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2 ISBN Panoráma Považia z kláštora na Veľkej Skalke / Benedictine monastery Veľká Skalka Benediktínsky kláštor Rajhrad / Benedictine monastery Rajhrad

3 Vitajte! Kdesi som čítal, že kto nepozná Rajhradsko, nepozná Moravu. To isté platí na slovenskej strane o Trenčianskom kraji, ktorý je výnimočný svojou históriou, prírodnou krásou, kultúrou, duchovnými tradíciami, školstvom, ale aj ekonomickou silou. Tento fakt potvrdzuje tradičná spolupráca slovenských a moravských regiónov v podobe projektov cezhraničnej spolupráce. S potešením vám chcem oznámiť, že neobyčajne pestré a rôznorodé podoby doterajšej česko-slovenskej cezhraničnej spo- Welcome! This project is opening a latter-day history of crossboard cooperation of the two oldest pilgimage places of Slovakia and Moravia Little and Grand Skalka upon Trenčín and Benedictine Monastery Rajhrad. Considering restoration, saving and dissemination of heritage of these national cultural monuments two NGOs Beňadik non-investment fund in Trenčín and Ora et Labora foundation in Rajhrad were inspired to reflect upon new opportunities of common development of spiritual and culture-historical heritage to contemporaries from both sides of the border: Firstly the restoration of monastical 3

4 lupráce sa rozširujú aj o duchovný rozmer. Zásluhu na tom má nový mikroprojekt Benediktínskymi cestami. Tento pilotný projekt otvára novodobú históriu cezhraničnej spolupráce dvoch najstarších pútnických miest Slovenska a Moravy, prostredníctvom Neinvestičného fondu (N. F.) BEŇADIK Trenčín a NADACE ORA ET LABORA Rajhrad, zjednotených pod heslom ORA ET LABORA MODLI SA A PRA- CUJ. Poslaním oboch organizácií je získavanie zdrojov na podporu a rozvoj týchto národných pútnických miest. Práve rozvoj, teda obnova, zachovanie a šírenie odkazu národných kultúrnych pamiatok Veľká a Malá Skalka a Benediktínskeho kláštora Rajhrad inšpiroval obe neziskové organizácie k novým možnostiam spoločného rozvíjania duchovného a kultúrno-historického odkazu súčasníkom na oboch stranách hranice. Obaja partneri sa na začiatku zhodli na týchto troch okruhoch spolupráce: V prvom rade ide o obnovu kláštorných areálov k tejto aktivite prispejú výmenné pobyty študentov a mládeže na rekonštrukčných prácach, zastrešených Piaristickým gymnáziom v Trenčíne a Gymnáziom Židlochovice. Táto spolupráca by mala prispieť nielen k technickej obnove kláštorných areálov, ale aj k vzájomnému poznávaniu spoločného historicko-duchovného odkazu mladými ľuďmi z oboch regiónov. Druhou oblasťou spolupráce sú už tradičné návštevy pútnických miest na Velehrade a Hostýne, ktoré má slovenský národ vo veľkej úcte. Rozšírili sa o vzájomnú účasť na duchovných a kultúrnych aktivitách v oboch regiónoch. Do tretice ide o informačné a propagačné zviditeľnenie oboch historických miest. Vzhľadom na horší stav Skalky, vyžadujúci si rozsiahlejší informačný systém pre návštevníkov mimo letnej sezóny, sú spracované a osadené na ôsmich informačných tabuliach v rámci náučného chodníka Veľká a Malá Skalka. Dúfame, že k rozvoju cestovného ruchu prispeje aj táto spoločná kvalitná slovensko-česko-anglická publikácia, propagujúca oba benediktínske kláštory a zároveň in- Študenti z Gymnázia v Židlochoviciach na výmennom pobyte na Skalke / Students at Skalka territories is concerned through exchanges of students and youth on reconstructive works provided by Piarist Gymnasium in Trenčín and Židlochovice Gymnasium. Traditional visits of pilgrimage places in Velehrad and Hostýn are the second field of cooperation, which have been expanded on mutual participation at spiritual and cultural activities in both regions. And thirdly information unhiding of both historical places is concerned. Development and embeding of eight information boards on nature trail Grand and Little Skalka is being planned. We hope also this brochure will contribute to tourism development. MUDr. Pavol Sedláček, MPH, Chairman of Trenčín Self-governing Region Študenti z Piaristického gymnázia v Trenčíne na výmennom pobyte v Rajhrade / Students in Rajhrad 4

