Perspective of Permanent Reference Network KOPOS in Kosova

143 Perspective of Permanent Reference Network KOPOS in Kosova Meha, M. and Çaka, M. Kosovo Cadastral Agency, Kosovo Archive Building II nd floor, P.O. 10000, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo, E-mail: mmeha@yahoo.com, muzafer.qaka@ks-gov.net Abstract Development of technology in the field of surveying and measurements in one hand and other analyses coming from various countries in other hand, influenced local experts to work on setting permanent GPS stations. The situation with cadastral documentation in Kosova is improving gradually with persistent updates to the same. The most challenging issue is harmonization and integration of legal data with graphical data. This is to be achieved with continued massive registration projects, namely to make sure that cadastral data completely corresponds with the situation on the ground. Establishment of the permanent reference network plays crucial role in the implementation of these projects, providing accuracy and efficiency to all future surveys. Permanent GNSS-reference networks enable complete coverage and precise determination of position within centimeter accuracy with the use of the satellite systems GPS and GLONASS. They can display the official horizontal geodetic reference system and replace a complete coverage network of trigonometric points. Within Europe, these sorts of networks are already in use or are being set up. They have led to obvious increase of efficiency in the local surveying and have improved the quality of the data recorded. With the updating of the cadastre, boundary and building points coordinates can be determined quickly and reliably directly in the official reference system ETRS89. This paper identifies characteristics and challenges to be addressed when moving forward to the future of land administration and cadastre. In this attempt to move ahead, introduction of new surveying technology in cadastre is necessity. For this we have the support of different donors such as World Bank, German's GIZ, Norwegian Government etc. Currently, there is ongoing the process of tendering, with high probability that the System will be operational by beginning of next year. Key words: GPS, cadastre, third order network, cost 1 INTRODUCTION Currently the concurrent reception of GPS and GLONASS satellites is the technical status in geodetic receivers. The producers are already prepared to include the signals from Galileo satellites and other systems (COMPASS etc.). TS 3 Poster Presentation INGEO 2011 5 th International Conference on Engineering Surveying Brijuni, Croatia, September 22-24, 2011

144 INGEO 2011 With the implementation of the reference station concept for the Kosovo positional System (KOPOS), several of these systems will be supported. The entirety of the satellite systems will be named GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) from now on. GNSS makes it possible to carry out a worldwide position determination with an uncertainty of only a few meters using simple tools. The possibility of the civil use of these originally military systems, has led to a pioneering development in traffic and logistics, in the building and construction industry, tourism and many other areas.. The basic idea is to record and model all errors, such as satellite time and orbit errors as well as distortions of the satellite signals on their way through the ionosphere and troposphere, with GNSS receivers on known points (reference stations) in order to determine corrections for the observed data on unknown points. Kosovo Cadastral Agency s responsibilities are defined by the Law on Cadastre No.2003/25 as well as by Administrative Instruction No. MPS 2004/08. These responsibilities range from 3rd Order Reference Network for graphical data, to cadastral surveys and protection of boundaries marks. All these surveys will be supported by GPS Permanent Reference System. KOSOVAREF01 Coordinate System is supported by EUREF System. Geodetic Datum is defined by Gauss-Krüger Projection in Terrestrial European System ETRS89 (GRS80 Ellipsoid). As a result, there is WGS84 Coordinate System, which is based on Ellipsoid dimension, in angle of declination of Earth rotation, and in light speed constant as well as parameters set by US Department of Defense (DoD) as a reference framework for establishment and maintenance of GPS System. Dimensions of Reference Ellipsoid WGS84 accepted by the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) are: a = 6 378 137 + 2 m 1/f = 298.257223563 These dimensions are used for calculating geodetic measurement. In ETRS system, coordinates axels XYZ are affixed in the centre of Earth, where Z axel goes across North Pole, whereas X and Y axels lay in Equator Plate. Estimates suggest that when it comes to Europe, coordinates accuracy of the points set by ETRF`89 is roughly 20 mm, whereas for WGS84 calculated error of coordinates is roughly 100 mm. Regular maintenance and cadastre development are always based on a basic geodetic network of the country. After 1999, when Kosovo Cadastral Agency (KCA) has started the stabilization of Cadastre in Kosovo, the main task was to find out the condition of geodetic points. After the study and analyses it was found out that the activity should start with stabilization and fixing of the points in the field as a base for the beginning of Cadastre maintenance and a further development. 2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPED GEODETIC NETWORK IN KOSOVO A modern reference network based on the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS89) and the former Yugoslavian triangulation network is established for the needs of geodesy, surveying, mapping, cadastre, geographic information, utilities, buildings and construction works in Kosovo.

