Green 3% Senior 4% LEADERS: NEW ENTRANTS ON THE FIELD: Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses Evonik, TEIJIN, HIFUTURE, UBE-MAXELL ( ) 16

17 Tons ELECTROLYTE SUPPLIERS/CUSTOMERS 44 TONS IN 214 LIB electrolyte market, Tons, CAGR 24/214: +23% LEADERS: Cellular Portable PC Tablets Power tools E-bikes HEV PHEV EV Others Zhangjiagang Guotai-Huang JINNIU LIB electrolyte supplier, market share in 214 ShanShan 8% Soulbrain 5% Tinci 6% Cap Chem 15% Jinniu 8% NEW ENTRANTS ON THE FIELD: Others 4% Mitsui 3% UBE 4% GTHR 14% Note: (1) GTHR: Zhangjiagang Guotai-Huarong Mitsubishi Chem 13% In-house 9% Tomiyama 3% PANAX-ETEC 8% 17

18 Tons LIB ELECTROLYTE MARKET Electrolyte maker sales GTHR PANAX (2) Capchem Mitsubishi In-House Jinniu Shanshan 2 1 Soulbrain Ube Mitsui Tomiyama - BASF (Merck, Novolyte) Ube Mitsubishi In-House Tomiyama PANAX-ETEC Zhangjiagang Guotai-Huarong Mitsui BASF (Merck, Novolyte) Jinniu Capchem Shanshan Soulbrain (1) Full electrolyte formulation in-house (2) Panax-Etec bought Samsung Chiel activities in 21 18

19 CELLULAR PHONES FORECASTS Cellular phones demand (M Units) CAGR : +6% 4 OTHERS INDIA ASIA CHINA JAPAN EUROPE USA Cellular Phones market Drivers Emergent market Lam. 5% Renewal ratio increase Cyl. 25% Pris. 25% LIB cell format (Volume) 214 Smartphone penetration increase LIB cells demand Polymer penetration: 5% -> 75% 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses Polymer Prismatic LIB cells for cellular phones trends Laminates ratio increase Increase of Thickness Increase of >14 mah capacity 19

20 PORTABLE PCS FORECASTS Portable PCs demand (M Units) Almost stable Emerging Mature Pris. 1% Lam. 19% Portable PCs market trends Mature market stable or decreasing Growth driven by Emerging market Cyl. 8% LIB cell format (Volume) 214 Ultrabook is increasing (2 (1) to 6% in 213 (2) ) ASP decreasing (<499$ Portable PCs increase from 25% in 21 to 33% in 212 Source: IDC, Gartner, AVICENNE Energy LIB cells demand Polymer penetration: 2% -> 4% 1% 8% 6% Laminate 4% Prismatic 2% Cylindrical % (1) Samsung & AVICENNE (2) Intel LIB cells for portable PCs trends Thinner cells Polymer penetration increasing from 7% in 21 to 28% in 225 > 28 mah for Premium/corporate 2.2 Ah for consumer, emerging market Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses 2

21 MWh M cells/year 225 LIB FORECASTS FOR PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES LIB market, MWh, by application (3C) CAGR 14-25: + 1% Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses Others Household Toys MP3 Video Games Digital Camera Camcorders Cordless Phones Tablets Portable PCs Cellular Phones LIB market, M cells, by form factor (3C) Li-P Li-ion Pr Li-ion Cyl Takeshita - March 213 (1) (1) Source: Takeshita, Battery Japan 213 BJ-3 conference Slide p 4 21

22 CO2 Emission (g/km) Crude Oil Price - US $ / Barrel Gasoline Price US$ / Gallon WHY X-EV? MAJOR DRIVER: CO 2 regulation worldwide: From 213 to 214 Oil price decrease but HEV sales increase by 5%, P-HEV by 3% and EV by 6% Price of the WTI 1 barrel of oil, US $ , , ,5 1 2, Source: Petroleum consumption worldwide Million barrel per day Europe USA Japan China Source: Energy Information Administration, US Government Note 1 WTI: West Texas Intermediate 22

23 Penetration of hybrids in the globale sales Million HEV WORLDWIDE IN M HEV Growth : +5% From 1,9 M to 2 M HEV HEV sold per year, M units, worldwide, Penetration of hybrids in the global sales, ,5 2, 1,5 TOYOTA OTHERS 3% 25% 2% JAPON 15% 1, 1%,5, 5% % USA EUROPE Source: TOYOTA, HONDA, NISSAN, FORD, GM, HYUNDAI, MERCEDES, GM, BMW, VW, PORSCHE Compilation AVICENNE ENERGY Micro hybrid not included 23

24 P-HEV & EV SALES (YEARLY) P-HEV sales +28% Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses EUROPE 22% CHINE 5% JAPON 25% Others Volvo Mitsubishi Ford Toyota Others OTHERS 7% 7% US 25% US 41% GM Volt, Ampera EV sales +58% CHINA 31% EUROPE 26% Others CHINA VW BMW Honda Toyota Tesla Renault Smart Ford MITSUBISHI NISSAN JAPAN 11% 24

