Routing/Interconnection: An Introduction

Transcription

1 Routing/Interconnection: An Introduction The Internet works by interconnecting networks This is the IETF RFCs in action IETF89 London London, England 5 th March 2014 Martin J. Levy, Director IPv6 Strategy Hurricane Electric

2 Introduction & Agenda The word Internet Interconnected networks The relationship between individual networks IP transit IP peering An introduction to peering The creation of IXPs (Internet Peering Points) Visualizing interconnected networks 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 2

3 The word Internet - How routing works Technically a very complex subject The Internet is a collection of networks No network stands alone Interconnections are required Robustness can be created Multi-homing (more than one transit) Peering between like networks Diversity (physical and logical) Nothing is static! 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 3

4 The relationship between individual networks Perfect Tier 1 routing Pretty good routing (with many peers; one transit) Classic backbone with two transits (well balanced) 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 4

5 Reality The Internet is complex (but works!) Transit Provider Transit Provider Transit Provider Transit Provider ISP Transit Provider Transit Provider Transit Provider Transit Provider This is messy! 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 5

6 Reality The Internet is complex (but works!) 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 6

7 AN INTRODUCTION TO PEERING 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 7

8 An introduction to peering Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are a good idea Peering is a good idea A countries self-reliance is a good idea Critical services (DNS, NTP, etc) are a good idea The Internet is not going away; in fact it s growing Peering helps the Internet grow 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 8

9 Peering/Transit - defining the terms Peering The exchange of traffic between two networks Only for traffic associated with the network, or its customers Can be via an IXP (or NAP) or a private interconnect Subject to a bilateral or unilateral contract Either zero-cost, charged-for service or as part of other contracts Majority of negotiations done on a bilateral basis Transit A network providing another network with a full connection to the Internet Sometimes provided as a default route or as full routes Partial Transit A network providing access to only some of the global Internet Sometimes sold as access to a specific provider or destination 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 9

10 Is the Internet growing? Is there more peering? ASNs Network Prefixes ~3,070 new networks in IPv4 table per year ~1,400 new networks in IPv6 table per year Internet Growth still happening More growth within IPv6 vs IPv4; which makes sense More networks joining the global Internet every day This is just a measure of destinations on the Internet It s not an exact measure of peering or transit relationships 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 10

11 Who are the big Internet peering players? IPv4 IPv6 This is a measure of BGP adjacencies Customers are adjacencies Peers are adjacencies A high adjacencies means there s a short path Short as in AS PATH vs. physical path 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 11

12 INTERNET PEERING POINTS 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 12

13 The creation of IXPs (Internet Peering Points) IXPs provide a common facility to interconnect networks Normally defined as an IXP when three or more networks interconnect IXPs provide a common facility for traffic to flow between networks All networks are considered equal Peering is not transit Peering can be multilateral or bilateral IXPs can be membership based, commercial or informal IXPs provide a location for additional services 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 13

14 The creation of IXPs (Internet Peering Points) Initial idea was very simple (Early 1993) NSF created four NAPs (Network Access Points) Opened the Internet to commercial use Additional NAP sites (CIX & MAE-West in California) City Name Pennsauken, NJ Sprint NAP San Francisco, CA PacBell NAP Chicago, IL Ameritech AADS NAP Vienna, VA MFS MAE-East 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 14

15 IXPs (Internet peering points) globally Seattle SIX EQUINIX San Jose EQUINIX ANY-2 AMES EQUINIX ANY-2 LAIIX Los Angeles Chicago EQUINIX Chicago IX Toronto EQUINIX TORIX TIE TELX EQUINIX Atlanta EQUINIX TIE TELX Dallas NAP Chile Santiago NJ & NY EQUINIX TIE TELX NYIIX BigApe EQUINIX NOTA Miami Boston MXP EQUINIX ANY2 Virginia area NAP do Brasil PTTMetro São Paulo CABASE Buenos Aires London LINX LONAP Dublin INEX GigaPix Lisbon ESPANIX Madrid CERN Geneva SwissIX EQUINIX Zurich Paris EQUINIX FRANCEIX SFINX FreeIX Brussels BNIX FreeBiX Amsterdam AMSIX NL-IX VIX Vienna MIX MINAP Milan Oslo NIX Stockholm NetNod STHIX SOL-IX Frankfurt DE-CIX KleyReX MSK-IX Moscow NIX CZ Prague CAIX Cairo KIXP Nairobi JINX Johannesburg NIXI Mumbai NIXI New Delhi Hong Kong HKIX EQUINIX Beijing National IX Guangzhou National IX MyIX Kuala Lumpur EQUINIX SOX Singapore Shanghai National IX IIX Jakarta Taipei TWIX Seoul KIDC KINX JPNAP JPIX DIX-IE EQUINIX Tokyo Sydney EQUINIX PIPE WIX Wellington APE V6IX Auckland Major IXs/NAPs represented; plenty more exist 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 15

16 Why peering helps grow the local IP market Two points of view each can work together Peering improves traffic flows and reduces costs Traffic flowing with less hops or latency is more efficient Networks that peer can reduce transit expenditure Networks that peer see local content or local eyeballs easier Peering reduces transit revenue from major players Reduced revenue is a short term effect (but it s there) As customer experience improves; network dependence grows Peering never replaces 100% of transit needs 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 16

17 VISUALIZING NETWORKING 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 17

18 Route propagation graphs ASN originating routes Select tab for more information Peers or transits that see routes Transit provider Transit provider Routes see downstream of peers 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 18

19 Example listings A listing of all active ASNs within a country A listing for a specific ASN A list of all peers of a networks 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 19

20 Looking at specific networks MNT Congo Two transit providers Note: Common upstream The rest of the Internet (only major networks shown) 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 20

21 Looking at specific networks NORDUnet Single transit provider The rest of the Internet (only major networks shown) 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 21

22 COLLECTIONS OF NETWORKS 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 22

23 Seychelles AS36902 Intelvision AS37343 TELECOM SEYCHELLES AS37518 Fiber Grid AS62255 Asmunda New Media Rest of World AS36867 Kokonet AS36958 Cable & Wireless AS57565 Blue Media AS58001 Ideal Solution 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 23

24 The Democratic Republic of the Congo AS37453 Vodacom Congo AS37483 Congo Chine Telecom AS37102 CIELUX TELECOM RDC AS37260 Cybernet SPRL 2013 Rest of World AS37447 OASIS SPRL AS32842 IBURST RDC AS37020 Celtel DRC AS37447 OASIS SPRL AS37453 Vodacom Congo Rest of World AS37483 Congo Chine Telecom AS37571 ITM AS37609 ROKE TELKOM CONGO AS37020 Celtel DRC AS37638 Orioncom SPRL March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 24

25 Liberia AS37410 Lonestar Communications Corporation 2013 Rest of World AS37094 CELLCOM Telecommunications Inc. AS37560 Cyberdyne S.A. AS37203 LBTELCO AS37410 Lonestar Communications Corporation AS37557 NOVAFONE Rest of World 2014 AS37203 LBTELCO AS37094 CELLCOM Telecommunications Inc. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 25

