Entrepreneurs Among the Happiest People in the World

EMBARGOED until 12:01 a.m., January 21, 2014 Contact: Entrepreneurs Among the Happiest People in the World Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report finds entrepreneurship a satisfying career choice worldwide - especially for women within innovation-driven economies. (Santiago, Chile) - Entrepreneurs are among the happiest individuals across the globe when it comes to individual well-being and satisfaction with their work conditions according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report. The GEM report s special topic, Entrepreneurship and Well-Being, also found that women entrepreneurs from innovation-driven economies showed, on average, higher degrees of personal well-being than their male counterparts. Entrepreneurs worldwide at both the established and early-stage phases exhibited higher ratings on subjective well-being compared to populations not involved in entrepreneurship activities, suggesting that entrepreneurship could be a good career choice for most. Our idea, said José Ernesto Amorós, report co-author, is to contribute to a better understanding about what influences a population s perceptions about well-being and how that consequently shapes entrepreneurship indicators. One interesting finding is that in all regions, entrepreneurs exhibit relatively higher rates of subjective well-being in comparison to individuals who are not involved in the process of starting a business or owning-managing a business. Another relevant result is that female entrepreneurs in innovation-driven economies exhibit on average a higher degree of subjective well-being than males. This initial assessment opens up possibilities for exploring the role of women and men entrepreneurs beyond the traditional notion of development generally associated with economic indicators, Amorós said. About The Report The report, unveiled at the GEM Annual Meeting in Santiago, Chile, is the 15 th annual survey of entrepreneurship worldwide and is the largest single study of its kind. It is coauthored by José Ernesto Amorós, Universidad del Desarrollo in Chile and Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA); and Niels Bosma, Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In 2013, more than 197,000 individuals were surveyed and approximately 3,800 national experts on entrepreneurship participated in the GEM study across 70 economies, collectively representing all global regions of the world and a broad range of economic development levels (GEM groups the economies into three development levels based primarily on GDP/capita: factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven). The samples in the GEM 2013 Global report represent an estimated 75 percent of the world s population and 90 percent of the world s

total GDP. In addition to its annual measures of entrepreneurship dynamics, GEM analyzed well-being as a special topic in 2013. GEM Global Sponsors include: Babson College, United States, Lead Sponsoring Institution and Founding Institution; Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile, Sponsoring Institution; and Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia, Sponsoring Institution. The full report can be accessed here: http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/3106/gem-2013-global-report Key Findings Entrepreneurial Activity PHASES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN THE GEM ECONOMIES IN 2013, BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION Early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) Established business ownership rate Discontinuation of businesses Necessitydriven (% of TEA) Latin America & Caribbean Middle East North Africa Sub- Saharan Africa & Argentina 16 10 6 30 Brazil 17 15 5 29 Chile 24 9 8 20 Colombia 24 6 5 18 Ecuador 36 18 8 34 Guatemala 12 5 3 31 Jamaica 14 6 7 41 Mexico 15 4 7 7 Panama 21 4 3 19 Peru 23 5 4 23 Suriname 5 2 1 18 Trinidad & Tobago 20 11 4 11 Uruguay 14 5 3 12 Average (unweighted) 19 8 5 22 Algeria 5 5 3 21 Iran 12 11 6 38 Israel 10 6 5 17 Libya 11 3 8 8 Average (unweighted) 10 6 6 21 Angola 22 9 24 26 Botswana 21 3 18 26 Ghana 26 26 8 33 Malawi 28 12 30 44

