JOÃO PAULO LOBO FERREIRA TERESA E. LEITÃO

Transcription

1 DEMONSTRATING MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE AS A SOLUTION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION: RESULTS FROM GABARDINE PROJECT AND ASEMWATERNET COORDINATION ACTION IN THE ALGARVE REGION, PORTUGAL JOÃO PAULO LOBO FERREIRA TERESA E. LEITÃO World Water Congress & Exhibition 2014, Lisbon Lisbon Congress Centre, September 2014

2 Workshop on Adaptation to climate change impacts: Urban resiliency Innovative groundwater artificial recharge techniques and experiments. Schemes to solve WR problems in the Mediterranean Region Prof. João Paulo Lobo Ferreira, Researcher Coordinator, LNEC - National Laboratory for Civil Engineering 2

3 Drought : A behaviour problem

4 Precipitation natural variation in Mediterranean countries: the example of Portugal

5 5. DIAGNOSIS: IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE Torres Vedras groundwater body

6 Climate change impacts on the behaviour of aquifers and consequently on Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems > Groundwater levels change due to groundwater recharge decrease EDAS EDAS 1) Groundwater levels today 3) Groundwater level in ) Groundwater levels change between today's values and those of 2050 > Consequences of aquifer behaviour change: Modifications in groundwater recharges amounts and periods Modification in groundwater flow directions Modification in the amount of groundwater reaching GW dependent ecosystems Modification on the behaviour of GW dependant ecosystems (eventually at risk)

7 Sources for the artificial recharge : Quantity Dam Hydrological year Depth discharge (*10 3 m 3 ) Surface discharge (*10 3 m 3 ) ARADE 2000/ Total discharge (*10 3 m 3 ) Dam Hydrological year Depth discharge (*10 3 m 3 ) Surface discharge (*10 3 m 3 ) Total discharge (*10 3 m 3 ) ARADE 1995/ / / TOTAL (*10 3 m 3 ) rd IGC, Lillestrøm, Norway, 9 th August, 2008

8 During the extreme drought of 2004/2005 Electrical Conductivity Volume of withdrawal water (*10 6 m 3 ) Percentage Agriculture % Urban supply of the Águas do Algarve regional system of Algarve Urban supply of the local municipalities % % Private users Not Available - Total % 33 rd IGC, Lillestrøm, Norway, 9 th August, 2008

9 Simplified Recharge-pumping scheme

10 Eight different industry branches have been identified to be involved in the application of MAR technique 1.Agro-industry 2.Water supply companies 3.Waste water treatment plants 4.Desalinations companies 5.Bottled companies 6.Golf courses 7.Public Administration branches 8.SPAs and balnearies 9.Hotels and tourist facilities (Market uptakes) Tragsa

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12 ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS IN THE PORTUGUESE CAMPINA DE FARO CASE-STUDY AREA DEVELOPED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF GABARDINE PROJECT GABARDINE case studies Objective of artificial recharge (AR) LLOBREGAT LOWER VALLEY (Spain) CAMPINA DE FARO AQUIFER IN ALGARVE REGION (Portugal) COASTAL AQUIFER SHARED BY ISRAEL AND PALESTINE (Gaza Strip) SINDOS BASIN OF THESSALONIKI (Greece) Sustainable management/recover the good status (both quantity and quality) by artificial recharge of surface water Groundwater rehabilitation through artificial recharge using river water surpluses Artificial recharge is already widely used in Israel. Define aquifer management schemes incorporating AR of freshwater, treated effluent, desalinated water in periods of surplus, etc. Control seawater intrusion and storage of treated effluent. Diverse water supply problems: overexploitation, saltwater intrusion, pollution by agricultural practices, etc. Viable solution Artificial Recharge of alternative sources of water

13 Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm) Cl e NO3 (mg/l) Profundidade ao nível (m) Results from continuous monitoring (groundwater and surface water) in Rio Seco artificial recharge basins during winter time (Out.2007/Mar.2008) Carreiros test site Winter time Estação húmida Natural recharge monitoring Bacia sul Traçador L1 zona não saturada Continuous monitoring in three piezometers zona saturada escoamento subterrâneo Spring time 5000 Curva de chegada do traçador ao piezómetro LNEC1 durante o ensaio realizado em Maio na Bacia de Carreiros 4 Estação seca Fim do ensaio 11/05 16h: Inicio do ensaio de infiltração 03/05 15h:45 Colocação do traçador na bacia 08/05 09h: Dia/hora Chegada do traçador ( 29 a 66 horas) Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm) Cl (mg/l) NO3 (mg/l) Profundidade ao nível - valor observado (m) Profundidade ao nível - valor registado (m) LNEC1 Artificial recharge experiments Electrical resistivity assessment May 2007