26 Lebanon AS42003 LIBANTELECOM AS43824 Masco Group AS47935 ComNet ISP AS16130 FiberLink Networks AS42334 Broadband Plus AS51558 Smart Telecom AS39402 FERRARI-NETWORKS AS60398 Communication International Trading Company AS57256 Pros-Services AS60372 EagleNet AS43019 farahnet AS44189 Middle East Airlines AS Computel AS38999 Mobile Interim Company No.2 AS3176 Banque Du Liban AS42020 Liban Teleco AS Data Quest AS34741 Bank Beirut AS41833 Moscanet (WISE) AS51910 AS57513 Mobile Interim Company 1 AS35074 Cobranet Limited Teltac WorldWide AS34708 Gulf Research & Development AS41211 Banque Libano-Francais AS50430 P-Group (Offshore) AS50285 onetplus AS T.H. Global Vision AS42852 Solidere Beyrouth Rest of World AS WIN DSL AS24634 Cyberia AS39010 TerraNet AS34160 Transtrum BV AS AS39275 Byblos Bank AS57937 Sama Offshore AS35197 Virtual ISP Kleos (Offshore) AS43680 DSP AS9051 IncoNet Data Management AS12812 American University Beirut AS56530 Protel Offshore AS31126 SODETEL AS tasjil art production distributions AS61113 Capital Outsourcing AS39918 Azal Group Holding AS47674 Saatchi & Saatchi Beirut AS24982 BankMed AS49004 ACTEL AS Lebanese American University AS58281 FIDUS AS39868 FRANSABANK AS Lebanese Canadian Bank AS60406 ALJADEED AS48740 Online Money Transfer AS34370 CSC Lebanon AS WAVES AS51938 MedSystems 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 26

27 AS36928 AS27874 ENAP - Empresa Nacional del Petroleos Chile AS21614 LatLink.net S.A AS52353 Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion S.A. AS28116 Universidad de Adolfo Ibanez AS28077 Informes Garantizados S.A. AS20015 FullCom S.A. AS17126 E-money AS18492 Almacenes Paris Comercial S.A AS Redcol S.A. AS52341 Centennial Cayman Corp Chile S.A AS27888 Caja de Compensacin de Asignacin Familiar La Araucana AS27880 ATENTO CHILE S.A. AS28099 ihosting Servicios Internet AS22860 SERVICIOS INTERNET AS27899 Quintec Soluciones Informaticas S.A. AS28047 Cientec Computacion S.A. AS CDEC - SIC AS27856 UNIVERSIDAD UNIACC AS28120 Arquicomp AS7004 CTC Transmisiones Regionales S.A. AS27909 Correos Chile AS27849 SYSTEL S.A. AS13424 Intercity AS27931 Tecnolex AS26604 Euroamerica Seguros de Vida S.A AS10778 MCL Internet AS17147 Ministerio del Interior y de Seguridad Publica - Gobierno de Chile AS14117 Telefonica del Sur S.A. AS28060 Pullman Cargo S.A AS27701 Netline AS Golder Associates S.A. AS52368 ZAM AS27766 LAN CHILE (Lineas Aereas de Chile) AS7418 TELEFNICA CHILE S.A. AS52252 Entel PCS Telecomunicaciones S.A. (Sis) AS28098 ABGON COMUNICACIONES AS18941 El Mercurio S.A.P. AS16874 SONDA S.A. AS28091 Soluciones Integrales S.A AS19411 Nap Chile AS28044 ADT SECURITY SERVICES AS20256 Ultramar Agencia Maratima AS26048 CHILENA CONSOLIDADA SEGUROS S.A. AS27962 AltaVoz S.A. AS19338 Telmex Chile Internet S.A. AS19228 ENTEL CHILE S.A. AS27659 Ingeniera e Informtica Asociada AS52306 NIC Chile AS52246 EMPRESAS INDEXA S.A. AS14259 Gtd Internet S.A. AS27897 SEGIC USACH AS27853 Administradora BANCHILE de Fondos Mutuos AS27943 Laboratorios Recalcine S.A. AS52226 CODELCO Chuquicamata AS21765 VOISSNET S.A. AS15311 Telefonica Empresas AS19077 CYBERCENTER S.A. AS28106 BANCO PENTA AS27986 ENTEL CHILE S.A. AS26610 Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria Rest of World AS27963 Anglo American Chile AS16990 TRANSBANK S.A. AS28096 Sociedad de Telecomunicaciones Geonet AS27952 Banco Central de Chile AS16471 Adexus S.A. AS11340 Red Universitaria Nacional AS22661 Telex Chile S.A. AS27838 Servibanca S.A. AS27746 LAN CHILE (Lineas Aereas de Chile) AS27901 Pacifico Cable S.A. AS7993 Global One Chile AS22047 VTR BANDA ANCHA S.A. AS6429 Telmex Chile Internet S.A. AS14966 Larrain Vial S.A AS27735 Synapsis Soluciones y Servicios IT AS27678 NIC Chile AS16742 Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso AS52280 INTERNEXA Chile S.A. AS27925 Entel PCS Telecomunicaciones S.A. AS13774 Corpbanca AS21862 SODIMAC SA AS52234 NIC Chile AS52267 BanChile Seguros de Vida S.A. AS52230 Mapfre Compaia de Seguros AS27904 Virutex Ilko S.A. AS27978 Telmex Servicios Empresariales S.A. AS27676 ALMA - Atacama Large Millimeter Array AS52248 Forum Servicios Financieros S.A. AS27680 TELEFONICA MOVIL DE CHILE S.A. AS27911 Metlife Chile Seguros de Vida AS16629 CTC. CORP S.A. (TELEFONICA EMPRESAS) AS20191 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile AS27979 Stel Chile S.A. AS52313 Luz Linares S.A. AS6471 ENTEL CHILE S.A. AS Orbyta S.A. AS27918 Sinacofi S.A. AS21753 Consorcio seguros Vida AS27651 ENTEL CHILE S.A. AS27657 GlobalCom S.A. AS16849 NewPlanet S.A AS16780 Banco SantanderSantiago AS27732 A.F.P. Habitat S.A. AS27965 Intcomex Chile S.A. AS22975 Banco de Chile AS23140 Universidad de Chile AS13381 CMET SACI AS27677 Telefonica Moviles Soluciones y Aplicaciones AS52315 Servicios de Administracion Previsional S.A. AS28059 Banco Hipotecario de Fomento AS15208 Servicio de Impuestos Internos AS6535 Telmex Servicios Empresariales S.A. AS27995 CLARO CHILE S.A. AS27946 Direccin General del Territorio Martimo AS25718 Turismo Cocha S.A Country by country diagrams Turks and Caicos Islands Rest of Chile AS22306 Fiscal Services World AS22933 Cable and Wireless AS40143 University Technology AS27027 Anbell Telecommunications AS37669 IG Telecom AS33576 Digicel Jamaica Rest of World AS10292 Cable & Wireless Jamaica Jamaica AS11580 Island Networks AS30689 FLOW AS3586 University of the West Indies Gabon AS37493 Wifly Gabon AS16058 Gabon Telecom Internet Network AS37169 SOLSI Gabon AS37246 ASN Atlantique Telecom Gabon AS37390 IPi9 Rest of World AS51259 Pixel AS36880 Connectivite Internet Pour l'afrique AS DATACELL LIMITED LIABILITY AS35878 Dekal Wireless Jamaica AS37616 Airtel Gabon S.A AS AS37582 Agence Nationale des Infrastructures Numeriques et des Frequences (ANINF) AS39280 Ultel ICC Ministry of ICT of Azerbaijan AS34170 AS "Baksell Azerbaijan Telecomunication ISP AS57304 SUPERONLAYN AS8814 AZERIN AS42779 Azerfon AS AS36988 Africell - Lintel (SL) AS37100tv6tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS39232 Uninet AS37208 Afcom (SL) Limited AS39397 Az.StarNet AS Azertelekom AS44725 AZQTEL AS37164 CELTEL aka ZAIN Sierra Leone AS29630 Azerbaijan Research Educational Networking Association (AzRENA) AS43637 Sierra Leone Rest of World AS37449 LIMELINE (SIERRA LEONE) LIMITED AS57675 Seabak AS41997 Stellford Rest of World AS29049 Delta Telecom AS48830 Transeurocom SOL AS37100tv4tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS37456 Atlas Communications Sierratel AS37174 Comium Data Sierra Leone Limited. AS57293 AG Telecom AS59523 CNC.AZ MMC AS34876 "SMART SISTEMZ TECHNOLOJI" MMM AS29584 AZEDUNET AS28787 Baktelekom AS13099 AzEuroTel AS Eurosel AS57819 SISTEMA AS AS15815 IntraNS AS15723 Azeronline Information Services MEQA-TELEKOM Azerbaijan AS37418 Guaranty Trust Bank Sierra Leone AS31721 Azercell Telecom AS 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 27

