Lingua e Cultura inglese

Transcription

1 Lingua e Cultura inglese Prof.ssa Fabiana Loparco Michael Vince - Grazia Cerulli New Inside Grammar Oxford, Macmillan, 2009 Università degli Studi di Macerata Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, dei Beni Culturali e del Turismo Classe: L-19 Anno Accademico 2014/2015

2 Lesson number: Must, have to, should 2. Didn t need to vs needn t to 3. Be to, be expected to, be supposed to 4. Make/Let s.one do e Get s.one to do

3 1. Must, have to, should Must esprime un obbligo più forte rispetto a have to ed è perciò usato in genere quando è colui che parla che impone un ordine, un obbligo o esprime una forte raccomandazione All students must wear a uniform You must come and visit us some time Have to è usato per esprimere un ordine o un obbligo che non dipende dalla volontà di chi parla, o una necessità. Ricordate che have to richiede l uso di do/does nelle forme interrogative e negative Do you have to wear a uniform at school? Jean quite often has to work overtime Nella prima persona la scelta tra must e have to dipende da come è sentito il dovere: si usa must quando è sentito come interno a sé, ad esempio un imperativo morale; have to quando lo si sente come determinato da circostanze esterne I must go and visit my grandmother today (mi sentirei in colpa se non lo facessi) I have to go and visit my grandmother today (è un impegno che ho oggi)

4 Nelle domande must è usato quasi esclusivamente nelle prime persone, e ha valore più enfatico (= devo proprio?) rispetto a have to Must I/we attend the meeting? Do I/we have to? Nella forma negativa mustn t esprime un ordine di non fare, una proibizione. Remember, you mustn t touch this wire Per esprimere una mancanza di obbligo si usano don t have to, needn t, don t need to You don t have to/don t need to/needn t cut the grass (non è necessario che tu lo faccia) In inglese britannico è possibile usare le forme have got to/haven t got to/have you got to? in riferimento a obblighi/necessità contingenti I ve got to do some cleaning this afternoon (o I have to do ) What have you got to do today? (o What do you have to do )

5 Exercises Completa le frasi con must o con have to. In alcuni casi i verbi sono alla forma negativa, del passato o del futuro You finish the essay today. It s for next week The doctor says I lose weight You stop smoking if you want to get better The judge said that you stay away from her One day we function without petrol We wear uniforms in school, we could wear whatever we wanted At least you change trains You enter when mass is in progress You leave at once!

6 Exercises Completa le frasi con must o con have to. In alcuni casi i verbi sono alla forma negativa, del passato o del futuro You don t have to finish the essay today. It s for next week The doctor says I have to lose weight You must/have to stop smoking if you want to get better The judge said that you have to stay away from her One day we will have to function without petrol We didn t have to wear uniforms in school, we could wear whatever we wanted At least you don t have to change trains You mustn t enter when mass is in progress You must/have to leave at once!

7 Should e ought to corrispondono alla forma condizionale di must, e sono perciò un modo più diplomatico di esprimere un ordine, un obbligo o una raccomandazione. Sono spesso usati nel dare consigli. You should/ought to be more careful Do you think I should/ought to invite them? Ought to è anche usato per ricordare a qualcuno il proprio dovere: You ought to leave your room in order Should può inoltre essere usato per esprimere ipotesi They shouldn t be too long Had better o had better not è più informale di should e ought to. Si usa come avvertimento riguardo a casi particolari e non a situazioni generali You had better clean the kitchen before the landlord come back Nota: nonostante la forma verbale al passato, had better si riferisce al presente o al futuro You had better slow down (= Faresti meglio a rallentare)

8 Gli altri tempi del verbo dovere di formano con have to We had to/didn t have to They ve never had to Will you have to? I may have to I hate having to Notate che la forma negativa didn t have to esprime mancanza di necessità. Un divieto viene espresso al passato con couldn t o wasn t/weren t allowed to I had a very strict upbringing. There were a lot of things I couldn t/wasn t allowed to do Nota: be allowed to richiedere sempre una costruzione personale. It impersonale come soggetto anticipatorio non è mai possibile: We couldn t swim/weren t allowed to swim in that lake. Swimming was not allowed there non It was not allowed to swim there