14 ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS IN THE PORTUGUESE CAMPINA DE FARO CASE-STUDY AREA, DEVELOPED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF GABARDINE PROJECT Aquifer system of Campina de Faro area 86 km 2 Algarve region M12 - AQUIFER SYSTEM OF CAMPINA DE FARO Almeida et al (2000) SNIRH

15 Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm) Cl e NO3 (mg/l) Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm) Cl (mg/l) Profundidade ao nível (m) NO3 (mg/l) Main Results/Conclusions Methodology to identify preliminary candidate areas to implement artificial recharge (GABA-IFI Index) Artificial recharge infiltration and tracer tests in Campina de Faro 1) Areal Gordo test site 3 Infiltration basins 2A) Areal Gordo test site Injection tests in large diameter well nora 3) Carreiros test site 2 Infiltration basins in the river bed 2B) Areal Gordo test site Injection test in medium diameter well Curva de chegada do traçador ao piezómetro LNEC1 durante o ensaio realizado em Maio na Bacia de Carreiros Fim do ensaio /05 16h: Inicio do ensaio Colocação do de infiltração traçador na bacia /05 15h:45 08/05 09h: Chegada do traçador Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm) 1000 ( 29 a 66 Cl (mg/l) horas) NO3 (mg/l) 500 Profundidade ao nível - valor observado (m) Profundidade ao nível - valor registado (m) Dia/hora Parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos no piezómetro LNEC1, durante a estação seca (Carreiros) Cl (mg/l) 2200 Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm) 50 NO3 (mg/l) 2000 Escoamento superficial no rio Alteração causada 40 por ocorrência de 1600 escoamanto superficial 35 e infiltração da água 1400 do rio nas bacias

16 Infiltration Rate (m3/d) Correlation infiltration rates vs hydraulic head and soil types Test site Algarve Infiltration rate (m3/d) Hydraulic Head (m) Soil type Nora 1/1 (5 m diameter) yellow sand Nora 1/2 (5 m diameter) yellow sand Nora 1/3 (5 m diameter) yellow sand LNEC 6/1 (0.5 diameter) yellow sand LNEC 6/2 (0.5 diameter) 50 8 yellow sand bacia 1 (1000 m2) red sand bacia 2 (80 m2) 37 1 brown sand bacia 3 (60 m2) yellow sand bacia do leito do rio (80 m2) yellow sand Infiltration rate vs hydraulic head Hidraulic Head (m) Nora 1/1 Nora 1/2 Nora 1/3 LNEC 6 (furo de injecção)/1 LNEC 6 (furo de injecção)/2 bacia 1 (1000 m2) bacia 2 (80 m2) bacia 3 (60 m2) bacia do leito do rio lnec6 nora Linear (lnec6) Linear (nora)

17 SPANISH TEST SITES(s) Castellbisbal (1 ha) Sant Vicenç dels Horts (0.5 ha)

18 Sant Vicenç dels Horts The installations were built as compensatory measure for the High Speed Train. ACA and CUADLL are now encharged to operate the system. Recharge water: Llobregat river water (Canal de la dreta). WORKING PLAN: site characterization (existing information, perforation of piezometers, geology, aquifer parameters, soil characteristic, ) definitive installations design design of the monitoring (some device is already existing) operation and management of the system Llobregat river SWAMP INFILTRATION POND (about 0.5 ha)

19 Castellbisbal Swamp River bed scarification AR with pond = sampling point 1) Groundwater and river water sampling campaign (December 2006) FIELD measurements with flow cell: O2, ph, T, E.C., E h ( mV) LABORATORY analysis: major constituents, trace and minor elements, organic pollutants & micropollutants (hydrocarbons, EDCs, PPCPs, ), microbiological parameters, isotopes.

20 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF THE GREEK TEST SITE General geographic setting of the study area EDESSA GIANNITSA NAOUSSA THESSALONIKI VERIA -Total watershed area: 32,326 km 2 -Population:1,289,643

21 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF THE GREEK TEST SITE Location and data of existing wells, an example - The location together with stratigraphic and logging data from all available boreholes will be assembled from different public & private agencies. Location of available drills 2.33km -Up to today there has never been an attempt to combine all available drilling data to construct a 3D geologic and piezometric model of the Thessaloniki Giannitsa Plain. Axios River abandoned channels Sindos Thessaloniki - There exists a complex pattern of the distribution of saline and brackish waters along the plain, so a detailed subsurface model is of particular importance

22 Test site - topography

23 Groundwater Artificial recharge based on Altranative sources of water : advanced INtegrated technologies and management (GABARDINE ) Dr ABDEL RAHMAN TAMIMI Palestinian Hydrology Group for water and environmental resources Development Göttingen. December 2005

24 Gaza strip The GAZA Strip covers an area of 360 KM2 ( 30 KM long and 12 KM width) With a population of about 1.2 million and a population growth of about 4% per annual. The population is expected to reach 2.5 million in the next decade. Having a weak infrastructure and a shortage in natural resources such as water, the Gaza Strip faces a crisis in meeting an increasing demand for water.