28 AS33772 BENSON INFORMATICS LIMITED AS37013 Satcom Networks Africa AS37142 Zanzibar Datacom AS36909 Habari Node AS37143 Arusha Art AS33791 Tanzania internet service providers association AS37364 Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority AS32860 CATS-NET-NETWORK AS37496 Aga Khan University AS37084 Simbanet (T) AS36930 ZanZibar Telecom AS37100tv4tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS36908 Vodacom Tanzania AS37045 Tanzania Network Information Centre (tznic) AS37423 Atemi AS37149 Six Telecoms Tanzania AS22354 UNIV-DAR AS37182 Tanzania Research and Education Network - TERNET AS37133 Airtel Tanzania Rest of World AS37035 MIC Tanzania AS37419 Tanzania Revenue Authority AS37245 ASN DOVETEL (T) AS12143 STARTEL AS33765 TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS CO. AS37213 Spice Net Tanzania AS37100tv6tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS37027 Simbanet (T) AS36965 WIA Tanzania AS37101 Vizadanetworks AS37349 Aptus Solutions AS37126 Bell Communications AS31810 AOTL AS37372 Powercomputers Telecommunication AS37120 Selcom Broadband AS37362 Tanzania Ports Authority AS37464 VIRTUAL SOLUTIONS AS36892 AFSAT COMMUNICATION T AS12143 Tanzania AS37126 Bell Communications AS37278 Bank M (Tanzania) AS32860 CATS-NET-NETWORK AS37245 ASN DOVETEL (T) AS37423 Atemi AS37149 Six Telecoms Tanzania AS37143 Arusha Art AS37464 VIRTUAL SOLUTIONS AS37592 Gapco Tanzania AS37035 MIC Tanzania AS37100tv6tAS37100tSeacom LTD STARTEL AS37362 Tanzania Ports Authority AS37133 Airtel Tanzania AS37100tv4tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS37142 Zanzibar Datacom AS37027 Simbanet (T) AS36908 Vodacom Tanzania AS37084 Simbanet (T) Rest of World AS33765 TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS CO. AS AS37364 Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority AS37182 Tanzania Research Education Network - TERNET AS36930 ZanZibar Telecom AS37419 Tanzania Revenue Authority Aptus Solutions AS37101 Astrium Services Business Communications AS37213 Spice Net Tanzania AS37045 AS37120 Selcom Broadband Tanzania Network Information Centre (tznic) AS33772 BENSON INFORMATICS LIMITED AS37496 AS22354 UNIV-DAR Aga Khan University AS33791 Tanzania internet service providers association AS36965 WIA Tanzania AS36909 Habari Node AS31810 AOTL AS37013 Satcom Networks Africa AS37372 Powercomputers Telecommunication 2014 AS36892 AFSAT COMMUNICATION T 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 28

29 AS12455 Kenya AS37307 Alliance for a Green revolution in Africa AS37499 UAP Holdings AS37330 Royal Media Services AS37274 NIC Bank AS37247 JHPIEGO CORPORATION AS37579 Nation Media Group AS3741 AS37166 Kenya Airways AS36904 Craft Silicon AS37601 General Motors East Africa AS37261 ROCKFELLER Foundation AS37338 G4S Security Services kenya AS36886 ALFA SOLUTIONS AS37165 WebRunner AS36975 Commercial Bank Africa AS37156 Xtranet Communications AS15808 ACCESSKENYA GROUP AS37298 Equity Bank AS37240 Mombasa IXP AS37071 Econet Wireless Kenya AS37044 Tangerine AS15399 Wananchi Group AS37578 TESPOK AS37100tv4tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS37019 Intersat Africa AS37061 One Communications AS12556 Internet Solutions (Kenya) AS37346 Davis & Shirtliff AS37052 United Nations Office Nairobi AS37514 Tullow Kenya B.V AS37305 AS37219 Frontier Optical Networks AS36952 KENCALL-EPZ Directorate e-government Rest of World AS37367 Callkey EA AS36866 Jamii Telecommunications AS33771 Safaricom AS21280 Swift Global Kenya AS36948 AS9129 AS36967 DATABIT LIMITED AS37354 SawaSawa.com KENIC AS37137 Gateway Telecommunications (Kenya) Limited AS36915 Africa Online Kenya Jambonet AS36914 AS37684 KENET AS Angani AS37470 Kenya Red Cross AS37685 Compfix Data AS36926 celtel Kenya AS33770 Liquid Telecommunications Kenya AS30994 Kenya Airways Branch providing Travel Agents A ASN DT AS36966 Edgenet AS37129 Rasmilink AS37242 AS Number for Commcarrier AS37421 Cellulant AS37396 OCEAN FIVE TELECOMS LIMITED AS37109 MyISP AS25568 KENYAWEB.COM AS37393 Plan International Kenya AS30991 AS37210 National Bank Kenya AS13224 Nairobinet Online AS Equity Bank SahanNet 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 29