5 formácie o projekte a partnerovi aj na svojich webstránkach. Verím, že všetky tieto aktivity prispejú k prehĺbeniu cezhraničnej spolupráce a prispejú aj k posilneniu spoločného génia loci oboch benediktínskych kláštorov s ich odkazom pre budúcnosť. Očakávame, že nedeliteľnou súčasťou mikroprojektu bude aj odovzdanie skúseností zo 16-ročnej praxe NADACE ORA ET LABORA Neinvestičnému fondu BEŇADIK, vzájomná inšpirácia v organizovaní kultúrnych podujatí v kláštorných objektoch, zvyšujúca sa ich príťažlivosť pre odbornú a laickú verejnosť až po záverečné vyhodnotenie a nasledujúce pokračovanie spolupráce pri ďalších pozoruhodných cezhraničných projektoch. MUDr. Pavol Sedláček, MPH predseda Trenčianskeho samoprávneho kraja Vystavme pomník našej cirkevno-národnej slobody! Obnovme chrám našich slovenských patrónov, sv. Andreja a Beňadika s misijným ústavom pre celé Slovensko! Položme základ našej lepšej budúcnosti! (Citát z výzvy prvých slovenských biskupov v Nitre z roku 1921 na obnovu starobylej Skalky. Zdroj: Pri jej 90. výročí zarezonovala znovu. Osobnosti z cirkevného, kultúrneho, verejného, podnikateľského a umeleckého života v regióne Trenčín, ale aj na celom Slovensku a v zahraničí prijali počas slávnostnej svätej omše na Malej Skalke 20. februára 2011 novú výzvu na obnovu najstaršieho pútnického miesta na Slovensku. V tom istom čase vznikol z iniciatívy nitrianskeho biskupa Mons. Viliama Judáka a početných osobností trenčianskeho regiónu i z celého Slovenska Neinvestičný fond Beňadik, ktorého hlavným poslaním je obnova a rozvoj starobylej Skalky. Beňadik non-investment fund has arisen from initiation of Nitra s bishop Mons. Viliam Judák as well as populous characters of Trenčín region in Its main aim is restoration and development of ancient Skalka upon Trenčín, the oldest pilgrimage place in Slovakia. Nitriansky biskup Karol Kmeťko a pápežský protonotár Andrej Hlinka v roku 1924 na Skalke, (V roku 1924 nitriansky biskup vyhlásil celý areál Skalky za slovenské pútnické miesto s významom, aký majú Lurdy vo Francúzsku) / Nitra Bishop Karol Kmeťko at Skalka 1924 Ora et Labora foundation has been established by Rajhrad municipality in 1995 and its activities focuses on preservaton and utilization of Benedictine Monastery Rajhrad, the oldest monastery in Moravia. The name of the foundation revers to monastic programme of the Benedictines Pray and work. Mutual Czecho-Slovakian microproject By Benedictine Journeys aims at bulding up the nature trail at Skalka upon Trenčín and contributing to restoration of the ancient monastery in Moravian Rajhrad. The project has been supported by European Regional Development Fund through Crossborder Cooperation Programme SR ČR Along the Benedictine Ways In 2013, we are celebrating the 1150th anniversary of the arrival of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in the territory of former Great Moravia and Pannonia. Their mission wasn t the beginning but the continuation of the expeditions of the Christian pilgrims and missionaries to 5

