of Major "'Western Pacific Water Resources Engineer General Jarman's

Transcription

1 Wter Resources Engineer Clint J. Keifer ws born on smll frm ner Mnsfield, Ohio, on July 19, 1,920. The Keifer fmily moved into town when he ws seven yers old. After finishing high school, he worked in his fther's Texco Service Sttion. Keifer joined the U.S. Army on October 28,1939, nd served six yers, the lst two of which were on Sipn, Mrin Islnds, in the Pcific on the stff of Mjor Generl Jrmn's "'Western Pcific Bse Commnd." During this period on Sipn, Keifer obtined mny eduction mnuls supplied by the Army in the fields of mthemtics, A portion of the TARP tunnel during construction 290 feet below Little Clumet physics, chemisüy nd stronomy. River. Notice the lser bem in the upper right portion of the photo used for He continued to study these guidingthe Moleminingmchine. PhotobyKennethKeifer,AerodineMgæine. subjects until the end of the wr with Jpn. He cme to Chicgo in December After his dischrge from the service in Jnury l946,he ws employed in the "New" Sewer Plnning Division, Deprtment of Wter nd Sewers, City of Chicgo. Over the next two decdes, this Division designed nd prepred contrct documents for bout $400 million worth of new lrge outlet sewer systems throughout the city. After tking the exmintion for Professionl Engineer, Keifer becme Engineer of Hydrulics nd then Chief Sewer Engineer. The City of Chicgo reorgnized to plce ll design engineering under the new Bureu of Engineering in the Deprtment of Public Works. Keifer ws ppointed Chief Wter nd Sewer Design Engineer nd supervised ny new design work on the two lrge filtrtion plnts, eleven wter pumping sttions nd the wter tunnel 140

2 This picture shows curved segment of 21 foot dimeter Clumet Tunnel within the TARP tunnel system. Photo by Kenneth Keifer, Aerodine Mgzine. system, in ddition to the sewer design. He lso hd the Mechnicl, Electricl nd Computer Sections under his supervision. The mssive construction of lrge outlet sewers reduced the bsement flooding during storm periods, but resulted in nother problem. The Snitry nd Ship Cnl tht ws designed to hndle 10,000 cfs ws becoming overloded, cusing more frequent bck-flow into Lke Michign. This led to extensive discussions between engineers of the City nd the Metropolitn Snitry District of Greter Chicgo (MSDGC) forpossible solutions to flood control nd to meet the U.S. EPA wterwy stndrds. In 1,970, top ocils of the stte, county, city nd MSDGC estblished Flood Control Coordinting Committee (FCCC) nd Technicl Advisory Committee (TAC) (See Tble II) to mke study nd develop pln to solve the flood nd pollution control problems for the Chicgo metropolitn re. This pln would be required to meet the following stndrds: 1) Prevention of bcldlow to Lke Michign for ll "storms of record" nd 2) Meet the pplicble t4r

3 FigUfe 1 - Continuous Runoff nd Storge Simultion with Spillge to Wterwys (TARP) o sererlen t 51!e4 rc E-FtEt SP L!^OE io E; s-ë JULY t- æ t s 3qrü srtl^cê,li r. lo,.rl ul l tgt l& of À I üb! G3 IE6' ^cne-feêt À CåH æ o omleñ tes r*t I.lu.,.L I..,ù l s & 'E,/ 1. tg itt wterwy stndrds estblished by the Stte Pollution Control Bord nd the Metropolitn Snitry District of Greter Chicgo. Sponsorship nd funding for the study ws provided by the Mefropolitn Snitry District lø,l tþ I r"rt, lè Greter Chicgo; the Institute for Environment Qulity, Stte of Illinois; nd the Deprtment of Public Works, City of Chicgo. Mr. Clint J. Keifer, Chief Wter nd Sewer Design Engineer, Bureu of Engineering, ws ppointed s."director of the Study." Advisory groups of engineers were estblished in sewge tretment, geology, ground wter supply, power, lterntive systems, finncing, scheduling nd benefits. Mr. Keifer nd his Computer Section developed mny computer progrms to nlyzevnous ltemtives. The Single Storge Model is one of them, which took hourly rinfll for 16 precipittion guges for the 2I yer period, 1949 to 1969, obtined from the U.S. Wether Bureu. This rinfll dt ws pplied to 104 seprte dringe bsins in the combined sewer re, by the "Thiessen" method. Losses for infiltrtion, surfce depression storge nd other, were subtrcted. Evpotrnspirtion, function of temperture, wind speed nd seson of the yer, were used in between storms to recover the rte of infiltrtion nd depression storge, for the next wet period. The determintion ws mde tht the conveynce system must be designed to hndle the intensities of the July 12, 1957, storm; the volume of storge required must be ble to hndle the October, 3-9,1954, storm. See Figure 1 for digrm showing portion of the 2l -y er volume output. The Chicgo Runoff Simultion Model ws run for these two storms nd like the Single Storge Model, clculted the net runoff nd routed the flows, Biologicl Oxygen Demnd (BOD) nd Suspended Solids (SS), through the sewer systems for ech of the 104 dringe bsins to the wterwy system. t42