25 LIB MANUFACTURING INVESTMENTS B$ WORLDWIDE >5 GWh invest from 211 to 214) < 7 B$ invested from 214 to 217 by TESLA (5), BYD (1,2), ATL (1) Total Investment (M$) made for LIB manufacturing ATL ( ) BYD ( ) TESLA ( ) LiTec GmbH Panasonic EV SK Energy Mitsubishi H.I. NEC Tokin AESC Japon Hitachi Vehicle Energy SAFT SAFT US BAK Lishen Nissan-Renault (Port) Blue Energy Toshiba Nissan - Renault (UK) LG Chem Rusnano-Thunder Sky Lithium Energy Japan Hitachi Vehicle Energy SB Limotive GS YUASA Dow Kokam Nissan-Renault (Fr) Ener1 Sanyo A123 JCI LG Chem BYD Sony NISSAN Motor US PANASONIC TESLA, ATL, BYD Investments: 15 $ / kwh Average Investments: 25 $ / kwh M$ TESLA Plant, Nevada, Feb 215 TESLA GIGA FACTORY, Feb 215 Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analyses

26 Aircraft Automotive Mobile Background SAFETY ISSUES Li-ion and LMP are not thermally stable what raises serious safety concerns In the 8 s, lithium metal batteries were put into the markets (Moli Energy). Their further development has for a long time been slow because of a low cycle efficiency and safety issues: High chemical reactivity and a low melting point enable strong chemical reactions, even explosions. In the charging-discharging process, lithium metal can form dendrite and accumulate on electrodes. The growing lithium dendrite could puncture the separator and result in an internal short circuit. CONSEQUENCES: Except BOLLORE, all the companies developing Li metal batteries cancelled their projects Li-ion batteries for mobile devices mostly used a Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode and liquid electrolyte. In case of overcharging or short-circuit (contact between anode & cathode) a chain reaction starts -> heating & gasing -> fire ( Thermal runaway ) CONSEQUENCES: In 26, SONY had to recall millions of portable PCs for total costs of 4 million USD, more than there profit-to-date With new cathode chemistry, most of the automotive today on the markets experienced safety concerns: (1) BYD Taxi in China with a lithium iron phosphate cathode (2) GM Volt in the US with a LG Chemical battery using LMO cathodes (as a result of a crashed tested Chevrolet Volt caught three weeks after the testing!) (3) PRIUS P-HEV in the US (converted from HEV Prius by a local engineering company without any authorisation by Toyota) Boing 787: The fire that burned near the tail of a parked Boeing 787 in Boston was caused by an overheating Lithium ion battery pack. The battery fire could have been hot enough to melt the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic that makes up the plane s shell. CONSEQUENCES: All the 787 worldwide are grounded. Considerable losses for Boing. 26

27 SAFETY IS A SINE-QUA-NON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES Some technologies are already out of the game due to stability issues 27

28 TIME TO MARKET FOR NEW MATERIALS IN LIB INDUSTRY 28

29 BATTERY & POWER ELEC. COST IN EV 8,25-18,1 5-5,5-3 8, HV batt. Pack for EV 8,15-15,1 HV batt. CELL for EV Overall HV battery LV cell battery pack Packaging material Cooling Syst 1, - 2,5 Batt. Magt Syst 1,5-3, Batt. Packaging Manuf ,25 DC/DC converter Charger Generator Inverter Inverter Rectifier HV Cables & Connectors Power Elec Pack Manufacturing BMS Thermal Mgmt + packaging 2 Cell manu Active Hybrid 5 Volt Bluecar Leaf HEV P-HEV EV AVICENNE ENERGY - CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION Cell 29

30 LIB CELL BILL OF MATERIALS NISSAN LEAF BOLLORE BLUE CAR GM VOLT BMW ACTIVE HYBRID 5 AVICENNE ENERGY - CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 3

31 Cell Pack Cell Pack Cell Pack $ / kwh $ / kwh LI-ION BATTERY COST LIB cell average cost (36Ah pouch) (EV design ; LMO/NMC cathode) LI-ION BATTERY PACK COST FOR EV Margin Warranty Overheads Sales & Adm R&D Pack Cost Cell Manufacturing 2 Energy, utilities Direct labor 3 Other Materials 15 Depreciation Others 2 Separator 1 Separator Electrolyte 1 Electrolyte 5 Anode (1) Cathode (1) Anode (1) Active materials only * 215* 22* * For Production > 1 packs/year Cathode 31