6 V septembri 2011 sa N. F. prihlásil k VI. výzve TSK mikroprojektom cezhraničnej spolupráce pod názvom Benediktínskymi cestami, ktorého poslaním je vybudovať na Skalke náučný chodník a u nášho partnera v Rajhrade prispieť k obnove starobylého kláštora. this area. The first ones were the Christian legionaries recruited from the Roman troops of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Between the years 172 and 180, they were fighting to the north of the limes romanum, close to modern-day Trenčín, against the Germanic tribe of Quads. Rajhrad zničené priestory kláštora / Rajhrad The monastery before reconstruction Náš partner NADACE ORA ET LABORA z moravského Rajhradu prijal našu výzvu na spoluprácu a takto sa nám predstavil: Objekt kláštera Rajhrad je nemovitou památkou. Její záchranu podporuje NADACE ORA ET LABORA založena Městem Rajhrad v březnu 1995 a zapsána u Krajského soudu v Brně pod č. N 4 v nadačním rejstříku. Nese název podle řeholního programu benediktinů MODLI SE A PRACUJ. Své působení zahájila posláním: záchrana a využití nemovité kulturnní památky benediktinského kláštera, zdejšího barokního skvostu, který je nejstarším klášterem na Moravě, představeným podle posledního projektu slavného architekta A. B. Santiniho-Aichla, záchrana kulturní památky knihovního fondu a mobiliáře historické klášterní knihovny. Nadace úzce spolupracuje s vlastníkem Benediktinským opatstvím, a spolu s Městem Rajhrad pomáhá získávat prostředky na realizaci oprav. Působí pouze dobrovolným úsilím svých členů a nemá žádné zaměstnance. Od roku 1995 nadace shromáždila více než 7 milionů korun od drobných dárců, od fyzických a právnických osob. Značná část obnovy byla financována z dotací a grantů. Rajhrad priestory po rekonštrukcii v roku 2012 / Rajhrad The monastery after reconstruction Since ancient times, there had been two lines of the Amber Road in the rivers Váh and Moravia valleyes. It was an ancient trade route leading from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and oriental countries, used by Roman, Byzantine, Arabic and Frankish merchants. They were accompanied on their travels by the first Christian missionaries the Benedictines, men in brown cowls called cultural ploughmen of medieval Europe. Benedictines This religious order contributed the most to the preservation of the ancient culture, erudition and economic development in the Middle Ages. Regula Benedicti, or Humble Regulations for Beginners, compiled in the 6th century for the monastery of Monte Cassino by St. Benedict of Nursia, were adopted in the whole Christian Europe 300 years later by St. Benedict of Aniane. The basic rule that distinguished Benedictine monks from the others was humility in everything ranging from eating, drinking, sleeping, and working up to the unreserved obedience towards their superiors. Through work did they learn to be humble, which was really a turning point at that time. They weren t just praying and con- 6

7 Také díky projektu Evropského fondu regionálního rozvoje Společně bez hranic Benediktinskými cestami jsme přispěli k obnově kláštera díky výměně studentů v dvou letních táborech. Součástí projektu byla také kulturní a duchovní výměna. Věřící z Rajhradu navštívili poutní místo Skalka s jeho klášterem, Pěvecký sbor města Rajhrad přednesl v Piaristickém kostele v Trenčíne hudební pásmo Popelka nazaretská. Pěvecký sbor PIARISIMO Piaristického gymnázia Dr. Jozefa Braneckého navštívil Rajhrad při příležitosti 964. výročí založení kláštera v Rajhrade pásmem světských i duchovních písní. mail: OraEtLabora@rajhrad.cz templating, but they were working physically, although this type of work was considered inferior. This way, Benedictines returned dignity to physical work. Ora et labora (pray and work) was a new progressive idea in the development of the society at that time. Gradually, various tendencies were formed in the Benedictine order. The Cistercians (by Robert of Molesme from the Cîteaux Abbey) focused on manual work and self-sufficiency, the Carthusians (from the 11th century by St. Bruno from the Grand Chartreuse in the French Alps) proved their humbleness by wearing frocks from the most rough cloth, and their only treasures were books and extensive library collections. The Cluniac Reforms promoted pilgrimage as a way of repentance and started to organize pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela. Veľká Skalka oltár kláštornej kaplnky zničený v r / Veľká Skalka The chapel 1972 Benediktínskymi cestami V roku 2013 oslavujeme výročie príchodu cyrilo -metodskej misie na územie bývalej Veľkej Moravy a Panónie. Nebol to však začiatok, ale pokračovanie ciest kresťanských pútnikov a misionárov na toto územie. Úplne prví boli kresťanskí legionári v rímskom vojsku cisára Marca Aurelia, ktorí bojovali proti Kvádom severne od limes romanum, niekde pri Trenčíne v rokoch Veľká Skalka kláštorná kaplnka obnovená po roku 1989 / Veľká Skalka The chapel 1989 In the 9th through 13th centuries, the Benedictine Order was forming the culture of the medieval Europe also by developing and supporting science and fine arts. Reading, transcribing old manuscripts, or creating new texts and works of art were all inseparable parts of their devotion and efforts. Wherever the Benedictines worked, monastery scriptoria were transferring and passing on antic culture and education to the medieval Christian society. In the territory of the present-day Czech Republic, the most important centers of Romanic culture were the Strahov Monastery in Prague, the Břevnov Benedictine Monastery

