Lingua e Cultura inglese Prof.ssa Fabiana Loparco Michael Vince - Grazia Cerulli New Inside Grammar Oxford, Macmillan, 2009 Università degli Studi di Macerata Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, dei Beni Culturali e del Turismo Classe: L-19 Anno Accademico 2014/2015
Lesson number: 13 1. Discorso indiretto 2. Say e tell 3. Futuro nel passato (Future in the past)
1. Discorso indiretto Nel riportare un discorso, il tempo cambia se il verbo che introduce il discorso indiretto è al passato. I cambiamenti sono simili all italiano, tranne per il futuro (che diventa condizionale presente) e per il condizionale presente che rimane invariato. Discorso diretto Discorso indiretto Present simple I need a piece of paper she said Present Continuous She s going away, he said Past simple She said (that) she needed a piece of paper Past continuous He said (that) she was going away Past Simple We ate a lot, they said Present Perfect Past Perfect They said (that) they had eaten a lot We have eaten a lot they said
Discorso diretto Discorso indiretto Will I ll be back soon, he said Be going to We re going to buy a new car, they said Can He can t read or write yet, they said Must I must lock the front door he said Might, could, should e would I might come to the party, she said Would He said (that) he would be back soon Was/were going to They said (that) they were going to buy a new car Could They said (that) he couldn t read and write yet Had to He said he had to lock the front door Might, could, should e would She said she might come to the party
Fra gli elementi della frase che cambiano nel passaggio dal discorso diretto a quello indiretto ci sono: Gli avverbi di tempo Today -> that day Yesterday -> the day before Tomorrow -> the next/following day Now -> then This week/month/year -> that week/month/year A week/month/year ago -> a week/month/year before Gli avverbi di luogo here -> there I dimostrativi I can t meet you today, he said -> He said he couldn t meet me that day this -> that these -> those I pronomi personali, i possessivi (tranne quando si parla si se stessi) I lost my wallet, he said -> He said he had lost his wallet
In alcuni casi i verbi rimangono invariati: ciò accade quando la situazione di cui si parla non è cambiata I still like Jean, said Ted Ted said he still likes Jean It ll be rainy the whole of the next week, the weather man said The weather man said it ll be rainy the whole of the next week
Trasforma queste frasi nel discorso indiretto Exercises I m leaving, she said I saw the film on Monday, Tom said I ve missed the bus, Maria said We live in Marsden Street, they said I ll phone tomorrow, Anna said I m having a good time, Carol said
Trasforma queste frasi nel discorso indiretto Exercises I m leaving, she said She said (that) she was leaving I saw the film on Monday, Tom said Tom said (that) he had seen the film on Monday I ve missed the bus, Maria said Maria said (that) she had missed the bus We live in Marsden Street, they said They said (that) they lived in Marsden Street I ll phone tomorrow, Anna said Anna said (that) she would phone the next/following day I m having a good time, Carol said Carol said (that) she was having a good time
Trasforma queste frasi nel discorso diretto Exercises She said that she was leaving at six He said Peter often went fishing She said she would be back later I said that I had just seen Mark Alan said that they had left at 6.00 Helen said that she was working
Trasforma queste frasi nel discorso diretto Exercises She said that she was leaving at six I m leaving at six, she said He said Peter often went fishing Peter often goes fishing, he said She said she would be back later I ll be back later, she said I said that I had just seen Mark I have just seen Mark, I said Alan said that they had left at 6.00 They left at 6.00, Alan said Helen said that she was working I m working, Helen said
Discorso indiretto: domande e imperativo Se nel discorso indiretto la domanda prevede una risposta chiusa, nel discorso indiretto l interrogativa viene introdotta da if o whether Do you live in Milan?, she asked She asked if/whether I lived in Milan Can Alice speak Spanish?, he asked He asked if/whether Alice could speak Spanish Se nel discorso diretto la domanda è introdotta da una question word l ordine delle parole cambia nel seguente modo: Interrogativa diretta (l ausiliare precede il soggetto) Question word + ausiliare + soggetto + verbo Where do your parents live?, he asked Interrogativa indiretta (il soggetto precede il verbo) Question word + soggetto + verbo He asked where my parents lived non where lived my parents
How old is Bruno?, she asked She asked how old Bruno was Tuttavia, con what, who e which + be, l ordine può essere lo stesso dell interrogativa diretta Who is the winner? he asked He asked who the winner was/who was the winner Tra i verbi introduttivi nel discorso indiretto ci sono ask, want to know, wonder e inquire. Ricorda che ask è seguito dal complemento oggetto quando vuole specificare a chi è stata fatta la domanda Where is the bus station? He wanted to know where the bus station was He asked me where the bus station was Why did you go there? She wondered why he had gone there