Asia Pacific & South Asia European Union Non- European Union Nigeria 40 18 8 25 South Africa 11 3 5 30 Uganda 25 36 20 25 Zambia 40 17 20 39 Average (unweighted) 27 15 17 31 China 14 11 3 34 India 10 11 2 39 Indonesia 26 21 2 25 Japan 4 6 2 25 Korea 7 9 3 37 Malaysia 7 6 2 18 Philippines 19 7 12 44 Singapore 11 4 3 8 Taiwan 8 8 5 29 Thailand 18 28 4 19 Vietnam 15 16 4 25 Average (unweighted) 12 12 4 28 Belgium 5 6 2 29 Croatia 8 3 5 37 Czech Republic 7 5 3 23 Estonia 13 5 2 15 Finland 5 7 2 18 France 5 4 2 16 Germany 5 5 2 19 Greece 6 13 5 24 Hungary 10 7 3 28 Ireland 9 8 3 18 Italy 3 4 2 19 Latvia 13 9 4 21 Lithuania 12 8 4 23 Luxembourg 9 2 3 6 Netherlands 9 9 2 8 Poland 9 7 4 47 Portugal 8 8 3 21 Romania 10 5 4 32 Slovakia 10 5 6 40 Slovenia 7 6 3 24 Spain 5 8 2 29 Sweden 8 6 2 10 United Kingdom 7 7 2 16 Average (unweighted) 8 6 3 23 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 5 6 59 Macedonia 7 7 3 61 Norway 6 6 2 4

North America Russia 6 3 2 35 Switzerland 8 10 2 8 Average (unweighted) 7 6 3 33 Canada 12 8 4 15 Puerto Rico 8 2 2 22 USA 13 8 4 21 Average (unweighted) 11 6 3 19 In general, less developed regions of the world exhibit higher levels of entrepreneurship activity. TEA rates (Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity) are typically highest for factor-driven economies and decline with increasing levels of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). This is mainly because higher levels of GDP yield more and better job opportunities. Early-stage entrepreneurs in factor-driven economies have the highest proportion of necessity-driven motives (no other options for work) while innovation-driven economies with the lowest TEA rates have highest proportion of opportunity-driven motives. Some of the opportunity-driven entrepreneurs recognize and pursue opportunities that will improve their incomes as well as their degree of independence. In Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Singapore and Switzerland, roughly two out of three early-stage entrepreneurs showed the highest proportion of improvement-driven opportunity motives. Among factor-driven economies, Sub-Saharan African economies have the highest TEA rates especially Zambia and Nigeria with 39 percent among 18-64 year olds. Efficiencydriven Latin American and Caribbean economies scored highest while MENA and EU economies reported lower TEA levels. Trinidad, Tobago and the United States showed the highest TEA rates among innovation economies. In 2013, Italy and Japan reported the lowest TEA rates at 3.4 percent and 3.7 percent respectively. The rate of established business ownership (owner-managers in businesses that exist 3 and ½ years or more) varies greatly across economies. GEM found that in many factor and efficiency-driven economies, the limited sustainability of many start-up attempts is a serious concern. The rate of business discontinuance is highest in factor-driven economies mainly Sub- Saharan African economies where unprofitability, financing difficulties, and personal reasons were the most common reasons for discontinuance. Among all economies, financial issues were the number one reported reason for business discontinuation. Some

innovation economies reported positive reasons for discontinuation such as being able to sell the business, find a better job, or improve their personal situation. Looking at demographics within every phase of economic development, GEM found more early-stage entrepreneurs in the 25-34 age group than any other age range. Gender parity also varies markedly. In MENA economies, more than two-thirds of earlystage entrepreneurs are men, while in sub-saharan African economies, there are nearly the same number of men and women starting and owning-managing new businesses. The 2013 results reveal that the U.S. has maintained a high rate of entrepreneurship for three years running, after substantial declines in this activity in the aftermath of the recession, said Babson College Entrepreneurship Professor Donna Kelley. We are also seeing positive signs in the environment for entrepreneurship. More people (47 percent) perceive good opportunities for starting businesses in the United States (up from 43 percent in 2012). This is, by far, the highest we ve seen on this measure in the 15 years we ve conducted the GEM survey in the U.S. In addition, fewer people who have recently discontinued businesses are reporting a lack of finance as the reason for their exit: 8 percent in 2013 vs. 18 percent in 2012. In all, entrepreneurship activity is stable and popular in the United States with favorable conditions in the environment for this activity. Entrepreneurial Attitudes ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS IN THE GEM ECONOMIES IN 2013 BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION (% OF POPULATION AGED 18-64) Perceived opportunities Perceived capabilities Fear of failure* Latin America & Caribbean Argentina 41 62 25 Brazil 51 53 39 Chile 68 60 28 Colombia 68 58 32 Ecuador 57 74 35 Guatemala 59 66 33 Jamaica 51 79 27 Mexico 54 59 32 Panama 59 66 29 Peru 61 62 26 Suriname 53 54 24 Trinidad & Tobago 58 75 20