9 Exercises Scegli l opzione corretta She worries too much, she should/had better relax more You ought/should take your work more seriously My train is in an hour. I d better/ought go now I feel so embarrassed what should/ought I do? What a nasty cough! You ought/should to see a doctor We have/had better check the train timetable before we leave You oughtn t/should to write in library books

10 Exercises Scegli l opzione corretta She worries too much, she should/had better relax more You ought/should take your work more seriously My train is in an hour. I d better/ought go now I feel so embarrassed what should/ought I do? What a nasty cough! You ought/should to see a doctor We have/had better check the train timetable before we leave You oughtn t/should to write in library books

11 2. Didn t need to vs needn t to Il verbo need può comportarsi come verbo regolare oppure (nell inglese britannico) come ausiliare modale. Come verbo regolare, need può essere seguito: da un complemento oggetto Jack needs help Da to + forma base del verbo What do you need to buy? Come ausiliare modale, need si usa nelle interrogative e nelle negative (che si formano quindi senza do/does) Need I queue? Non prende la s della terza persona Need she sign this document? non Needs she

12 Need si usa per esprimere una necessità sia immediata che abituale I need to go to the dentist. I ve got toothache Per parlare di necessità abituali si usa don t/doesn t need to We don t need to have a vaccination to travel to Greece Need come ausiliare modale si usa soprattutto nelle negative per chiedere o nelle richieste quando ci si aspetta che la risposta sarà negativa Need we reserve our seats? (= ci si aspetta non ci sia bisogno di prenotare i posti)

13 Al passato need ha due forme negative: didn t need to e needn t have + participio passato Didn t need to indica semplicemente una mancanza di necessità: non importa che l azione sia stata compiuta o meno We were early, so we didn t need to rush. Needn t have + participio passato implica che una certa azione è stata compiuta, ma non era affatto necessaria. È spesso usato in forme di cortesia. You needn t have waited for me

14 Exercises Inserisci need, don t need o needn t Leave me alone! I to concentrate on my book Are you sure you any help? You really to speak so loud, there are the microphones I fill all these forms? Who can have made the complaint? you ask? The neighbours, of course! The flight only leaves at we be at the airport so early we leave a two-month rent deposit? Grandma see a doctor. She s perfectly healthy

15 Exercises Inserisci need, don t need o needn t Leave me alone! I need to concentrate on my book Are you sure you don t need any help? You really don t need to speak so loud, there are the microphones Need I fill all these forms? Who can have made the complaint? Need you ask? The neighbours, of course! The flight only leaves at we needn t be at the airport so early Need we leave a two-month rent deposit? Grandma needn t see a doctor. She s perfectly healthy

16 Exercises Riscrivi le frasi usando needn t have o didn t need to e la forma corretta del verbo It was a waste of time worrying, after all! It was unnecessary for us to renovate the flat so we just moved in I sold my flat in London over the internet I wasn t even required to fly to England It was unnecessary for you to call a taxi I could have taken you home

17 Exercises Riscrivi le frasi usando needn t have o didn t need to e la forma corretta del verbo It was a waste of time worrying, after all! We needn t have worried! It was unnecessary for us to renovate the flat so we just moved in We didn t need to renovate the flat so we just moved in I sold my flat in London over the internet I wasn t even required to fly to England I sold my flat in London over the internet I didn t even need to fly to England It was unnecessary for you to call a taxi I could have taken you home You needn t have called a taxi - I could have taken you home

18 3. Be to, be expected to, be supposed to Be to è usato al presente (is/are to) per esprimere: un obbligo o divieto (in genere imposto da un autorità impersonale) Video cameras are to be declared on entrance to the country This telephone is not to be used for private calls un evento futuro prestabilito (soprattutto in linguaggio giornalistico) The peace treaty is to be signed next week

19 Le forme passate was/were to sono usate per esprimere: obblighi o divieti (spesso sottolineando che non sempre venivano rispettati) The rules of the boarding school were not to be questioned azioni programmate o eventi predestinati (futuro nel passato) Nobody could imagine that that weak boy was to become an athlete Be expected to esprime, come have to, un obbligo che non dipende dalla volontà di chi parla o, al negativo, la mancanza di una necessità What are we expected to do with these files? When I lived with my parents I wasn t expected to do any housework

