Comet Sun Earth (Not drawn to scale)
Barringer Crater, Arizona, U.S.A. (photo courtesy of NASA)
Data Table Name Average Diameter (kilometers) Period of Revolution (years) Ceres 848.4 4.60 Pallas 498.1 4.61 Juno 247.0 4.36 Vesta 468.3 3.63
Earth Mercury
Earth Venus
Planet Characteristic 0.30 Characteristic X 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Planet Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Eccentricity 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0 M V E M J S U N Planets
Moon Planet F 1 F 2 (Drawn to scale)
Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1 35): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 5 The diagram below is a constructed ellipse. F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse. 1 One complete cycle of the phases of the Moon takes approximately one (1) day (3) month (2) week (4) year 2 The diagram below shows the Moon at four positions in its orbit around Earth. F1 F2 1 Earth 2 North Pole 4 The eccentricity of this constructed ellipse is closest to the eccentricity of the orbit of which planet? (1) Mercury (3) Saturn (2) Earth (4) Pluto Rays from the Sun 6 The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New York State. 3 (Not drawn to scale) D An observer on Earth could see a solar eclipse when the Moon is at position (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 C A B 3 Which two stars have the most similar luminosity and temperature? (1) Betelgeuse and Barnard s Star (2) Rigel and Betelgeuse (3) Alpha Centauri and the Sun (4) Sirius and Procyon B Which letter indicates a location west of the post? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 4 Which planet would float if it could be placed in water? (1) Mercury (3) Saturn (2) Earth (4) Pluto P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 04 7 On March 21, at which location in New York State would sunrise occur first? (1) Riverhead (3) Buffalo (2) Syracuse (4) Massena [2]
Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1 35): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 1 A Foucault pendulum appears to change its direction of swing over a period of several hours because of Earth s (1) rotation (3) tilted axis (2) revolution (4) gravity 4 The diagrams below represent Earth s ocean tides at four different positions of the Moon. Which diagram shows the Moon position that will produce the highest high tides and the lowest low tides? (The diagrams are not drawn to scale.) Key 2 The same side of the Moon always faces Earth because the (1) Moon s period of rotation is longer than its period of revolution around Earth (2) Moon s period of rotation is shorter than its period of revolution around Earth (3) Moon rotates once as it completes one revolution around Earth (4) Moon does not rotate as it completes one revolution around Earth E = Earth M = Moon H = High tide L = Low tide M H L Sun M H E H Sun L L (3) Sun E H H H L Sun L L M Star F2 (2) L E H M (4) 5 From which New York State location would Polaris be observed to have an altitude closest to 43 above the northern horizon? (1) Binghamton (3) Watertown (2) Utica (4) New York City What is the approximate eccentricity of this ellipse? (1) 0.22 (3) 0.68 (2) 0.47 (4) 1.47 P.S./E. Sci. Aug. 06 L H (1) 3 The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around a star. The star and F2 are the foci of this ellipse. E [2]
Earth at perihelion Sun Foci B Earth at aphelion
Base your answers to questions 67 and 68 on the diagram of the ellipse below. F1 F2 67 Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse to the nearest thousandth. [1] 68 State how the eccentricity of the given ellipse compares to the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars. [1] P.S./E. Sci. June 03 [21] [OVER]
x ( Not drawn to scale )
Mercury Venus Core (nickeliron) Mantle (rock) Core (nickeliron) Mantle (rock)
Data Table Moons of Jupiter Density (g/cm 3 ) Diameter (km) Distance from Jupiter (km) Io 3.5 3630 421,600 Europa 3.0 3138 670,900 Ganymede 1.9 5262 1,070,000 Callisto 1.9 4800 1,883,000
Kuiper Belt Data Orbit Characteristics Kuiper Belt Objects Closest Distance to the Sun (AU) Farthest Distance from the Sun (AU) Eccentricity Approximate Equatorial Diameter (km) Varuna 40.47 45.13 0.053 900 Eris 37.77 97.56 0.442 2400 Quaoar 41.92 45.28 0.039 1260 Sedna 76.15 975.05 0.855 1500 Ixion 30.04 49.36 0.243 1065
D A Star Foci C Direction of movement B (Drawn to scale)
(Not drawn to scale) Orbit of Asteroid Hermes Mercury Mars A Earth Sun Venus
Periods of Planetary Revolution 200 180 160 D Period of Revolution (in Earth years) 140 120 100 80 60 C 40 B 20 A 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Distance from Sun (million km)
Planet Average Distance from Sun (millions of km) Data Table Average Surface Temperature ( C) Average Orbital Velocity (km/sec) Mercury 58 167 47.9 Venus 108 457 35.0 Earth 150 14 29.8 Mars 228 55 24.1 Jupiter 778 153 13.1 Saturn 1427 185 9.7 Uranus 2869 214 6.8 Neptune 4496 225 5.4
Main Composition of Planets Temperature That Existed When Some Planets Formed (K) 1,500 1,000 500 Frozen gases 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Earth Aluminum oxide Iron Silicates Carbon-rich silicates Distance from the Sun (AU)* Neptune
Month Altitude Compass Direction April 20 SW May 23 SSW June 25 S July 29 SSE August 33 SE September 38 S October 42 SW November 45 S
Jupiter Planet A
Period of Rotation Mercury Venus Earth Mars Planet
B Earth Planet Sun Planet Planet Planet A (Not drawn to scale)
Jupiter Mars Earth Sun Wild 2 (Not drawn to scale)
Mars Earth Venus Planet D Mercury Star Line of major axis of orbits Second focus of planet D s orbit
Mars Mercury Venus Earth Asteroid belt Uranus Sun Jupiter Saturn (Not drawn to scale)
Mars Earth Venus Mercury Pluto Neptune Uranus Jupiter Saturn