Middle East & North Africa Sub- Saharan Africa Asia Pacific & South Asia Europe EU 28 Uruguay 48 61 27 Average (unweighted) 56 64 29 Algeria 62 56 33 Iran 37 57 36 Israel 47 36 52 Libya 52 59 33 Average (unweighted) 49 52 39 Angola 57 56 64 Botswana 66 67 19 Ghana 69 86 25 Malawi 79 89 15 Nigeria 85 87 16 South Africa 38 43 27 Uganda 81 84 15 Zambia 77 80 15 Average (unweighted) 69 74 25 China 33 36 34 India 41 56 39 Indonesia 47 62 35 Japan 8 13 49 Korea 13 28 42 Malaysia 41 28 33 Philippines 48 68 36 Singapore 22 25 40 Taiwan 42 27 41 Thailand 45 44 49 Vietnam 37 49 57 Average (unweighted) 34 40 41 Belgium 32 34 47 Croatia 18 47 35 Czech Republic 23 43 36 Estonia 46 40 39 Finland 44 33 37 France 23 33 41 Germany 31 38 39 Greece 14 46 49 Hungary 19 38 45 Ireland 28 43 40 Italy 17 29 49 Latvia 35 48 42 Lithuania 29 35 42 Luxembourg 46 43 43 Netherlands 33 42 37 Poland 26 52 47 Portugal 20 49 40 Romania 29 46 37

Europe Non-EU North America Slovakia 16 51 33 Slovenia 16 51 30 Spain 16 48 36 Sweden 64 39 37 United Kingdom 36 44 36 Average (unweighted) 29 42 40 Bosnia 23 51 26 Macedonia 37 50 36 Norway 64 34 35 Russia 18 28 29 Switzerland 42 45 28 Average (unweighted) 37 41 31 Canada 57 48 35 Puerto Rico 28 53 25 USA 47 56 31 Average (unweighted) 44 52 30 * Denominator: 18-64 age group perceiving good opportunities to start a business. ** Respondent expects to start a business within three years. Denominator: 18-64 age group that is currently not involved in entrepreneurial activity (including involvement in early-stage and established entrepreneurship). *** This is an optional item in the GEM 2013 Adult Population Survey. Entrepreneurs in factor-driven economies (dominated by subsistence agriculture and extraction businesses, unskilled labor and natural resources) are more positive in their attitudes about perceived opportunities to start businesses than those in efficiency-driven (countries producing more advanced products and services) and innovation-driven economies (knowledge-intensive businesses with expanded service-sectors). Sub-Saharan African economies are highly optimistic with 69 percent of respondents seeing good opportunities to start a business. Respondents (74 percent) also believe they have the skills and knowledge to carry it out. Only 24 percent experience any fear of failure. European Union economies show lower perceptions on all of these measures. The EU hosts primarily innovation-driven businesses and GEM speculates that attitudes about starting new businesses tend to decline within nations as economic development levels rise. Still, differences in the prevalence and nature of entrepreneurship vary among similar levels of economic development. Latin American and Caribbean efficiency-driven economies report high rates of perceived opportunities and capabilities while economies in Eastern Europe and Asia Pacific (also efficiency-driven) scored lower on these measures.