20 Be supposed to è usato per esprimere un dovere (essere tenuti a fare qualcosa). You re supposed to hand in your work every day Quando c è not si usa per indicare una proibizione (implica spesso che l ordine o divieto non sono sempre rispettati). If you ve got high cholesterol you re not supposed to eat a lot of butter You are not supposed to photocopy a whole book È inoltre usato con il significato letterale di supporre, ritenere che (credenza generale) This castle is supposed to be haunted Si usa anche per esprimere contrasto tra ciò che avrebbe dovuto succedere e quello che non è successo She was supposed to be here one hour ago John was supposed to pick me up at 7 but it s already 8 Be bound to, invece, si usa per parlare di qualcosa che accadrà per certo You re bound to see Paula if you go there (=sono certo che la vedrai)

21 Exercises Scegli l opzione corretta They re so different that they are bound/supposed to disagree on certain issues I don t quite understand this poem. What s it supposed/bound to mean? Whenever Mr Jones is not at work, I m supposed/bound to sing document in his place You re not supposed/bound to use swear words in front of a lady! Third year students are bound/supposed to hand in their papers by June 11

22 Exercises Scegli l opzione corretta They re so different that they are bound/supposed to disagree on certain issues I don t quite understand this poem. What s it supposed/bound to mean? Whenever Mr Jones is not at work, I m supposed/bound to sing document in his place You re not supposed/bound to use swear words in front of a lady! Third year students are bound/supposed to hand in their papers by June 11

23 4. Make/Let s.one do e Get s.one to do Far fare è espresso in inglese con le forme: make/let + complemento oggetto + forma base get + complemento oggetto + infinito Make + someone/something + forma base significa obbligare a fare o provocare una reazione, causare I ll make you pay for it The film was so moving that it made me cry The flood has made the bridge collapse (=has caused the bridge to collapse)

24 Let + someone/something + forma base significa permettere, lasciare They didn t let me speak Do your parents let you go to discos? Get + someone/something + infinito significa indurre, convincere a fare o ottenere che qualcuno faccia qualcosa. He didn t want to go to the dentist s, but in the end I got him to go Nella forma passiva make è seguito dall infinito He was made to confess La forma passiva di let è be allowed to I wasn t even allowed to speak

25 Nota: Make + oggetto può anche essere seguito da: un aggettivo The news made her sad (= la notizia la rattristò) un participio passato in alcune espressioni come make oneself heard/understood/known e con participi esprimenti sentimenti (make oneself loved/hated/disliked ) Speak louder if you want to make your voice/yourself heard Have/get something done La forma riflessiva farsi fare qualcosa da qualcuno è resa con have/get + oggetto + participio passato I can t see very well. I should have/get my eyes tested Where did you have/get your hair done? Get non è usato nel passato prossimo e trapassato: Have you had your car repaired? non Have you got your car repaired?

26 Exercises Inserisci make o let (segui le indicazioni tra parentesi) me sleep. I m tired (Imperativo) His wife him do the washing up every evening (Present simple) I can t believe it! Our teacher us learn the poem by heart (Present continuous) your parents you have a party? (Past simple interrogativo) They us use the phone, so we use our mobile (Present simple negativo) Stop that! me angry! (Imperativo negativo) you me use your car tonight, Dad? (Can interrogativo)

27 Exercises Inserisci make o let (segui le indicazioni tra parentesi) Let me sleep. I m tired (Imperativo) His wife makes him do the washing up every evening (Present simple) I can t believe it! Our teacher is making us learn the poem by heart (Present continuous) Did your parents let you have a party? (Past simple interrogativo) They don t let us use the phone, so we use our mobile (Present simple negativo) Stop that! Don t make me angry! (Imperativo negativo) Can you let me use your car tonight, Dad? (Can interrogativo)

28 Per approfondire ed esercitarsi: Lesson & excercises pp ; ; 84 New Inside Grammar

29 English Children s Literature

30 The Chronicles of Narnia Author: Clive Staples Lewis Publication date: 16 October September 1956