8 Údoliami riek Váhu a Moravy viedli od staroveku dve vetvy významnej Jantárovej cesty, ktorá bola prirodzenou spojnicou medzi pobrežím Baltického mora a krajinami Stredozemného mora a Orientu. Tieto cesty radi využívali rímski, byzantskí, arabskí, franskí obchodníci. Spolu s nimi, po týchto istých cestách, prechádzali, ale aj zostávali, prví franskí kresťanskí misionári benediktíni, prezývaní aj kultúrni oráči stredovekej Európy. Benediktíni (Ordo Sancti Benedicti, OSB) Tento mníšsky rád sa zaslúžil najväčšou mierou o zachovanie starovekej vzdelanosti, ekonomiky a kultúry, a ich prenos do stredovekej spoločnosti. Regule Benedicti, alebo Skromné pravidlá pre začiatočníkov, ktoré sv. Benedikt z Nursie zaviedol v polovici 6. storočia pre kláštor v Monte Cassine, presadil o tristo rokov neskôr v celej kresťan- Sv. Benedikt z Nursie / St. Benedict of Nursia Zdroj: Internet, Wikipédia Benediktínski pustovníci sv. Svorad a Beňadik vyobrazení na oltári a na bočných stenách kostola na Malej Skalke (founded by St. Vojtech who baptized the pagan Vajk, future King Stephen I of Hungary), and the Rajhrad Monastery in Moravia. In the Hungarian Kingdom, there was a monastery on the Holy Mount of Pannonia (modern-day Pannonhalma) since the era of King Stephen I. Nitra, the capital of the Principality of Nitra, became the Benedictine center as early as the 9th century. The Benedictines in Slovakia It was Pribina who greatly contributed to the settling down of the Benedictine Order in the territory of modern-day Slovakia. He was born about the year 800; between 825 and 833, he was the Prince of Nitra (at that time called Nitrava). The Principality of Nitra occupied approximately the territory of contemporary 8

9 Slovakia, with its most important hill-forts and settlements from Pobedim and Skalka near Trenčín in the western part up to Spišské Tomášovce and Čingov in the east. In the middle of the 9th century, all the area including Pannonia, current Moravia and western Slovakia was divided between the Diocese of Salzburg and the Diocese of Passau. Members of the Benedictine Order were executing Christian and missionary activities. Prince Pribina invited the Metropolitan of Salzburg, Adalramus, who came in 828 to consecrate the first Christian stone church in Nitra. This date is the official beginning of the Christianization of Slovakia. The existence of the church has been proved, but we still don t know its exact place of occurrence. Benedictine pilgrims Sts. Andrew Svorad (left) and Benedict (right) at Malá Skalka skej Európe sv. Benedikt z Aniane. Základným pravidlom, ktoré odlišovalo benediktínskych mníchov od ostatných, bola pokora vo všetkom v jedení, pití, spánku, v plnení povinností, a súčasne aj bezvýhradná poslušnosť voči nadriadeným. Prelomovou kultúrnou novinkou v mníšskom živote bol spôsob, ako sa učiť pokore bolo to prostredníctvom práce. Už nie iba rozjímanie a modlenie, ale každý druh práce, aj fyzickej, ktorá bola v stredovekom chápaní podradnou činnosťou. Z kultúrneho hľadiska to znamenalo úplnú rehabilitáciu ľudskej práce, ktorá dostala rovnakú dôstojnosť ako modlitba. Heslo Ora et labora (modli sa a pracuj) je treba chápať aj v dobovom kontexte, ako pokrokovú a revolučnú myšlienku vo vývoji 9 Pannonian Crossroads After he involuntarily left Nitra, Pribina founded the center of his new principality in Blatnohrad (Blatengrad, Mosaburg, nowadays Zalavár), an area near the mouth of the River Zala settled by the Slavs. The Principality of Pannonia was surrounded by the Danube river in the north and east and occupied the territories of presentday Austrian Burgenland, part of Slovenia and Steiermark (from Veszprém and Pécs to Ptuj in Slovenia today). In Pannonia, Pribina continued his efforts at Christianization. He collaborated with Benedictine missionaries. The Church of Blatnohrad was solemnly consecrated on January 24, 850. Within the 21 years of Pribina s success- Najstaršia kaplnka v benediktínskej časti kláštora na Veľkej Skalke / The chapel at Veľká Skalka