Meha, M. et al.: Perspective of Permanent Reference Network 145 The geodetic datum is defined as follows (Meha, 2005): Reference spheroid: Reference system: Origin: Projection system: IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics) ellipsoid GRS80 (Geodetic Reference System of 1980). ETRS89 (European Terrestrial Reference System), connected to EPN (EUREF Permanent Network). In the intersection point of projections of the central 21 st meridian and the Equator. Height at origin: Sea Level. Gauss-Krüger conformal transverse cylindrical projection (7 th zone). Scale reduction at the central meridian (21 st ) by 0.0001 (scale factor 0.9999). The stabilization of points for a new reference network, using GPS technology, started in 2001. The density of the first order network was increased with points of the 2 nd Order Reference Network one year later. In this new system, 32 1 st order points and 452 2 nd order points have been established in the entire territory of Kosovo. These points are established for geodetic detailed measurements, for cadastral purposes, for a study on the development of 3 rd Order Reference Networks. The study regarding the development of 3 rd Order Network was made based in three cadastral zones, which were as a pilot projects for the cadastre reconstruction. Initially, there was a need to develop a 3 rd Order Reference Network in these three cadastral zones. The outcomes from this study show the following: the territory of Kosovo has 1302 cadastral zones, in rural cadastral zones the minimum point number should be 30-50 geodetic points for 3 rd Order Reference Network, in urban zones (not cities) 50-100 points are needed depending on how big the settlement is. the points need to be protected and maintained for the future use of Cadastre. Based on an approximate calculation for the development of the third order reference networks in whole territory of Kosovo, and the project time needed for the development is estimated as follows: costs: Around EUR 3-4 million, project span: Minimum 3-5 years for a final network establishment. The cost estimation for a mentioned solution of a permanent GPS reference network is approximately EUR 450 000. Annual maintenance costs at KCA and MCO s are estimated to EUR 30 000. The use of new technology and development in geodesy made KCA to reflect how to establish the reference network in a more rational way and by modern technologies. Research results in developed countries showed that using modern GPS permanent network technologies can decrease the need of the 3 rd Order Reference Network. Therefore, the project s main objective is stabilization of the network Kosovo Positioning System (KOPOS) with GPS Permanent Reference Points. This Project shall provide various services, having as priority the geodetic measurements according to the accuracy of geodetic network, but can also contribute to modeling of atmospheres (troposphere and ionosphere), for weather and earthquakes forecasts. Speaking in financial terms, the project in the future shall reduce work-related costs and shall at the same time, generate revenue for its maintenance.

146 INGEO 2011 3 ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT REFERENCE NETWORK KOPOS Kosovo territory area is 10 908 km 2, there is about 50% plains and small hills, whereas, the other 50% of the territory is forestry and mountains. To guarantee the covering of the whole Kosovo territory with access to the permanent network, a detailed study needs to be provided by suppliers. However, the use of GNSS does not differ from conventional surveying techniques, that quality assurance processes must be utilized on a routine basis (Guidelines-2003). This is essential to ensure that satisfactory accuracy specifications can be and are being met. Anyway, to cover the Kosovo territory with correction data for Real Time Kinematic application, according to a preliminary study, there are planned to be established 7 permanent stations (see Fig.1) Figure 1 Planned reference stations in Kosovo (Source: GIZ-KOPOS Implementation report) To take most advantage the permanent GPS network will be connected directly to EUREF network, so data users will be satisfied with the offered accuracy. The system is designed for possible cooperation with the systems of other neighboring countries such as: MontePOS in Montenegro, ALBPOS in Albania, MAKPOS in Macedonia etc. Supervision and maintenance of the permanent GPS stations, after the testing period will be carried out by KCA. In the Networking Head Office, the data of the reference stations will be received, archived, processed in order to correct data and be given to the users. These tasks will be shared by several computers and will run simultaneously. In addition there are servicing and administrative tasks Figure 2.