30 AS12392 Belgium AS57484 PARI-Link Bvba AS42329 AS29595 IPG Global Care&Contact Center AS BELNET AS49333 Roularta Media Group SA CRELAN AS41233 Atos Worldline SAS AS29005 Belgacom S.A. AS50906 Luciad NV AS28827 Fortis Bank AS in Belgium AS41008 Cegeka NV AS41756 Orascom Telecom Algeria Spa AS42628 Netline SPRL AS39804 Vlaamse Dienst voor Arbeidsbemiddelling en Beroepsopleiding AS34167 Euro Pool System International B.V. AS41282 Daikin Europe NV AS Corelio Publishing NV AS25136 Portima AS41991 Baloise Belgium NV AS13088 ASSOCIATED DEXIA TECHNOLOGY SERVICES AS39234 AS43581 Stone Internet Services bvba Smartphoto Services NV AS21373 National Bank Belgium AS31651 Interxion Belgium NV. AS35001 AS34762 AS29096 MyOwn sprl Combell group NV B.Lite Telecom SPRL/BVBA AS60765 AS6774 Next Generation Innovation Belgacom BVBA International Carrier Services SA AS3173 Stanleyworks (Europe)GmbH AS Inter IKEA Treasury S.A. AS62325 Ogone SPRL AS6696 Online Internet nv/sa AS EUROCONTROL AS3304 Scarlet AS50675 Ergatel Nv AS6848 Telenet N.V. AS30961 Openminds bvba AS DNS-Belgium AS EURid vzw AS21175 WIS Telecom SA AS28747 Easyhost BVBA AS49285 ITAF bvba AS49621 Thinfactory N.V AS51796 nexperteam cvba AS49046 VRT NV van Publiek Recht AS44944 BASE Company NV/SA AS49677 Maehdros SPRL AS35056 AG Insurance N.V. AS5432 BELGACOM S.A. AS25147 AS Ecoplast Cheops Technology NV AS21239 AS DNS-Belgium Citymesh NV AS34958 AS8221 Look a Box SPRL ISABEL NV AS CBlue SPRL AS6716 Tunz.com SA/NV AS15583 Getronics Belgium NV/SA (G-NET) Number AS31449 BELCENTER SPRL AS21489 NATO Consultation AS60436 KBC Group NV AS39923 Unix-Solutions BVBA AS42160 LCP AS dc oostkamp AS47537 AS28691 WeePee NV Jean-Francois Stenuit AS48137 AS PI-GROUP BVBA North Atlantic Treaty Organization AS50156 Boxed IT AS13226 CYBERNET SA AS44806 FirstServed N.V. / S.A AS21139 AS will be used for SONY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS43719 IBM Services Financial Sector Luxembourg AS43759 AS56837 BNP PARIBAS INVESTMENT PARTNERS BELGIUM SA Tigron bvba AS62424 STARWOOD HOTELS AND RESORTS WORLDWIDE AS24998 Orbit One bvba AS60735 Unifoot N.V. AS25428 COLRUYT GROUP SERVICES N.V. AS9166 HostIT NV AS Nuance Communications International AS9208 WIN AS31154 Toyota Motor Europe AS41604 TSC Communication Group AS50857 MAC Telecom S.A. AS31237 LOTERIE NATIONALE - NATIONALE LOTERIJ AS Ioteo SA AS57948 Cobalt Group BVBA AS42744 AZ Sint Jan AV AS SCRL Intercommunale de Sante Publique du Pays de Charleroi AS56808 HDP & ARISTA Services SA AS42851 Elia Asset AS number AS8368 AS9031 AS29435 AS5463 Belgian Network Solutions B.V.B.A AS41293 AS41135 N.V. Perceval S.A. regio[.net] GmbH & Co. KG Voxbone worldwide AS AS28704 AS AS31713 AS29533 AS43076 Rest of Telindus N.V. SPRL IBM OF BELGIUM AS39318 Gateway Communication FreeBIX - Internet Exchange Point "Global Broadband Solution" societe de droit americain World Nucleus BVBA AS34144 AS50998 EUSIP bvba AS31511 Ulysse Group S.A. AS48517 AS58122 Infrabel NV van publiek recht Destiny N.V NorthgateArinso Belgium NV AS20501 AS49145 Banque de Luxembourg SA CORESIO BELGIUM BVBA Brutele SC AS8201 XS4ALL Belgium NV AS21108 AS48315 AS41471 SIEMENS AG AS31241 Alpha Networks S.P.R.L. 's AS number AS28988 Massive Media Match NV AS43751 ASP.be SA Fluxys Belgium sa Keytradebank SA/NV AS2611 AS62383 AS15442 AS29587 AS35733 BELNET Procter & Gamble Service GmbH AS59547 Lambrechts Data Services VOF AS Schedom Vof ASN for EURid SYNTIGO S.A./N.V. CloudFounders NV AS AS251 Vlaamse Media Maatschappij N.V. Future in Question AS9009 M247 AS47377 AS48638 AS44708 MOBISTAR ENTERPRISE SERVICES SA Cronos NV AS42030 AS42792 PAUL WURTH S.A. "Global Broadband Solution" societe de droit americain Direction Generale du Tresor AS15776 AS43256 International Business Machines AS51466 "Global Broadband Solution" societe de droit americain Belgium AS35593 Bridgestone Europe SA/NV AS UniWeb RealDolmen NV AS58367 AS28707 FOSDEM VZW AS20650 Kangaroot BVBA AS35821 Connexeon IP NEXIA N.V. AS AS44312 AS39579 Association Aquilenet AS21424 AS56675 Moving Art Studio ASBL CHICAGO METALLIC CONTINENTAL ING Belgique SA O.A.C. bvba AS48075 Society For Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication SCRL AS12493 Mobistar SA AS31612 AGFA GEVAERT NV AS56799 Jordens Datacenter NV AS16294 Zemblaz n.v. AS35219 Rackboost NV AS31669 Riffle Media BVBA AS51867 Research In Motion Belgium BVBA AS EXXOSS SPRL AS49964 VERIXI SPRL AS60780 Artilium NV AS61023 Worldcall AS33864 Wallonie Data Center Network AS15681 Gaz de France AS56693 TwoTown Belgique AS35230 DG International Limited AS20601 HIX GROUP S.R.L AS16194 RealDolmen NV AS31309 New Media Ventures BVBA AS25194 AGC Glass Europe AS Caviar Group NV AS8476 BVDEP AS47861 Peter E. J. Durieux AS39628 Firstlink Networks AS12942 Network Research Belgium AS12763 Honda Europe NV AS "Global Broadband Solution" societe de droit americain AS42018 TELENET NV AS15983 Carrefour Belgium AS41035 Banque CPH SCRL AS15383 CIRB-CIBG AS48408 ROOTSECURITY BVBA AS51797 BIGUP SPRL AS25344 Technofutur TIC ASBL AS16326 SmalS-MvM AS35627 Tom Laermans AS StarsNet n.v./s.a. AS41778 Ithagi BVBA AS MEDIACTIVITY SPRL 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 30