10 vtedajšej spoločnosti. Postupne sa formovali nové smery aj v benediktínskej reholi cisterciáni (podľa Roberta z Molesmes z kláštora Citeaux v Burgundsku) venovali najväčšiu pozornosť obrábaniu pôdy a k tomu prináležiacim prácam (zveľaďovanie Božej záhrady), kartuziáni (od 11. storočia podľa opáta Bruna v Grande Chartreuse v Alpách) zase dokazovali pokoru tým, že nosili šaty z najhrubšieho materiálu a ich jediným bohatstvom boli knihy a veľká knižnica. Presadenie pútnictva, ako spôsobu pokánia, je zase výsledkom Clunyjskej reformy (benediktínsky kláštor v Cluny), ktorá začala organizovať pravidelné púte k sv. Jakubovi do Compostely. V storočí boli benediktíni rádom, ktorý formoval kultúru stredovekej Európy aj v oblasti rozvíjania vied a výtvarného umenia neoddeliteľnou súčasťou práce bol dôraz na pravidelné čítanie a prepisovanie starých rukopisov, tvorbu nových textov Hrad Nitra / Nitra Castle Socha Pribinu na Nitrianskom hrade / The statue of Pribina in Nitra ful reign ( ), Blatnohrad became an important centre of Christian culture and missionary activities. Pribina s son Koceľ, a Christian since he was born, became Prince of Pannonia after his father. A zealous Christianizer, he continued the work of his father. In 863, Sts. Cyril and Methodius from Thessaloniki were passing the territory of Koceľ as they were coming to Moravia on the invitation of Prince Rastislav, but it is not known if they actually met. Indisputable, however, remains the fact that Cyril and Methodius visited Koceľ in Blatnohrad in 867, on their journey from Moravia to Rome. Their gathering aroused mutual sympathies. Koceľ became an assiduous defender of the Slavic alphabet and liturgy. He ordered tens of his scholars to learn the new alphabet and ceremonials. In 869, he asked Pope Adrian II to consecrate Methodius as Bishop of Pannonia. Trenčín Region The monastery in Skalka near Trenčín is the oldest Benedictine settlement in the region of Trenčín. Skalka became a significant sacral site after the arrival of St. Benedict, around the year 1031, and later after his martyrdom. St. Andrew-Svorad and St. Benedict were the first saints to be canonized in the Hungarian Kingdom, as early as the 11th century. At that time, Skalka became an important pilgrimage site the oldest in the territory of modern-day Slovakia and in the entire Hungarian Kingdom. 10