Meha, M. et al.: Perspective of Permanent Reference Network 147 Figure 2 Planned KOPOS head office (Source: GIZ-KOPOS Implementation report) 3.1 EQUIPMENT OF PERMANENT STATION The following will be installed on a reference station: a high value geodetic antenna (chokering antenna) with weather protection (radom), suitable for receiving all currently used and foreseen navigation satellite signals, a geodetic multiple frequency receiver with a sufficient number of channels for all the available signals currently used and possible in the foreseeable future, a VPS network router, and if necessary, hardware for connection to an ADSL cable, a constant electricity supply (USV) a network switch that can be remotely controlled cable, rack, installation material The antenna will be installed on a pillar or a pipe so that it is mechanically stable. In particular, the pipes must be fitted over a long distance. The security of the location should be guaranteed to +/- 1 mm, and if necessary this should be proven by a calculation of wind load. The antenna should be protected in a suitable way against lightning according to the local regulations. The antenna and the receiver must be able to receive all currently available signals of the systems GPS and GLONASS. GALILEO and COMPASS compatibility should, if not already existing, be ensured through an update.

148 INGEO 2011 Figure 3 Functional scheme of a reference station (Source GIZ-KOPOS Implementation report) 3.2 DATA DELIVERY AND THEIR QUALITY The delivery of data occurs separately for real-time and post-processing clients. Real-time clients can receive a data stream via the internet or if necessary, point-to-point data connections. Expecting Accuracy of GPS permanent stations network are: Static and Fast-Static GPS surveying (accuracy): Horizontal ±(5 mm + 0.5 ppm) RMS, Vertical ±(5 mm + 1 ppm) RMS. Real-time and post-processing kinematics surveys: Horizontal ±(10 mm + 1 ppm) RMS. Vertical ±(20 mm + 1 ppm) RMS. 4 BENEFITS FROM THE KOPOS The use of KOPOS in Kosovo would put the cadastral administration, together with private licensed surveying companies, in a much better position for being able to carry out the required cadastral and other surveying works in the given timeframe listed below. Geodetic measurements;, Mapping and GIS; Planning and environmental studies; Monitoring of engineering structures (dams etc.); Precise navigation and vehicle tracking; Infrastructure measurements and project applications ; E-Government, e-municipality, e-commerce applications; and All geo-information projects.

Meha, M. et al.: Perspective of Permanent Reference Network 149 Further economic benefits also arise from the set up of KOPOS: With the new geodetic reference system KOPOS, the use of modern surveying technologies, such as GNSS and digital photogrammetry (aerial photographs, satellite images), is simplified. This leads to generally lower surveying costs, not only in the work in the real estate cadastre, but also in other survey-related works. The precision and reliability of the cadastral surveying increases to a uniform level in the whole country. The comprehensive availability of data and the exchange of geographic data between different national ministries and users, as well as between international institutions (from INSPIRE point of view ) will be considerably improved, Namely, recording of the local data can already be made in more simple and efficient way. 5 CONCLUSIONS KOPOS system will be used in spatial planning projects, infrastructure, municipality, vehicle tracking, agriculture, forestry, cadastre, GIS/LIS. This system will be highly beneficial for measuring Ground Control Points necessary for the operations of photogrammetric map production, ortho-rectification, orthophoto production. The costs will be (estimation ) 8-10 times lower than the those for establishment of the third order reference networks, KCA time efficiency field support to private companies and Municipal Cadastral Offices when establishing 3 rd order networks, Short implementation time - stabilization of 6-7 GPS permanent stations will take roughly 3-5 months. Provision of combined GPS Rover equipments to 10 biggest MCOs in Kosovo supports the general use of modern means that can also be used for cadastral and other surveying tasks etc. REFERENCE DMA, (1991) : Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, DMA.TR 8350.2, second edition, FARRELL, J.A. - BARTH, M. (1999): The Global Positioning and Inertial Navigation. McGraw-Hill, New York. Guidelines for Cadastral Surveying using, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Section 12. 2003, First Published by Surveyor-General, Victoria, prepared by RMIT University. http://www.icsm.gov.au GIZ (2009): A Study on Implementation of a Continuously operating Reference Network (CORN) in Kosovo MEHA, M. (1998):Analysis of approximation of ellipsoid or sphere in the field and their accuracy. Bulletin No 12. FSHMN Prishtina. MEHA, M. (2004): Analysis and Progress of the cadastre in Kosovo FIG Commission 7. Annual Meting, Clermont-Ferrand. 8-14 September, 2004. France.

150 INGEO 2011 MEHA, M. (2005): KOSOVAREF01, EUREF Symposium held in Vienna, Austria 1-4 Jun 2005. MEHA, M. (2005): Analysis of permanent GPS reference station in Kosova. Symposium organized on the occasion of the 40 anniversary of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture. Pristine 2005. National Imagery and Mapping Agency. 1997. Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems. NIMA TR8350.2 Third Edition 4 July 1997. Bethesda, MD: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. STEUDLER, D. (2006): Cadastre 2014 Still a vision? Switzerland