31 AS SARL SGCA AS Groupe Telergos SAS AS60197 Lorraine Data Network AS49286 AS Groupe Ecole Superieure de Commerce de Rennes Techcrea Solutions AS MAILJET SAS AS TRUST INFO AS1937 CRATERE AS Centre Interbancaire Regional Rhone Alpes SA AS48879 GEEKNODE AS50135 OpWan AS34924 Musiwave Network AS ILOTH AS Evolix AS SENSO TELECOM SAS AS Association de Gestion Ecole Centrale Delectronique AS2202 Reseau Regional REAUMUR AS Interveille Global SAS AS35600 VEDEGE SAS AS60226 METEORAGE SAS AS41020 STMicroelectronics International NV AS51888 Pilot Systems consulting AS39023 Snowite AS47244 Proxid AS35540 OVH Telecom AS48819 TIXEO AS47658 LAGARDERE ACTIVE DIGITAL SAS AS57591 Alpha System AS49961 Fingerprint Technologies AS43278 Blogspirit Network AS51459 Manhattan SAS AS31132 CIENUM SAS AS34000 Conseil General des Bouches-du-Rhone AS Centre National de la Fonction Publique Territoriale AS12566 Societe Francaise du Radiotelephone S.A. AS2445 Reseau de Collecte du Nord-Est Francilien AS49960 SCI The Wall AS25442 Credit Agricole Cheuvreux SA AS29199 ESCP EUROPE AS60630 Association Alsace Reseau Neutre AS35334 RD Medias AS Wizeo SAS AS21041 SCC SERVICES AS43698 Ariege Telecom AS Winamax SAS AS12744 KEYRUS S.A. AS48413 GROUPE SOLLY AZAR AS39241 OVERLAP AS43654 TAS TELEGESTION ALARME SERVICES AS51345 EDIVIA AS ALYSEO AS50897 TELECOM BRETAGNE AS47818 Midi Pyrennees Informatique Hospitaliere AS U LINK AS ORSID PRODUCTION SAS AS42117 INOLIA S.A. AS13223 CONSEIL DE L EUROPE AS48703 CNAMTS - AS de la Caisse Nationale Assurance Maladie AS20482 ABP Informatique SAS AS13034 PAGESJAUNES SA AS47355 OPALYS TELECOM AS ARSOE de Bretagne - Cooperative Agricole AS47835 Ataraxie AS60555 Micro & Services Informatiques SAS AS60718 OELIS AS56553 Bayard Informatique unipersonnelle AS1938 Irisa/Inria Rennes AS DEVELOPPEMENT D'APPLICATIONS SUR RESEAUX A VALEUR AJOUTEE AS31255 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES SAS AS51366 CANAL PLUS FRANCE S.A AS8309 SIPARTECH AS SAS HERAULT NETWORKS AS SAS INTERCLOUD AS2471 Iles de la Guadeloupe AS29605 BCS Technologies SA AS1945 Lyon Recherche et Enseignement Suprieur (LyRES) AS49219 L2CT AS59520 DAVIXX AS AS51128 AS LGSI AS49230 Arum Technologies AS39117 Placenet.fr AS NUMBER AS31629 LOREAL SA AS39606 Automatic Answer Communication AAC AS21203 FR-CMA-CGM AS58324 Debitex Telecom SASU AS57654 CEFI SAS AS42487 VIALIS - Regie Municipale Colmar AS21000 ATOS Origin Infogerance AS21409 Ikoula Net SAS AS44986 Amadeus S.A.S. 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AS34294 Accenture SL AS28695 Trader Publishing AS44226 Acturis AS42040 Crosspoint Colocation AS51818 Genus PLC AS25048 DSNet Hosting AS City York Council AS56730 Wirehive AS49525 PARADOX ENGINEERING SAGL AS42010 ITPS AS25022 TDM Group Limited AS21160 Markel International Services AS44052 Press Computer Systems AS21369 Atos IT Services UK AS25320 Skypower AS5564 Brightsolid AS24775 QinetiQ AS60933 Qualcomm Incorporated AS21076 BTA AS43664 Thermeon Worldwide Plc AS30827 Xtraordinary Networks AS Sonassi AS51823 Microtalk Telecommunications AS Crossflight AS49487 Zamir Telecom AS Treasury Systems AG AS50432 Royal Bank Scotland plc AS Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council AS34697 Emerson AS44791 Audio Visual Machines AS34099 Road Tech Computer Systems AS61350 The Economist Newspaper AS Pirum Systems AS48718 LBM Direct Marketing AS35822 CEGER AS47264 Ping Networks AS31202 Qualcomm Incorporated AS41342 Durrants-Press-Cuttings-NET AS47603 Tptp AS59565 Cronos Internet AS21218 Smartways AS42880 HP Enterprise Services UK AS31402 Blue Square AS30844 Liquid Telecommunications AS8838 Stripe21 VN AS31398 NEC Europe AS30914 ioko365 AS33970 M247 AS12855 Houxou AS12702 Verizon Business EMEA - IPv6 only AS12789 DMG Media AS29120 Mayer Brown International LLP AS48935 Automat Limited AS21433 Accenture UK AS51901 COMS LIMITED AS24949 AXA Technology Services UK AS CorNetworks AS25464 Telesign Mobile AS60564 Esgob AS34344 Port Of Tilbury London AS50882 Maxnett AS28959 Vitol London AS61234 Commtouch AS43599 North West Electronics AS29054 NSE Global AS60969 GetOnline AS34134 FreeClix AS Cmed Technology AS25259 AS for Glopeop Financial Services AS21055 Axamba T/As Web Tapestry AS48463 Tradition Financial Services AS Navisite AS47691 Internet Technology AS44504 Andy Davidson AS49751 Internet For Everything AS41909 Hometrack Data Systems AS8530 Excell Group PLC AS15601 Baring asset Management 155 Bishopsgate London UK AS47523 Heidmar UK AS43669 Axia Computer Systems Limited AS48961 Warwicknet AS39917 PKR Technologies AS15689 Advanced IT Services Nottingham AS47716 CorpoLink AS N.E. Services AS60898 Aquis Exchange AS24887 Lone Pine Capital (UK) AS43424 PROCEAU AS Digital Distribution Networks AS59676 AS44574 Networks AS25049 STASCo AS42466 Meteoric AS31345 Business Network JV AS20617 BNP PARIBAS SA AS13173 Foreshore AS31151 Performance Horizon Group AS43532 Alpari (UK) AS60760 Experian AS42634 Stoke-on-Trent City Council AS25135 Vodafone AS57894 Incon Limited AS5089 Virgin Media AS CloudXL AS VALID TECHNOLOGY L.P. AS59659 Securus communications AS58218 Monster Worldwide AS30933 KDA Web Services AS decarta Inc. AS25310 Cable Wireless Access AS35299 Classroom 2000 AS47999 Transversal Corporation AS42129 Serverstream AS50088 Fort Technologies AS48952 ZBI Europe AS Co-operative Group (CWS) AS9140 Hyperneph AS5596 T-Mobile Hungary Telecommunications Company Limited by Shares AS24916 OrbitalNet AS5555 Sohonet AS51072 Health Social Care Information Centre AS21267 Wavenet AS57168 BBS Commerce AS31632 OAG Aviation WorldWide AS34007 Proquote AS51649 Vision Capital Group AS30803 Trident Net AS Speedflow Communications AS41433 Research In Motion AS34922 NetNames Operations AS29452 Secura Hosting AS M12 Solutions AS62267 Net365 AS25547 Intuit Maidenhead AS49324 Nottingham City Council AS62145 BANGO.NET AS43531 IX Reach AS31547 McKinsey & Company Inc United Kingdom AS50384 W-IX AS Liberty-izone AS39627 British Sky Broadcasting AS49485 High Availability Hosting Limited AS51946 University of Newcastle upon Tyne AS5462 Virgin Media AS41813 Axill Europe AS29019 Morningstar Europe AS41477 LMAX AS57156 ANS Group plc AS D Interactive AS60736 The Internet Group AS24990 Equinix France AS34830 FCP Internet AS51043 Aspire Technology Solutions AS42663 GLG Partners LP AS49503 Selection Services AS38974 SPICE I2I Limited AS6838 The Flirble Internet Exchange AS28914 Cloud9 Communications AS57002 William Hill Organization AS Trayport AS60667 Konek-T Broadband AS21077 ISP4Business AS35652 Grey Communications Group AS Renaissance Capital Services AS5551 Cable & Wireless UK P.U.C. AS A Networks AS31515 INMARSAT GLOBAL LIMITED AS42944 Ticketmaster UK AS Datum Datacentres AS16164 Sohonet AS51059 Brightbox Systems AS50023 Vodat International AS29033 Eckoh UK AS44437 AHORRO CORPORACION AS62288 Protect Global AS29202 PA Sport UK AS51205 Omnifone AS51159 Think Systems UK AS16174 Intuitiv AS44548 CMC Markets Plc AS48610 Unitel AS42262 Dynmark International AS29669 GE Medical Systems Societe en Commandite Simple AS21301 Royal Bank Scotland plc AS Com plc AS Easy