4 The "Receiving V/ter Block" of the USEPA Model ws used to model the wterrvy system. This required some modifiction of the progrm, to represent the Chicgo system, with Lockport controls, bcldlow t Wilmette, Chicgo River nd the O'Brien Locks, to Lke Michign. The "Distribution Model" developed by the Bureu of Engineering, ws designed to route flow, BOD nd SS through the tunnel system nd dischrge into reservoir. The Distribution Model ws used for nlyzing nd sizing the tunnels for ech of the lterntives. TUNNEL AND RESERVOIR PLAN, t f After yer of the study, mny lterntives were eliminted from further I considertion. Timnel nd reservoir sizing were tking shpe. The cost of collecting serüers systems ws estblished. The estimted cost of drop shfts to vrious levels of the tunnel system were developed. The unit cost of tunnel construction, lining, grouting nd muck disposl ws estimted. The cost of mined storge ws set t $ll/solid cubic yrd using the room nd pillr method. Surfce storge, qurry storge, quifer protection, purchse of lnd, pumping fcilities, tretment plnt expnsion, nd mny other items, for ech seprte lterntive were estimted for totl project cost. After extensive review of n interim report entitled "Evlution Report of Alterntive Systems" prepred in Jnury, 1972, tjlle Flood Control Coordinting Committee unnimousþ greed tht the "Chicgo Underflow Pln, Alterntives ("G", "H", "J" nd "S" - Mod.3) were less costly nd would be more environmentlly cceptble to the community thn ny other pln presented. The 'Chicgo Underflow Pln" (CUP) ws finlized nd reports prepred in August, See Mp, Figure 2. "" p" t{ f r t i fr? ù** læi ìj tð.$ N8Y0&.* lsrwrff igsrgolrs.r lxlttttï Tts plâr to the U.S. Congress requesting funding, under the "Clen Wter Act" s mended. After some study, the Oce of Mngement nd Budget in Wshington decided tht for Federl funding of the project the USEPA would fund Phse I, which included the tunnels, nd the U.S. Corps of Engineers would fund the construction of the Phse II, or flood control items, such s the reservoir nd dditionl conveynce tunnel. Totl funding for these projects would, of course, require stte nd locl prticiption. TheMSDGC strtedworkonthe "Phse-l" portion of CUPwithUSEPAfunding, ndchngedthenme to "Tunnel nd Reservoir Pln" ortarp. The finl TARP "Phse L" pln included 130 miles of tunnels rnging in size fuom 12 to 33 feet in dimeter nd ws generlly locted 150 to 300 feet below the existing wterwys. All of the 640 existing combined sewer outflls tht dischrge pollutnts during rinfll periods to the surfce wterwys would be intercepted. This wter would be directed by drop shfts to the TARP tunnels. The MSDGC submitted the ü Figure 2 - Current'TARP" or "CUP" pln s updted. r43

