Carbohydrate Analysis: Column Chemistries and Detection
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1 Carbohydrate Analysis: Column Chemistries and Detection Joe Romano Waters Corporation Carbohydrates in Feeds Methodology Forum AOAC 2007 Annual Meeting Anaheim, CA September 18, Waters Corporation
2 Separation Modes for Carbohydrate Analysis Reversed Phase Partition or Normal Phase Size Exclusion Ion Exclusion and Size Exclusion Combined Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined 2007 Waters Corporation 2
3 Detectors for Carbohydrate Analysis Refractive Index Detection Evaporative Light Scattering Detection (ELSD) Pulsed Amperometric Detection (PAD) 2007 Waters Corporation 3
4 Separation Modes for Carbohydrate Analysis Reversed Phase Partition or Normal Phase Size Exclusion Ion Exclusion and Size Exclusion Combined Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined 2007 Waters Corporation 4
5 Reversed Phase Separation with Refractive Index Detection 2007 Waters Corporation 5
6 Maltose (Alpha 1-4) 1 Oligomers with Reversed Phase/ PAD 2007 Waters Corporation 6
7 Laminarin (Beta 1-3) 1 Oligomers with Reversed Phase (Resolve C18)/ ELSD L4 L5 L6 L Waters Corporation 7
8 Laminarin (Beta 1-3) 1 Oligomers with Reversed Phase (Hypercarb( Hypercarb)/ ELSD L2 L3 L4 L5 L Waters Corporation 8
9 Separation Modes for Carbohydrate Analysis Reversed Phase Partition or Normal Phase Size Exclusion Ion Exclusion and Size Exclusion Combined Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined 2007 Waters Corporation 9
10 Food Mono- and Disaccharides: Normal Phase/ Partition/ HILIC Challenge: Trying to resolve carbohydrates of: Different MW s Different isomers within a MW Options: Column Chemistries Base particle: silica or polymer Bonded phase: amine, diol, amide, polyamine Amine-modified (coated) silica: spermine (SAM 1) or guanidine carbonate (SAM2), triethylamine 2007 Waters Corporation 10
11 Food & Beverage Nutritional labeling of food products requires listing of sugar and total carbohydrate content Common sugars defined as: Monosaccharides: fructose & glucose Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose & lactose AOAC LC Methods recommend the use of propyl amine functional columns for analysis of mono & disaccharides in food products Current AOAC LC Methods (amino-based columns) Honey Chocolate Presweetened cereal Licorice extracts Purity of lactose 2007 Waters Corporation 11
12 Typical Samples 2007 Waters Corporation 12
13 Mono- and Disaccharide Analysis Partition or HILIC Chromatography 33 µ RI Units Fructose Glucose HP Carbohydrate Column, 4.6 mm x 25 cm 80% ACN / 20% Water 1.4 ml/min at 35 C; BP = 680 psi 20 µl 2410 Refractive Index, 40 C, 128X 2.5 g/l Each Sugar Sucrose Maltose Lactose Minutes 2007 Waters Corporation 13
14 Sucralose & Sugars with ELSD Column: YMC-Pack Polyamine II, 4.6X250 mm, 35 C Eluent: 75:25 Acetonitrile / Water 150 LSU 1- Sucralose 2- Fructose 3- Glucose 4- Sucrose 5- Maltose 6- Lactose 1 Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min Detection: 2420 ELSD, Heater- 60%, 45 psi, Drift- 43 C, Gain-10 Injection Volume- 50 µl 100 ppm level Minutes 2007 Waters Corporation 14
15 Effect of Acetonitrile Concentration on Elution Time 2007 Waters Corporation 15
16 Carbohydrates by Partition Chromatography 230 mv Column: Waters Carbohydrate Analysis, 4.6X250 35ºC Eluent: 75% acetonitrile, 25% water ( v/v ) Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min Detection: RI ( ºC Sensitivity: Analytes g/100ml 1- Xylose Arabinose Fructose Mannose Glucose Galactose *- Maltose Cellobiose * coelutions Minutes 2007 Waters Corporation 16