Connect AS21327 Hutchison 3G UK and Ireland Core AS AS51049 Pensionkassernes Administration A/S AS16303 IPSwitch Networks AS42465 Websense Hosted Security - Anycast network AS13285 TalkTalk Communications AS41936 Colt Group AS39326 Goscomb Technologies AS47622 Datatech UK AS25050 VOCALINK AS51063 Fujitsu Telecommunications Europe AS44955 Dark Group AS41919 Genesys Laboratories UK AS61130 Source Managed Services AS47762 Magnetic North Software AS Virtual Universe AS16085 INFOBOLSA S.A. AS CCPG Solutions AS60866 Clear Picture Services Limited AS50510 Cancer Research UK AS51498 CONNECTION NETWORKS L.P. AS44557 Dragonara Alliance AS61001 RESPONSETAP LIMITED AS35788 Websense Hosted Security Network AS16334 Sureline Communications Limited AS16082 Spitfire Network Services AS EPIOHOST AS47572 Ticketmaster UK AS29009 UK Wireless Broadband Network AS50632 nu Colocation AS31015 Hill and Knowlton Strategies AS31392 Phoenix Venture Holdings AS48888 Miranda Technologies AS47400 Bank Oppenheim jr. & Cie (Schweiz) AG AS Cupid plc AS35670 Aggregated Telecom AS8669 Total Web Solutions AS Your Housing Group AS35327 Naglotech AS33921 Lebara AS48077 Zix Corporation AS41012 The Cloud Networks AS12703 Pulsant (Scotland) AS31453 Lothlorien Consulting AS60677 DIRECT LINE GROUP SERVICES LIMITED AS47393 WPP Group Technology Service AS Abtec Network Systems AS The International Institute For Strategic Studies AS8435 Lloyds Banking Group PLC AS2873 The Internet Business AS Bellingham Telecoms AS30967 Software Cellular Network Limited AS25376 Netnorth AS Delcam PLC AS37100tv4tAS37100tSeacom LTD AS42875 National Car Parks AS42579 Comtec Enterprises AS60541 Voice Simplified AS25127 BTopenworld Broadband & Narrowband networks located in the UK AS Ocean Media Group Limited AS48660 Ultra Communications AS34010 Yahoo! Europe AS42046 Independent Television News Limited AS8190 MDNX Internet AS42342 Omnypay Limited AS31270 Fusion Media Networks AS Societe Generale Securities Services UK AS12708 TalkTalk Communications AS28837 Vox Mundi AS8676 PRT Systems AS61124 Marston's Telecoms AS Talk Straight AS41548 Medway Council AS49397 Cambridge Imaging Systems AS31487 VarTec Telecom UK AS25577 Connexions4London AS Lonsdale Network Services AS20679 hso: broadband internet AS GPW + Co. AS24976 Techgate PLC AS41553 Reed Managed Services AS31665 Invesco UK AS30894 Mblox AS48273 essensys AS34555 C.C.S. (Leeds) AS59705 POBOX Hosting AS6824 Hermes Telecom International AS42633 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Services AS25098 Netcalibre AS35399 Online50 AS49657 Transaction Network Services (UK) AS56990 Syscomm AS47539 Microgen Management Services AS42479 Kroll AS44822 Syncsort AS25026 Vio Worldwide AS34632 Ariel Communications AS29214 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AS44568 OpSource AS43383 AlwaysON AS34350 Man Investments AS42284 Cameron AS30769 The Berkeley Group plc AS Sykes Global Services AS51006 ZEN Network Technologies AS35289 Symantec Limited AS47625 Paul David Hughes trading as Hosting Systems AS8689 Power Internet AS Neil Westlake AS Elstat Electronics AS28861 Newedge UK Financial AS57403 ORC Software AB AS44684 Mythic Beasts AS50957 Memset AS5600 Total Connectivity Providers AS39060 Sainsbury's Supermarkets AS51551 Updata Infrastructure (UK) AS50173 Vtesse Networks AS51782 BUZ BROADBAND LIMITED AS ZBI Europe AS61163 The Liechtenstein Limited AS39313 WT EMEA Acquisition AS20976 Domainmaster AS35259 APM Internet UK Network AS47549 Hosting Systems AS21130 Iomart AS31273 Bisnet AS44369 EMBC PROCUREMENT LIMITED AS47163 Ingenico (UK) AS39332 ServerForce AS21233 C2 Direct Transit AS AS25426 D.FI Services SAS AS60734 PDQ Computers AS31743 Interpublic GIS (UK) AS47443 Velocity1 Limited AS8296 H Bauer Publishing AS43323 Playout 247 AS Bloomberg Polarlake AS47797 ESSEX COUNTY COUNCIL AS Skyscape Cloud Services AS43838 City Bradford Metropolitan District AS47563 Satellite Information Services AS13208 Newtel AS21464 EDF Trading AS20505 Legal & General Investment Management Holdings AS56644 Synergy Financial Servics AS9090 PR Newswire Europe AS52200 M5 AS Intercept IT AS8698 Nationwide Building Society AS61226 EMNET Solutions AS43313 Miniclip SA. AS21118 Total S.A. AS35544 Splendor (UK) AS28779 North of England Microelectronics Institute AS12658 Dexterity Networks AS41495 Faelix AS39116 Telehouse Inter. Corp. Europe AS44972 Cobbett Hill Earth Station Limited AS48954 AIMES GRID SERVICES COMMUNITY INTEREST AS60819 Safenames AS12390 KCOM Group Public AS47121 Sensemakers B.V. AS38936 Herman Miller AS47856 Delta Productions AS28780 The PCMS Group Plc AS24604 Eli Lilly and Company Limited AS43408 SecureData Europe AS29527 Astutium AS15653 NetSumo AS42958 Senior Internet AS29611 Elite AS12870 Arrowhead Systems AS30756 Travelport International Limited AS49546 Voicetec Sys Limited AS41695 Vostron AS41659 Robert Bentley t/a Synergyworks Internet AS49162 Entee Global Services AS25587 MoneyAM AS57148 Bytehouse AS Via-Vox AS57653 Central Technology AS16260 GTT - EMEA AS60194 Stapia Networks AS20952 VENUS BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS LIMITED AS34861 Informatica Software AS15692 Razorblue AS15570 Internap European AS SP.com AS30805 Editure Education Services UK AS42332 The Software Connection AS41362 Brightgrey AS48325 Birmingham Science Park Aston AS49807 LANDMARK PLC AS Cambridge Assessment AS28697 Nitrex AS45019 Ben Ryall-Mack AS60257 Origin Broadband AS42383 Griffin Information Systems AS57203 Lowcosttravelgroup AS49182 BT ENGAGE IT AS49728 Herefordshire Council AS24705 The Communication Gateway AS48231 Thinkgrid AS35707 Scottish Power PLC AS43057 Dimasoft AS33967 Lancashire County Council AS57672 Daniel James Austin AS62172 Indigoo AS Sovereign Business Integration Group plc AS34253 WPP 2005 AS15418 Fasthosts Internet AS59638 WINDSWEPT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LIMITED AS51707 Medway Towns Council AS39849 ProTX AS43392 Bluebay Asset Management Plc AS15568 European Bank for Reconstruction Development AS44480 Brevan Howard Asset Management LLP AS21470 South West Communications Group AS41840 National Grid UK AS13258 Centrica Plc AS43436 Groupe LE FIGARO AS44426 Synectics Solutions AS34930 BAA Airports AS51766 Merseyside Fire Rescue Service AS FLEXTRADE UK LIMITED AS9142 Netline UK AS49049 Bath North East Somerset Council AS60739 Server Centre Hosting AS61283 Andrew Millar AS31535 Idesta Solutions AS59402 Virocom AS29575 London Stock Exchange AS13114 Nationwide Building Society AS5482 Daisy Communications AS8942 Focus Information AS Call27 AS Sub 6 AS28782 Vistorm AS42584 London Capital Group AS44971 GOETEC AS50888 Minotaur IT AS43328 Nation Wilcox Associates AS52129 Proofpoint Inc. AS50286 Link up Mitaka AS48620 Beaming AS ED & F MAN CAPITAL MARKETS LIMITED AS28688 WPP Group Technology Services AS Dmedia AS39592 Benjamin Ashton AS39609 Multicom Products AS31021 Dialogue Communications AS Virgin Money plc AS44801 Direct Technical AS43534 CreditCall AS50028 Mvision Video Networks AS FremantleMedia AS47813 Semantico AS57356 Highland Network AS21422 Connect internet Solutions