L imperativo Nel discorso indiretto gli ordini vengono introdotti con tell + infinito Wait! I told him to wait Don t run! She told him not to run Le richieste nel discorso indiretto vengono invece introdotte da ask + infinito Please wait! I asked her to wait Altri verbi possibili per gli imperativi indiretti sono order, command, instruct, beg, implore
Exercises Completa queste domande nel discorso diretto usando le parole date Jack asked me whether I was having lunch or going out Carol asked Ann what she had done the day before John asked us if we often went sailing Christine asked me how many German books I had read Kevin asked Sue if she was going to change school Alice asked me who I sat next to in class
Exercises Completa queste domande nel discorso diretto usando le parole date Jack asked me whether I was having lunch or going out Are you having lunch or going out? Jack asked me Carol asked Ann what she had done the day before What did you do yesterday, Ann? asked Carol John asked us if we often went sailing Do you often go sailing? Jonh asked us Christine asked me how many German books I had read How many German books have you read/did you read? Christine asked me Kevin asked Sue if she was going to change school Are you going to change school, Sue? asked Kevin Alice asked me who I sat next to in class Who do you sit next to in class? Alice asked me
2. Say e tell Altri verbi introduttivi del discorso indiretto sono say e tell say to someone (that) + discorso indiretto (that) tell someone (that) + discorso indiretto Say è usato quando non è espressa la persona a cui si parla; say to e tell sono invece seguiti dalla persona cui si parla. Peter said he didn t trust that man Peter told me he didn t trust that man She said to her boss she had found a new job She told her boss she had found a new job Nota: Speak significa parlare e non si usa mai per introdurre il discorso indiretto Simon spoke to me at the supermarket yesterday (Ieri Simon mi ha parlato al supermercato)
Exercises Completa ciascuna frase con say, tell o speak nella forma corretta Daniel me that he was playing in the school basketball team I to Helen, and she she would phone you A translator the President the Italian proposal I my teacher that I know Chinese, but she didn t believe me
Exercises Completa ciascuna frase con say, tell o speak nella forma corretta Daniel told me that he was playing in the school basketball team I spoke to Helen, and she said she would phone you A translator told the President the Italian proposal I told my teacher that I know Chinese, but she didn t believe me
3. Il futuro nel passato/ The future in the past Per esprimere l idea che in un momento del passato ci si aspettava che sarebbe successo qualcosa in futuro, in inglese si usano due forme: was/were going to e would + infinito senza to In genere, was/were going to si usa per parlare di progetti o intenzioni Last time I saw Tony, he was going to open a restaurant Would + infinito senza to è usato, invece, per parlare di promesse He promised he would stop wasting money on video games Per fare previsioni, si usano entrambe le forme I knew you would pass the exam I knew you were going to pass the exam I had the feeling that the party was going to be a disaster I had the feeling that the party would be a disaster
Oltre che con was/were going to, il concetto di intenzione nel passato si esprime anche con was/were about to She was about to tell him the truth when I interrupted her In uno stile più formale, per parlare di progetti al posto di was/were going to si usa was/were to The president was to deliver his speech at 10 Prices were to increase by 0.5% before the end of the year
Exercises Trasforma le frasi al passato scegliendo tra was going to oppure would I thought Sally bring dessert We knew he understand Jane be on the beach when they called her from work I accept the job but then Fiat made me a better offer The government lower taxes later that year I knew they be here for us if we needed them
Exercises Trasforma le frasi al passato scegliendo tra was going to oppure would I thought Sally was going to/would bring dessert We knew he would/were going to understand Jane was going to be on the beach when they called her from work I was going to accept the job but then Fiat made me a better offer The government was going to lower taxes later that year I knew they would/were going to be here for us if we needed them
Per approfondire ed esercitarsi: Lesson & excercises pp. 390-395; 178-179 New Inside Grammar
English Children s Literature
The Chronicles of Narnia Author: Clive Staples Lewis Publication date: 16 October 1950 4 September 1956