32 Million cars Million cars EV, P-HEV, EV 225 FORECASTS Scenario 2: thanks to very high incentives, China could change the game S1: HEV, P-HEV & EV market forecasts up to ,9,25,135,35,17 2 2,2 1,4 3,2 1,5, EV P-HEV HEV S2: HEV, P-HEV & EV market forecasts up to ,9,13,17,27,16 1,9 2,1 1,75,38 3,2 1,5 1,3 1,1, EV in China P-HEV in China HEV in China EV P-HEV HEV 32

33 M Wh M Wh TOTAL BATTERY DEMAND 225 FORECASTS Scenario 2: thanks to very high incentives, China could change the game EV, HEV & P-HEV Battery needs (MWh) CAGR : +16% / S2:+22% Total battery demand (MWh) CAGR : +11% / S2: +13% NiMH for HEV LIB for HEV LIB for P-HEV LIB for EV S2 (China Explosion) NiCd NiMH except Auto LIB except Auto NiMH for HEV LIB for HEV LIB for P-HEV LIB for EV S2 EV China Explosion 33

34 Million 35 MILLION MICRO-HYBRIDS CAR IN 22 Micro-hybrids car market Micro-hybrid car sold per year AVICENNE Optimistic Scenario JD Power Valeo Micro-hybrid batteries Powered today by Advanced lead acid batteries (sometimes in conjunction with super capacitors) LTO will also penetrate this market (Toshiba -> Suzuki) Panasonic develop new NiMH cell to adress the micro-hybrid market Advantages of micro-hybrid compare to HEV Much more profitable than full HEV: 8 to 1 times less expensive than full HEV to save 5% gasoline instead of 2% (4 times less) Much more impact on CO2 Battery Micro-hybrid Advanced lead acid Full HEV NiMH or LIB Cost ($) 3 3 Fuel saving 5% 2% Million Vehicle sold per year in

35 HEV, P-HEV AND EV REALITY OF THE MARKET WILL BOOST MICRO HYBRID AND ADVANCED LEAD ACID BATTERIES STANDARD CAR 88.5% Batteries Lead acid Standard MICRO HYBRIDS 1% Advanced Lead acid MILD HEV.5% NiMH NiMH batteries FULL HEV 1% EV P-HEV Li-ion batteries 22 STANDARD CAR < 44% MICRO HYBRID > 5% FULL HEV 4% EV P-HEV 2% AFTER ULTRA BATTERY Li-ion Li-Air, Li-S, Fuel Cells 35

36 > US$ 1 B > US$ 7 B OTHER APPLICATIONS 1 B$ POTENTIAL MARKET 1 Battery market in 212 (M$) 18 Other Applications Battery market in 22 (M$) 18 Marine Medical devices Wheelchair Medical Cart Other Stationary Seismic 1 1 ESS Other Stand-by 8 8 UPS Telecom Other Motive Forklift Power Tools E-Bikes Source: AVICENNE ENERGY, 213 Lead Acid LIB Lead Acid LIB For Power tools, NiCd batteries are used rather than lead acid batteries Pack level

37 LI-ION CELL & PACK MARKET DETAILS Li-ion cell market (B$) Portable: from 29 to 65 GWh Automotive: from 1 to 6 GWh / S2: 1 GWh Others: from 7 to 32 GWh Li-ion Pack market 1 (B$) Others (2) 25 Others (2) 2 Automotive Portable 2 Automotive Portable Pack: cell, cell assembly, BMS, connectors Power electronics (DC DC converters, invertors ) not included 2- Others: Batteries for Power tools, E-bikes, Industrial, medical S2: Chinese EV market explosion Source: AVICENNE ENERGY Analysis

38 MWh TAKEAWAYS CAGR = +1% Li-ion battery is driven today by Portable PCs & electronic devices (smartphones, tablets) For HEV, the battery technology is today the NiMH In 212, most of the car makers (except Toyota) switch to Li-ion P-HEV & EV will be powered by Li-ion: 6 B$ market in B$ in 22 & 15 B$ in 225 EV expectations attract large Chemical companies New materials are needed to meet Automotive standards HEV will account for less than 5% of the automotive sales in 22 P-HEV & EV < 2% by 22 Micro-hybrid will achieve >5% Lead acid battery will be the first market in 225 in volume & value A very small EV market in the automotive world will represent a huge market for batteries New LIB applications: UPS, Telecom, Forklift, Medical, Residential ESS, Grid ESS: CAGR > 15% in the next 15 years In 22, Energy storage will represent less than 5% of the total battery market RECHARGEABLE BATTERY MARKET WORLDWIDE GWh 28 GWh B$ 575 GWh 775 GWh Others Others: Automatic handling equipment, forklifts, back-up, UPS, Telecom, medical devices, Residential ESS, Grid ESS, 38 LIB 83 B$ 64 B$ 6B$ 54B$ NiMH NiCd Lead Acid > 1 B$ (Pack level) 4, Lead Acid (+4%) NiCd (-6%) NiMH (-6%) LIB for 3C (+1%) LIB for xev (+1%) LIB for Others* (+11%) Others (CAGR )

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