33 Regional interconnections visualized Latin America & Central America 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 33

34 Regional interconnections visualized FI Finland SE Sweden EE Estonia RU Russian Federation LV Latvia PL Poland LT Lithuania BY Belarus UA Ukraine KZ Kazakhstan MN Mongolia CN China HU Hurgary MD Moldova GE Georgia AZ Azerbaijan BG Bulgaria RO Romania TR Turkey AM Armenia TM Turkmenistan UZ Uzbekistan TJ Tajikistan KG Kyrgyzstan IR Iran AF Afghanistan Russia, Ukraine and surrounding countries 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 34

35 Regional interconnections visualized Caribbean VI Virgin Islands AW Aruba AI Anguilla MF Saint Martin (French Part) VG Virgin Islands CW Curaçao KN Saint Kitts and Nevis SD Sudan Africa DO Dominican Republic HT Haiti PR Puerto Rico Rest of World BQ Bonaire SX Sint Maarten (Dutch Part) BL Saint Barthélemy DJ Djibouti ET Ethiopia SO Somalia EG Egypt GD Grenada AG Antigua and Barbuda MG Madagascar RW Rwanda TT Trinidad and Tobago JM Jamaica CU Cuba BB Barbados TC Turks and Caicos Islands DM Dominica VC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LC Saint Lucia MQ Martinique MS Montserrat KY Cayman Islands BS Bahamas TG Togo SZ Swaziland GH Ghana CG Congo MZ Mozambique BW Botswana NG Nigeria AO Angola MU Mauritius MW Malawi ZA South Africa BJ Benin KE Kenya ZW Zimbabwe NA Namibia UG Uganda SS South Sudan TZ Tanzania ZM Zambia CD Congo BI Burundi LS Lesotho SC Seychelles CI Ivory Coast CM Cameroon LR Liberia ML Mali MR Mauritania BF Morocco MA Burkina 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 35 CF Central African Republic

36 Summary Open session 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 36

37 Q&A? Contact: Martin J. Levy Director, IPv6 Strategy Hurricane Electric 760 Mission Court Fremont, CA 94539, USA martin at he dot net +1 (510) March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London Page 37

38 ADDITIONAL SLIDES ABOUT OECD REPORT 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 38

39 The OECD report OECD An International Treaty Organization Authored 2012 edition by: Published Dennis Weller Navigant Economics Bill Woodcock PCH October 2012 Part of a series, published every five years Audience Weller, D. and B. Woodcock (2012), Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 207, OECD Publishing. Policy Makers, Regulators, Lawmakers, Economists, etc 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 39 A total of 99 pages, 108 references. Plenty of Internet peering stats

40 The OECD report (key takeaways - globally) High handshake % for peering agreements Ratio of traffic/ecosystem cost vs. voice cost Peering and IXs work (well obviously) Very good results with little regulation 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 40

41 The reports peering numbers (#1) Key peering numbers: this report gathered responses from 4,331 ISPs representing 86% of in 96 countries survey of 142,000 peering agreements 99.5% of interconnection agreements without a written contract less than 1% of a full mesh market participants will self-organize efficient Internet exchange points 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London Page 41

42 The reports peering numbers (#2) Performance: traffic grow at an average rate of about 50% per year Costs: rates for Internet transit have declined dramatically over the last fifteen years the rate of change has leveled off in the most recent period transit five orders of magnitude lower than typical voice 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London Page 42

43 The real audience legal and policy Legal and Policy Frameworks Every market exists within a legal and policy framework established by government. Markets for network communications in OECD countries have benefitted from liberalisation policies which have sought to open markets and promote competition. These have included specific measures to ensure availability of leased lines and access to rights of way, for example. The success of the Internet IP market for traffic exchange would not be possible without this broad policy framework of liberalisation. Indeed, in regions where the development of Internet IP traffic exchange has been less satisfactory, the cause has generally been a lack of sufficient liberalisation within the country or region, rather than a lack of performance by the global Internet market as a whole. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 43

44 Challenges for the future four points Internet Architecture IPv4 to IPv6 Technical Innovation Speed of links need to keep up with Internet growth (10GbE to 100GbE links) Optoelectronic physics research & Internet exponential growth Internet model of traffic exchange Tromboning, peering (bilateral & multilateral), CDNs evolution of relationships Policy challenges for policy makers bright line between TDM world and IP world 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 44

45 Policy (#1) The bright line proposal TDM mainly lives within a regulatory framework IP traffic mainly lives without regulation VoIP (this was not reviewed but there s good text there) TDM reform Several OECD countries have undertaken reform 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 45