Among the innovation-driven economies of Finland, and in southern Europe s Spain and Greece, levels of capability perception are low even when opportunity outlook is consistently high. Attitudes about being an entrepreneur vary depending on two key factors whether society places a high status on being an entrepreneur, and how often and to what degree the media cover successful entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial attractiveness is high in the Sub-Saharan, Latin American and Caribbean, and MENA economies (Middle East and North Africa) but much lower percentages are found in EU economies, particularly when it comes to media attention. Entrepreneurial Aspirations Growth expectations and aspirations of early-stage entrepreneurs are key in determining entrepreneurial impact and policy objectives that will help create more jobs. GEM found that a simple count of start-ups does not necessarily equal high economic performance. In economies with high TEA rates, the number of early-stage entrepreneurs indicating they expect to employ five employees within the next five years is rather low. Yet, MENA and EU economies pair low TEA rates with relatively higher percentages of early-stage entrepreneurs with high-growth expectations. Innovative orientation varies among regions and increases with the level of economic development. Japan, Korea, and China have high degrees of innovative products and services closely followed by entrepreneurs in North America and the EU. Sub-Saharan economies, European economies outside the EU report lower proportions. In emerging nations, Colombia, Chile, Taiwan and South Africa offer products or services that are new to their customers and see few local competitors. Factor-driven economies revealed the lowest level of international customers, on average. EU economies generally showed a high level while economies with big territories and big internal markets Brazil, Russia, China, India continue to exhibit lower international orientation. Innovation-driven countries such as Singapore, Luxemburg and Israel with relatively small local markets have a high international orientation. Special Topic Entrepreneurship and Well-Being The GEM 2013 Global Report includes a special topic that explores and measures a level of individual well-being (happiness or satisfaction) among entrepreneurial economies in order to develop better policies of support in the future. The report also researched self-assessments of work conditions and work-life balance, and how an economy s entrepreneurship framework contributes to the work-life balance of entrepreneurs.

Subjective well-being indicators vary widely across world regions. Sub-Saharan African economies exhibit the lowest rates, while Latin and North Americans have the highest rates. Traditional welfare states like Nordic economies and well-developed economies like the Netherlands, Switzerland and Singapore also showed high rates of subjective wellbeing. In all regions, the average of both TEA and established entrepreneurs find relatively higher rates of subjective well-being contrasted with all populations and individuals not involved in entrepreneurship activities. The report found that women entrepreneurs from innovation-driven economies exhibit on average a higher degree of subjective well-being than their male counterparts in the earlystages. Entrepreneurship Frameworks GEM interviewed country experts about the kinds of Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions (EFCs) including financial and government support, specific regulations, market openness, R&D transfer, entrepreneurship education and cultural norms and values related to entrepreneurship. Overall, experts in innovation-driven economies (EU and North America) gave higher rating to EFCs. In contrast, ratings were lower in Sub-Saharan African economies particularly related to R&D transfer. Emerging economies like Argentina and Brazil in Latin America, Malawi and Uganda in Africa, Indonesia and Philippines in Asia Pacific and Bosnia, Herzegovina and Romania in Europe have little support from government. Experts in Italy, Croatia and Lithuania were critical of government regulations there. Overall, Education and training in primary and secondary schools and regulations impacting new and growing firms were among the most negatively evaluated factors. Policy Implications GEM researchers offer several guidelines for policy makers, entrepreneurs, and academics to help them build entrepreneurial eco-systems that enable entrepreneurship to flourish in every world economy. Focus entrepreneurial education and training on the needs of early-stage entrepreneurs with work-life balance issues.

Develop policies to promote societal attitude changes about women; and that train, support and encourage women entrepreneurs. Identify the various types and phases of entrepreneurship in order to fully compare the entrepreneurial landscapes among economies all over the world. Create ways to stimulate entrepreneurship from a behavioral approach with the understanding that entrepreneurship manifests itself differently within particular economies, and is about cultivating entrepreneurial thinking in addition to increasing the number of start-ups or self-employment About GEM Download full report here: http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/3106/gem-2013-globalreport The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is a not-for-profit academic research consortium that has as its goal making high-quality information on global entrepreneurship activity readily available to as wide an audience as possible. GEM is the largest single study of entrepreneurial activity in the world. Initiated in 1997 by researchers at the London Business School, UK and Babson College, USA, GEM has now conducted research in over 80 economies all over the world. Learn more about GEM>> About Babson College Babson College is the educator, convener, and thought leader for Entrepreneurship of All Kinds. The College is a dynamic living and learning laboratory, where students, faculty, and staff work together to address the real-world problems of business and society -- while at the same time evolving our methods and advancing our programs. We shape the leaders our world needs most: those with strong functional knowledge and the skills and vision to navigate change, accommodate ambiguity, surmount complexity, and motivate teams in a common purpose to create economic and social value. As we have for nearly a half-century, Babson continues to advance Entrepreneurial Thought and Action as the most positive force on the planet for generating sustainable economic and social value. Visit www.babson.edu