5 All of the runoff from modertely hevy rinflls would be contined in the TARP system. After the storm is over, pumping sttions would dewter these tunnels to the lrge sewge tretment plnts, which would remove the pollutnts before dischrging the wter into the wterwys. Clcultions show tht with the TARP "Phse-l" in opertion the wterwys would be clened up, nd with the construction of ertor sttions t few loctions, would meet the Stte Pollution Control Bord nd the MSDGC "'Wter Qulity Stndrds." For lrger storms, the storge volume in the TARP tunnels would not be sucient to hndle the runoff. Therefore Phse-II of the CUP pln to be funded, in prt, by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers would include three lrge reservoirs to be locted in the McCook, Thornton nd O'Hre es. Also lrge twin tunnels prlleling prts of the minsûem nd Clumet system would double the conveynce cpcity needed The photo bove shows the construction of drop shft to the TARP tunnel. These shfts cn be 200 or 300 feet deep. 167 drop shfts like this one with dimeter of 4 to 15 feet in dimeter were constructed. Once completed, storm wter cn be directed through subsurfce connecting structures, then down these drop shfts to the tunnel. Photo by Keifer Engineering 144 for flood control. Sizing of these reservoirs nd conveynce tunnels would prevent ny bckflow to Lke Michign for the lrgest storms of record heþng to protect the wter supply. Mr. Keifer resigned from the City in 1973, fter 28 yers of service, to tke the position s president of n engineering firm, lter clled Keifer Engineering (KE). This firm continued to work on the CUP studies providing the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with the mssive input dt used in the initil design nd computer opertions. KE ws hired to prepre preliminry plns for the Clumet Section of TARP. KE ws retined to prepre contrct plns for mny sections of the TARP System. KE lso prepred numerous studies, reports nd ttended herings for the Division of Wter Resources, trlinois Deprtment of Trnsporttion, which ws ssigned the responsibility of llocting Lke Michign wter to communities in Northern Illinois. Keifer recommended chnge of "Lke DiversionAccounting Procedure" to better utilize lke wter for its vrious uses. The Stte of Illinois petitioned the other Gret Lke Sttes to pprove these ccounting chnges which led to the U.S. Supreme Court setting new herings. Keifer testified t these herings. Although the suggested new ccounting procedure ws not ccepted, n greement ws mde to increse the verging period of Lke Diversion from 5 yers to 40 yers. This resulted in llowing the Ståte of lllinois to llocte more lke \ryter to the communities. In 1991, the MWRD hired Keifer to develop rel-time computer progrm tht would be locted in the

6 Wterwy Control Center, nd would ssist the engineers in operting the system during hevy storm periods. This softwre clled "KIMREAI-4" becme very lrge, with25,492lines of "C" lnguge code. It took the rinfll t l5-minute intervls from the MWRD's 23 guges, clculted the runoff, flow through the sewers, performed dynmic flood routing in the TARP tunnels nd the Wterwy systems, nd bckwters to determine bsement flooding depths. It then cycled through this routine 12 times for ech l5-minute period, with rinfll cell movement, to give three-hour forecst. Twenty-seven colored grphic displys nd chrts cn be selected: rinfll distribution, wterwy nd TARP wter levels, bsement flooding depth, soil moisture, gte openings t Lockport, etc. In1996, Keiferbegn prepring new mssive interctive computermodel clled the "System Anlysis Progrm (SAP), which used synthetic storms: l-yer, 2-yer, on up to 100-yer nd durtions 3-, 6- nd l2-hour. This model covered the sme 448 squre mile re s KIMREAI-zI, but the TARP system cn be re-configured in hundreds of different wys, such s: vrious size reseryoirs, extensions of tunnels, twin tunnels, number of different gte controls t drop shft nd Lockport, etc. It cn be used to evlute vrious TARP systems on sewer flooding, bckflow to Lke Michign for mny thousnds of combintions nd conditions. All of the grphics mentioned bove, for the KIMREAL4 progrm plus mny more, re vilble. Figure 3 shows one of the mny grphic displys of SAP. In2002, Mr. Keifer strted developing new version of the KIMREAI/, which would be updted with rel time rdr rinfll, from the U.S. Wether Service. When completed, the progrm will be plced on website, nd will forecst bsement flooding for up to three hours. A homeowner, locl business, municiplity, the City of Chicgo or MWRD would be ble to dil up the website nd see displys showing the loction where bsement flooding is likely to occur. TARP filling, wterwy levels nd other dt would lso be presented hours before it ctully Eæ n ßtl F il tll g FTøEF-IEj Profile At Period 15 (Pek of storm) Ëtlr: I E TiT : I'* * i EE EM Ki f4 :ri:ir[llnijïltrìnettfi 6EU nmm mt E w ü hppens. During his lengthy creer Mr. Keifer hs published numerous ppers regrding the study of hydrology, urbn runoff nd the Chicgo TARP System. In I 96 1, he ws the recipient of the "Rudolph Herring Medl" issued by the Americn Society of Civil Engineers for the pper entitled "Hydrology of Urbn Runoff." Mr. Keifer hs been clled the "Fther" of the TARP system. At the interview Mr. Keifer sid, "It hs been plesure to be involved in mny lrge Chicgo re projects; however, ittkes'movers" tthehedof government such s FrnkDlton, Generl Superintendent, MWRD during this period to bring these projects to fruition". EI5f;I5II:'fF tr Profile At Period 96 (Storm over) FigUfe 3 - me bove grphs show the profile of Minstrem TARP Tunnel from McOook qurry (left) to Wilmette (right) length 28 miles. Grphs provided by Keifer Engineering. 145