11 a umeleckých diel. Kláštorné skriptóriá sa stali mostom, ktorý prenášal antickú vzdelanosť do stredovekej kresťanskej spoločnosti tento trend sa prenášal do všetkých krajín, kde rád pôsobil. V Čechách bol najvýznamnejším centrom šírenia románskej kultúry kláštor v Prahe na Strahove, v Břevnove založil benediktínsky kláštor sv. Vojtech (biskup, ktorý urobil z pohanského Vajka kresťana Štefana, neskôr kráľa), nemenej významným bol Rajhrad na Morave. V Uhorskom kráľovstve plnil materskú funkciu kláštor na Panónskej hore (dnešná Pannonhalma) už od čias kráľa Štefana I., ale ešte o vyše storočie starším strediskom benediktínov bola Nitra ako sídelné mesto Nitrianskeho kniežatstva už v 9. storočí. Benediktíni na Slovensku O udomácnenie kresťanských misionárov benediktínov na území Slovenska sa ako prvý zaslúžil Pribina. Narodil sa približne okolo roku 800, v rokoch bol kniežaťom v Nitre (vtedajšej Nitrave). Nitrianske kniežatstvo zaberalo približne celé dnešné Slovensko, s najvýznamnejšími hradiskami a sídlami od Pobedimu a trenčianskej Skalky na západe, po Spišské Tomášovce a Čingov na východe. V polovici 9. storočia bola oblasť celej Panónie, ako aj dnešnej Moravy a západného Slovenska rozdelená medzi cirkevnú pôsobnosť Salzburskej a Pasovskej diecézy a vykonávateľmi misijnej kresťanskej činnosti boli príslušníci benediktínskeho rádu. Na pozvanie kniežaťa Pribinu prišiel vysvätiť prvý kamenný kresťanský kostol v Nitre v roku 828 osobne salzburský arcibiskup Adalramus tento dátum, a tento kostol je teda oficiálnym začiatkom christianizácie Slovenska. Existencia kostola je historicky síce potvrdená, ale na jeho presné určenie miesta a archeologické objavenie sa ešte stále čaká. Zalavár Blatnohrad, pamiatka na sv. Cyrila a Metoda / Zalavár Blatnohrad The statue of Sts. Cyril and Method Skalka As a Point of Origin Skalka near Trenčín is the place related to the oldest legend of the then Hungarian Kingdom The Lives of Saint Hermits, Svorad The Confessor and Benedict the Martyr, written by Maurus, Bishop of Päťkostolie (Quinque Ecclesiae /Pécs). It dates back to the years 1064 to 1070 and was written by Maurus, a Benedictine monk from the monastery of Pannonhalm, future Bishop of Pécs, who personally knew Benedict from Skalka. These facts were written on the occasion of canonization of both saints St. Svorad the Confessor and St. Benedict the Martyr, the oldest Saints in the Hungarian Kingdom. In the Middle Ages, the legend was noted in the whole Europe. Up to this time, its then descriptions have been preserved in the Royal Library in Brussels, the Mazarin Library in Paris, the Szechenyi Library in Budapest, or in Munich. Its oldest version dating back to the 13th century is available in the Zagreb Breviary in the University Library in Zagreb. Zalavár Blatnohrad, kresťanský kostol / Zalavár Blatnohrad Christian church Panónske križovatky Po nútenom odchode z Nitry založil a vybudoval Pribina pri ústí rieky Zaly do Blatenského jazera, na území osídlenom Slovanmi, Blatnohrad (Blatengrad, Mosaburg, 11

12 dnes Zalavár), ktorý sa stal centrom nového kniežatstva. Panónske kniežatstvo tvorilo územie ohraničené riekou Dunaj na severe a východe, na západe zaberalo aj dnešný rakúsky Burgenland, severovýchodnú časť súčasného Slovinska a Štajersko (od Veszprému a Pécsu po slovinský Ptuj). V Panónii pokračoval Pribina v christianizačnom úsilí a spolupráci s benediktínskymi misionármi, v roku 850 (24. januára) sa konalo slávnostné vysvätenie kostola v Blatnohrade. Úspešné pôsobenie Pribinu ako panónskeho kniežaťa trvalo 21 rokov ( ). Blatnohrad sa stal významným centrom kresťanskej vzdelanosti a misijným východiskom. Po Pribinovi sa stal panónskym kniežaťom jeho syn Koceľ, ktorý bol kresťanom už od svojho narodenia. Pokračoval v úspešnom diele svojho otca a bol horlivým christianizátorom. Keď solúnski bratia Konštantín-Cyril a Metod v roku 863 prichádzali na pozvanie kniežaťa Rastislava na Moravu, prechádzali cez Koceľovo územie, ale o ich možnom stretnutí nemáme zachované informácie. Konštantín-Cyril s Metodom sa určite zastavili v Blatnohrade u Koceľa v roku 867 počas svojej cesty z Moravy do Ríma. Vzájomné stretnutie muselo vyvolať obojstranné sympatie a záujem Koceľ sa stal zástancom slovienskeho písma a liturgie a vybral niekoľko desiatok svojich vzdelancov, aby sa vyučili v novom písme a obradoch. V roku 869 požiadal pápeža Hadriána II., aby vysvätil Metoda za panónskeho biskupa. Zalavár Blatnohrad, základy Pribinovho kostola / Zalavár Blatnohrad Pribina s church Maľba na motívy Maurovej legendy na strope farského kostola v Skalke nad Váhom / Maurus legend in a mural paintingin the church at Skalka nad Váhom The text accounts the hermit life of St. Andrew-Svorad in the cave under Zobor near Nitra, his 40-day lent on 40 nuts, his asceticism and penance as proved by a chain ingrown into his flesh, found after his death, and the miracles he did when he brought to life a dead bandit in his cave and saved a criminal condemned to the gallows. Svorad s life and actions were retold by his disciple Benedict, who continued his hermit life in the cave at Skalka near Trenčín after the death of his teacher. Three years later, in 1034, Benedict was assaulted and killed by bandits who expected to find a treasure in the cave. The body they threw to the river Váh was protected by an eagle and stayed intact the whole year after his death. The cult of adoration of St. Benedict has been known since the latter half of the 11th century. In the place where he had lived, the Church of St. Benedict had been constructed before the end of the 11th century, but its existence has been traced back only to the year It was when the pilgrimage tradition at Skalka began. Malá Skalka (Lesser Skalka) On the way to Nemšová from Trenčín, a twin-tower church, visible from distance, will catch your eye. The baroque appearance of the church goes back to the year 1745, as a result of reconstruction by the Trenčín Jesuits 12