17 Separation Modes for Carbohydrate Analysis Reversed Phase Partition or Normal Phase Size Exclusion (Polymers) Ion Exclusion and Size Exclusion Combined Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined Anion Exchange 2007 Waters Corporation 17
18 200 m V Ethanol Fermentation Analysis Using Breeze HPLC System Column: Waters Ion Exclusion 7.8 x ºC Eluent: 2 mm Sulfuric Acid Flow Rate: 0.6 ml/min Detection: RI ( ºC Sensitivity: ** Analytes g/100 ml 1 Dextrin Maltotriose Maltose Dextrose Fructose Succinic Acid Lactic Acid Glycerol Acetic Acid Methanol Ethanol Propanol 0.75 * Unknowns Minutes 2007 Waters Corporation 18
19 Ethanol Fermentation Analytes Current Analytes 1. Dextrin (>DP4) 2. Maltotriose 3. Maltose (alpha 1-4) 4. Glucose (dextrose) 5. Fructose 6. Glycerol 7. Propanol 8. Ethanol 9. Methanol 10. Lactic Acid 11. Succinic Acid 12. Acetic Acid Biomass Analytes 1. Dextrin (>DP4) 2. Maltotriose 3. Maltose (alpha 1-4) 4. Cellobiose (beta 1-4) 5. Glucose (dextrose) 6. Fructose 7. Galactose 8. Mannose 9. Arabinose 10. Xylose 11. Glycerol 12. Ethanol 13. Methanol 14. Lactic Acid 15. Succinic Acid 16. Acetic Acid 2007 Waters Corporation 19
20 400 mv 16 Biomass Carbohydrates by Ion Exclusion/ SEC 1 2 Column: Waters Ion Exclusion 7.8 x ºC Eluent: 10 mn Phosphoric Acid Flow Rate: 0.6 ml/min Detection: RI ( ºC Sensitivity: Analytes g/100ml 1- Maltotetraeose ( DP4 ) Maltotriose- (DP-3) *- Maltose-0.50, Cellobiose Glucose *- Fructose- 0.55, Galactose 0.67 Mannose 0.52, Xylose Arabinose Succinic Acid Lactic Acid Glycerol Acetic Acid Methanol Ethanol 7.89 *- coeluting species Minutes 2007 Waters Corporation 20
21 Separation Modes for Carbohydrate Analysis Reversed Phase Partition or Normal Phase Size Exclusion (Polymers) Ion Exclusion and Size Exclusion Combined Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined 2007 Waters Corporation 21
22 Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined Cation exchange columns Separation based first on size exclusion mode (largest carbohydrate elutes first from column) Separation based second on ligand exchange mode (interaction between hydroxyls and metal counter ions) Ca++ and Pb++ (strongest separation) Na+ (weaker separations) 2007 Waters Corporation 22
23 Explaination of Ligand Exchange Mode 2007 Waters Corporation 23
24 Separation of Anomers Ca 2+ Ligand Exchange/ SEC Column Columns must be run at temperatures between 70 and 90º C Anomers Not Separated Anomers Separated 2007 Waters Corporation 24
25 Effect of Temperature Ca 2+ Ligand Exchange/ SEC Column 2007 Waters Corporation 25
26 Comparison of Ligand Exchange/SEC Columns with Different Counter Ions Na + Ca 2+ Pb Waters Corporation 26
27 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Ca 2+ Ligand Exchange/SEC 2007 Waters Corporation 27
28 Biomass Carbohydrates by Ca 2+ Ligand Exchange/ SEC 3 Column: Waters Sugar-Pak, 6.5X300 90ºC Eluent: Water containing 50 mg/l CaEDTA Flow Rate: 0.5 ml/min Detection: RI ( ºC Sensitivity: Analyte g/100ml 1- Cellobiose 0.78 Maltose Glucose Galactose 0.79 Xylose 0.91 Mannose Fructose Arabinose mv * coelutions Minutes 2007 Waters Corporation 28
29 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Pb 2+ Ligand Exchange/ SEC Column Slow flow rates: 0.6 ml/min High Temperature: 80º C Lead salt in mobile phase Sample preparation required Sample: 5micro-L 1.Cellobiose 1.0% 2.Glucose 1.5% 3.Xylose 0.5% 4.Galactose 0.5% 5.Arabinose 0.5% 6.Mannose 1.0% 2007 Waters Corporation 29
30 Summary: Separation Modes for Carbohydrate Analysis Reversed Phase Partition or Normal Phase Size Exclusion (Polymers) Ion Exclusion and Size Exclusion Combined Ligand Exchange and Size Exclusion Combined 2007 Waters Corporation 30
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