25 Water Balance in the northern part of Gaza (Aquifer System) Domestic Abstraction 48.7 Mcm/yr Year 2006 Natural Recharge 42.8 Mcm/yr Agricultural Abstraction 40.8 Mcm/yr Domestic Abstraction 58.7 Mcm/yr Year 2025 Agricultural Demand =48.2 Mcm/yr Domestic Demand =? Deficit: 46.7 Mcm/yr Reference Year: 2006

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27 A -3 2 A A D-2 0 D-6 0 D-6 1 D-6 7 D-6 8 D-6 9 D-7 0 E -4 E -1 1 A E -1 1 B E -1 1 C E -2 5 B E -9 0 E -9 2 E E E E Q-4 0 B R-2 5 A R-2 5 C R-2 5 D R-7 4 R R B R G R H R L R Rc n n e w J J L -1 4 L -4 3 L -8 6 L -8 7 L L L L M-2 A M-2 B N-9 N-2 2 P -1 0 P -1 5 P P Nit ra t e ( m g /l) W orld Health O rganisation Drinking W ater Standard for Nitrates = 50 m g/l L-87=952 m g/l

28 Why do we need Artificial Recharge Project in Gaza Strip? >Simplify, to solve Environmental and Socioeconomic problems. Environmental: water level, sea water intrusion and groundwater quality, etc. Socio-economic: family income, employment rate, personal security and health problems

29 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT TO PREVENT SEAWATER INTRUSION, KORBA (TUNISIA) Introduction and justification Coastal aquifers in Tunisia suffer from overexploitation causing: Problems in the quantity (piezometric level varies between 0 and 5 m) Problems in the quality (salinity varies between 5 and 8 g/l) Serious salt water intrusion problems Coastal aquifers boundary 29

30 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT TO PREVENT SEAWATER INTRUSION, KORBA (TUNISIA) Introduction and justification Cap Bon Peninsula More than wells for water supply (3000 abandoned) 30

31 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT TO PREVENT SEAWATER INTRUSION, KORBA (TUNISIA) MAR experiments MAR site: WWTP water, since 2008, 3 basins with 400 m 2, aprox m 3 /d of recharge Piezometer Recharge site Basin1 Ksar Saada discharge station Discharge pipe Basin2 Basin3 Korba Wastewater Treatment Plant CTD divers were installed in 8 piezometers, at two depths 31

32 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT TO PREVENT SEAWATER INTRUSION, KORBA (TUNISIA) Results and conclusions Wells constant level Conceptual model; Modflow Area = 57,3 km 2 Average depth for abstraction = 20 m Mediterranean sea constant level (Data from I.N.R.G.R.E.F. ) Existing material: limestone and marl Constant hydraulic conductivity = 3 m/d Average annual recharge = 56 mm Abstractions = 6200 m 3 /d 32

33 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT TO PREVENT SEAWATER INTRUSION, KORBA (TUNISIA) Results and conclusions Transient Steady state Transient state modelling modelling state modelling 3000 without m 3 /d of 1500 MAR min 3 /d 3 of different MAR locations (9000 m 3 /d) Terceiro, A., Oliveira, L.G.S., Lobo Ferreira, J.P., Miguel, G., Gaaloul, N., Rocha, E. (2010) "Modelação matemática em aquíferos costeiros. Aplicação a dois casos de estudo em países africanos: Angola e Tunísia". 10.º Congresso da Água, Hotel Pestana Alvor Praia, Algarve. Thank you Muito Obrigado 33

34 S.A.T- Soil Aquifer Treatment and Simultaneous freshwater production and wastewater reclamation in Israel Coastal Aquifer Dr. Joseph Guttman, Mekorot Thanks to Dr. Joseph Guttman of the Mekorot water company, Israel

35 Recharge Basin and the wells fields

36 Flow chart of the Dan sewage plan

37 FP-7 ENV

38 World Water Congress & Exhibition 2014, Lisbon LISBON CONGRESS CENTRE, SEPTEMBER 2014