13 Trenčiansky kraj V Trenčianskom kraji je najstarším benediktínskym kultúrnym centrom kláštor na Skalke pri Trenčíne. Významným sakrálnym objektom sa Skalka stala po príchode sv. Benedikta, okolo roku 1031, a jeho neskoršej mučeníckej smrti. Svätí Svorad (Andrej) a Benedikt sa stali prvými kanonizovanými svätcami Uhorského kráľovstva (ešte v 11. storočí) a Skalka sa stala odvtedy významným pútnickým miestom najstarším na Slovensku. Skalka ako východisko Skalka pri Trenčíne je miestom spojeným s najstaršou legendou z obdobia Uhorského kráľovstva Životom svätých pustovníkov Svorada Vyznávača a Benedikta Mučeníka, napísaný Maurusom, Päťkostolným biskupom. V rokoch ju napísal Maurus, benediktínsky mních z kláštora v Pannonhalme, neskorší biskup v Pécsi (Päťkostolí), ktorý osobne poznal Benedikta zo Skalky. Spísanie skutkov súviselo s kanonizovaním oboch svätcov a sv. Svorad-Andrej a sv. Benedikt sa tak stali najstaršími uhorskými svätcami vôbec. V stredoveku bola legenda známa v celej Európe jej dobové opisy sú dodnes zachované v Kráľovskej knižnici v Bruseli, v Mazarinovej knižnici v Paríži, v Mníchove, v Széchényiho knižnici v Budapešti, najstaršia verzia z 13. storočia je v Záhrebskom breviári v Univerzitnej knižnici v Záhrebe. Obsahom textu je pustovnícky život sv. Svorada-Andreja v jaskyni pod Zoborom pri Nitre jeho 40-dňový pôst so 40 orechmi, pravidelné odriekanie, ktoré po smrti ukázala reťaz vrastená do tela, i zázraky, ktoré vykonal, keď prebral k životu mŕtveho zbojníka vo svojej jaskyni a neskôr aj odsúdeného zločinca spod šibenice. Svoradove skutky a život porozprával jeho žiak Benedikt, ktorý po smrti svojho učiteľa pokračoval v pustovníckom živote v jaskyni na Skalke pri Trenčíne. Benedikta po troch rokoch pustovníčenia (v roku 1034) prepadli a zabili zbojníci, ktorí Veľká Skalka, pôvodné sochy v priestore rajskej záhrady / The Paradise garden at Veľká Skalka in the place of the former late-gothic chapel without towers. In the late 16th century, the chapel got rebuilt by Hungarian Palatine Juraj Thurzo, one of the most outstanding local representatives of humanism, Reformation and Renaissance. In 1924, Karol Kmeťko, Bishop of Nitra, proclaimed Skalka a Slovak pilgrimage site, similar in importance to Lourdes in France. Veľká Skalka (Greater Skalka) The church is presumed to have been standing in the place of canonization of St. Benedict at Veľká Skalka around the year 1083, although the oldest written record refers back to as late as 1208; in 1224, the Benedictine monastery is first mentioned. Between 1224 and 1528, Veľká Skalka, pôvodná socha sv. Beňadika v jaskyni / Veľká Skalka The original statue in the cave there was a Benedictine Abbey at Skalka, founded following the permission by Jakub, Bishop of Nitra: Jakub, Bishop of Nitra, is establishing the abbey at Skalka confirming to the rules of St. Benedict and is donating the 13