46 Policy (#2) Disagreements in the IP peering world For a commercial agreement to be voluntary, parties to it must be able to decline or terminate it. Peering disputes have been fought-out in the press and in front of potential regulators there must be some limit to the amount of disruption a private dispute can be allowed to case Pricing model One allegation is that, when CDNs establish peering arrangements with local access networks, they deprive them of transit revenue. This may be true, Go read: A viable future model for the Internet, AT Kearney, index.php/publications/a-viable-future-model-for-the-internet.html Traffic exchange and network neutrality Growth of CDNs & commercial agreements & potential exclusions in the marketplace 2005 Cogent & Level3 fought in the press 2010 Level3 & Comcast all solved commercially (vs. legal or regulatory) 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 46

47 Regional survey (#1) The state of development of the Internet economy differs greatly by region In nearly every region of the world, regulatory decisions constrain Internet development far more than technology, geography, economy, or demand. These regulatory decisions are rarely intended to benefit Internet users; they are nearly always defined by other communities of interest, at the expense of Internet users. Differences exist regionally Africa - Latin America - Caribbean - Middle East - Europe - Canada & US - Pacific - Australia & NZ - South Asia - East Asia Success stories exist regionally Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya & Tanzania. Brazil (CGI) & Argentina (CABASE) Europe has more IXPs than any other region, and seven of the top ten exchanges both by number of participants and volume Less than successful story India and NIXI current domestic exchange capacity less than 10% of the needs of a single national broadband provider 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 47

48 Regional survey (#2) Less than successful stories (an example) - Mexico Mexico continues to lag, being by far the largest nation in the world, and the only OECD member country, to continue without any domestic Internet exchange capacity This situation may be on the brink of reform, as COFETEL, the Mexican regulator, has opened access to competitive long-haul circuits, has licensed a second national carrier, and is investigating the establishment of an IXP. Figure 6: Retail price of enterprise Internet transit, mbps/month, in USD Source: Telegeography 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 48

49 The major takeaway Lack of Regulation has helped the Internet 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London Page 49

50 PEERING AGREEMENT REVIEW 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 50

51 Peering Agreement The review What follows is a sentence-by-sentence review of the Comcast Settlement-Free Interconnect (SFI) Policy Can be found at: Text dated Jan/2008 June/2009 July/2011 Anything with strikethrough is from an earlier version This peering language can change at any time Not actually called peering but SFI 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 51

52 Sample peering agreement (public information) Comcast Communications, Inc., Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC, through its operating subsidiaries ("Comcast"), seeks to interconnect its IP network with other Internet backbone providers on a settlement-free basis when such interconnection provides tangible benefits to Comcast and its customers. For purposes of this SFI policy, an Internet Network must be a single Autonomous System ( ASN ). The criteria involving traffic measurement below applies to IPv4 IPv4 and IPv6 and must be met by the Applicant for three consecutive months. To apply for IPv4 or IPv6 settlement-free interconnection with Comcast an must be sent to [email protected] containing evidence of meeting all criteria listed in the policy. Applicants will be responded to within a reasonable timeframe to discuss their request. Networks that do not meet the requirements of the settlement-free interconnection policy, but remain interested in Comcast dedicated internet access services may also address their requests to [email protected]. In this case the subject line of the should indicate a need for sales assistance. The body of the message should include as many details as possible, such as location and telephone number, to expedite the redirect for assistance. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 52

53 Sample peering agreement (public information) IPv4 IPv4 and IPv6 Settlement-Free Interconnection Requirements for Comcast AS7922 Applicant must operate a US-wide IP backbone whose links are primarily 10 Gbps or greater. Applicant must meet Comcast at a minimum of four mutually agreeable geographically diverse points in the US. Interconnection points must include at least one city on the US east coast, one in the central region, and one on the US west coast, and must currently be chosen from Comcast peering points in the following list of metropolitan areas: New York City/Newark NJ, Ashburn, Atlanta, Miami, Chicago, Denver, Dallas, Los Angeles, Palo Alto/San Jose, and Seattle. Applicant s traffic to/from the Comcast network must be on-net only and must amount to at least 3 Gbps peak 7 Gpbs peak 10 Gbps average in the dominant direction. Interconnection bandwidth must be at least 1 Gbps 10 Gbps at each interconnection point. A network (ASN) that is a customer of a Comcast network for any dedicated IP services may not simultaneously be a settlement-free network peer. Applicant must have a professionally managed 24x7 NOC and agree to repair or otherwise remedy any problems within a reasonable timeframe. Applicant must also agree to actively cooperate to resolve security incidents, denial of service attacks, and other operational problems. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 53

54 Sample peering agreement (public information) Applicant must maintain responsive abuse contacts for reporting and dealing with UCE (Unsolicited Commercial ), technical contact information for capacity planning and provisioning and administrative contacts for all legal notices. Applicant must agree to participate in joint capacity reviews at pre-set intervals and work towards timely augments as identified. Applicant must maintain a traffic scale between its network and Comcast that enables a general balance of inbound versus outbound traffic. The end-to-end costs of network cost burden for carrying traffic between networks shall be similar to justify SFI. Applicant must abide by the following routing policy: Applicant must use the same peering AS at each US interconnection point and must announce a consistent set of routes at each point, unless otherwise mutually agreed. No transit or third party routes are to be announced; all routes exchanged must be Applicant's and Applicant's customers' routes. Applicant must filter route announcements from their customers by prefix. Neither party shall abuse the SFI network peering relationship by engaging in activities such as, but not limited to: pointing a default route at the other or otherwise forwarding traffic for destinations not explicitly advertised, resetting next-hop, selling or giving next-hop to others. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 54

55 Sample peering agreement (public information) Applicant should be willing to enter into an NDA before formal discussions begin. Applicant should be advised that the SFI processes will start with a 90 day trial. On successful completion of that trial, a formal interconnect agreement will be processed. This agreement will renew annually, subject to the then current SFI Policy. During the year if there is a violation of the policy, the agreement and interconnections may be terminated upon written notice to the contacts specified in the agreement. Applicant shall not be permitted to offer or sell any IP transit services providing only AS7922. Applicant must be financially stable. Comcast requires that Applicants seeking SFI in the United States agree to provide reciprocal SFI arrangement with Comcast in the Applicant s home market. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 55

56 Sample peering agreement (public information) Ongoing SFI Reviews with Comcast AS7922 Meeting the SFI network peering guidelines set forth herein is not a guarantee that an SFI network peering relationship with Comcast will be established. Comcast shall evaluate a number of business factors and reserves the right not to enter into a SFI network peering agreement with an otherwise qualified applicant. Applicants may apply for settlement-free interconnection once every six (6) months. Existing SFI network peers of Comcast will have their status reviewed periodically to ensure that joint capacity planning intervals are sufficient for growth, contacts are refreshed for operations purposes, and all criteria continue to be met. Comcast reserves the right to terminate SFI network peering, upon a notice period as determined by the parties' agreement, with peers who do not meet the criteria described above. Periodic review of the policies contained here will be conducted to ensure that the criteria and eligibility requirements are consistent with Comcast's business needs. Comcast may modify this SFI policy at any time. 5 March 2014 Hurricane Electric - Martin J. Levy - Director IPv6 Strategy - IETF89 London 56