14 Malá Skalka v roku 1910 čakali, že nájdu v jaskyni poklady. Telo, ktoré hodili do rieky Váh, strážil orol a zostalo neporušené celý rok. Kult uctievania sv. Benedikta na Skalke sa spomína už od druhej polovice 11. storočia a na mieste jeho pobytu bol už koncom storočia postavený kostol sv. Benedikta, ktorý je písomne doložený z roku V tomto období sa začala aj pútnická tradícia Skalky. Malá Skalka Na ceste z Trenčína do Nemšovej upúta pozornosť kostol s dvoma zďaleka viditeľnými vežami táto baroková podoba kostola pochádza z roku 1745 a je výsledkom stavebnej činnosti trenčianskych jezuitov. Pôvodne stála na tomto mieste neskorogotická kaplnka bez veží. Malá Skalka je miesto, kde podľa legendy zhodili zbojníci Benedikta do Váhu. V roku 1924 tu nitriansky biskup Veľká Skalka pred rokom 1924 Malá Skalka v roku

15 Veľká Skalka v roku 1905 Malá Skalka pred rekonštrukciou v roku 1924 land of Újazd to serve as the maintenance of the monks.... Architectural relics indicate the flourishing period of the Benedictine Abbey; on 23 June 1238, Hungarian King Belo IV stopped there. On the premises of the monastery, there is an entrance to St. Benedict Cave that can be considered the oldest cave accessible to the public in Slovakia. It refers to St. Benedict s life. When the hermit got attacked by bandits during a prayer, he besought God for help, touched the rock with his hand, and the rock opened up; you can still see his hand imprint on the rock by the cave entrance. At the entrance to the cave, an early- Gothic stone portal of an artistic value has been preserved, originating at the turn of the 14th century. It was the period of Matúš Čák s favour. Likewise, the preserved documents confirm that in the 14th and 15th centuries, there used to be a monastery scriptorium, Veľká Skalka v roku

16 Karol Kmeťko vyhlásil celý areál Skalky za slovenské pútnické miesto s významom, aký majú Lurdy vo Francúzsku. Veľká Skalka Kostol na mieste kanonizácie sv. Benedikta musel stáť na Veľkej Skalke už okolo roku 1083, písomne je doložený v roku 1208, od roku 1224 aj s benediktínskym kláštorom. V rokoch bolo na Skalke benediktínske opátstvo, zriadené na základe súhlasu nitrianskeho biskupa Jakuba: Jakub, nitriansky biskup ustanovuje opátstvo podľa regule sv. Benedikta na Skalke, a na vydržiavanie rehoľníkov venuje Zem Újazd, predtým patriacu Mogosovi, ktorý ju daroval Nitrianskemu biskupstvu... Architektonické fragmenty poukazujú na priaznivé obdobie benediktínskeho opátstva 23. júna 1238 sa tu osobne zastavil aj uhorský kráľ Belo IV. Veľká Skalka, severný pohľad na kláštor so vstupnou bránou / The entrance gate V areáli kláštora je vchod do Benediktovej jaskyne, ktorú môžeme považovať za najstaršiu, verejnosti sprístupnenú jaskyňu na Slovensku. Viaže sa k životu sv. Benedikta keď pustovníka pri modlitbe prepadli zbojníci, poprosil Boha o pomoc, dotkol sa rukou skaly a tá sa otvorila doteraz možno pri ústí jaskyne nájsť odtlačok ruky na skale. Na mieste vchodu do jaskyne je zachovaný výtvarne hodnotný kamenný ranogotický portál z prelomu 13. a 14. storočia obdobia priazne Matúša Čáka. V storočí je doložené aj kláštorné skriptórium, kde sa ručne prepisovali a viazali knihy Skalka bola Veľká Skalka, jezuitská časť kláštora / The Jesuit part of the monastery where books were rewritten and bound manually. This period saw Skalka as a notable spiritual and library centre of the central Vah Valley region. Since 1528, the yields of the Abbey had belonged to the Nitra bishops, but the monastery kept on dilapidating up to 1644, when Trenčín Jesuits took over its administration. In 1644, king Ferdinand III donated all the possessions of the former Benedictine monastery to Trenčín Jesuits. The Jesuits gave to the monastery of Skalka its current looks they reconstructed and extended some of the old buildings, stabilized the defensive walls, and built a stone staircase numbering 180 stairs leading from the road to the entrance. They also gave its baroque façade to the church at Malá Skalka. Its current appearance basically results from the reconstruction and expansion of the premises carried out by the Jesuits throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Veľká Skalka, vchod do jaskyne s ranogotickým portálom / The early gothic portal 16

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