Tissue Review Slides for Human Anatomy

Classification of Lining Epithelial Two Major criteria used in classification 1. The number of cell layers Simple: Single layer of cells Stratified: More than one layer of cells Pseudostratified: Single layer that appears stratified 2. Cell shape of the most superficial layer Squamous: Cells are flattened Cuboidal: Cells are cubed shaped Columnar: Tall rectangular shaped cells Transitional: Cells are able to undergo changes in shape caused by stretching stretch Pseudostratified

Epithelial Classification Scheme Epithelial Tissues Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Ciliated Nonciliated Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Nonciliated Squamous Keratinized Nonkeratinized Columnar Cuboidal Transitional

Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands Classified by: 1. Number of cells: Either unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular (most others). 2. Branching pattern of ducts: Simple: Ducts do not branch. Compound: Ducts branch. 3. Shape of their secretory portions of glands: Tubular if the secretory portion is the same diameter as the duct. Alveolar (acinar) if the secretory portion is like a round ball. Tubuloalveolar if it s a combination of the 2. Simple Compound

Epithelial Tissue Review Slides

Test Your Knowledge stretch

Test Your Knowledge Simple Squamous Pseudostratified Columnar Stratified Squamous (nonkaratinized) Simple Cuboidal stretch Stratified Columnar Transitional Simple Columnar Stratified Cuboidal

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium

These cells come off the stratified squamous epithelial tissue on the inner surface of the cheek. These cells show the irregular, flat shape characteristic of typical "squamous cells." The nucleus (A) is centrally located, the cell membrane (C) is very thin, and the cell is filled with cytoplasm (B). Simple Squamous Epithelium

This piece of frog skin allows us to observe the irregular shape of and close knit nature of the cells that make up simple squamous epithelial tissue. A - cell membrane B - nucleus, C - cytoplasm Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium At the left, simple squamous tissue (A) line the walls of blood vessels; at the right it makes up the lung alveoli (A) wall. In both cases the cells are very thin. Locations: Capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs, covering visceral organs, lining body cavities Function: diffusion and filtration

LM 150x LM 450x Plasma membrane Nucleus of simple squamous cell Cytoplasm

LM 150x Simple Squamous Epithelium LM 450x Peritoneum Plasma membrane Nucleus of simple squamous cell Cytoplasm Surface view of simple squamous epithelium of mesothelial lining of peritoneum

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Simple Cuboidal Blood capillary with red blood cells Connective tissue Kidney Connective tissue LM Lumen of tubule Nucleus of simple cuboidal cell 500x LM 100x Sectional view of simple cuboidal epithelium of urinary tubules

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium In kidney tissue we find the kidney's tubules cut such that they appear as rings of cells around empty spaces. These cuboidal cells (A) that line these tubules are as wide as they are tall as they are deep - cuboidal. The nuclei (B) are easily observed. Locations: lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, pancreatic ducts Functions: secretion, excretion, and absorption

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, Thyroid Gland Follicle

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Microvilli Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Mucus in goblet cell Absorptive cell Basement membrane Connective tissue

Colorized scanning EM of simple columnar epithelium lining the uterine tube Cilia Columnar Cells Basement Membrane

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Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Microvilli Mucus in goblet cell Lumen of jejunum Small intestine Nucleus of absorptive cell Nucleus of goblet cell Basement membrane Connective tissue 500x Sectional view of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium of lining of jejunum of small intestine LM LM 1500x Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Uterine tube Cilia Lumen of uterine tube LM LM 500x 640x Cilia Nucleus of ciliated simple columnar cell Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Connective tissue Sectional view of ciliated simple columnar epithelium of uterine tube

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Cilia LM 630x Mucus in goblet cell Cilia Lumen of trachea Trachea Nucleus of ciliated columnar cell Nucleus of goblet cell Nucleus of basal cell Connective tissue Sectional view of pseudostratified columnar epithelium of trachea Pseudostratifie d ciliated columnar epithelium LM 400x

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: lines most of the penile urethra.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium The villi of the small intestine are lined by a single layer of columnar cells (A) - thus the name simple columnar epithelium. Note these cells are not as wide as they are tall with the darkly stained nuclei (B) located at the base of the cells. The cell membranes (C) are very thin but easily identified. Locations: lining most of the digestive tract Function: protection, secretion and absorption

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Ciliated

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Ciliated Basement membrane (A). The columnar cells of this tissue all begin at the basement membrane; only a few reach the surface. The nuclei (C) appear at various levels giving the tissue a stratified appearance. The cilia (B) are easily seen. The mucus producing goblet cells are not visible in this micrograph. Locations: This is a respiratory epithelium being found in such places as the nasal septum, trachea, and bronchi. Function: trap and move "pollutants" to the throat where they are swallowed.

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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Lumen of vagina Nonkeratinized surface cell Nucleus LM 630x Vagina Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Connective tissue LM 400x Sectional view of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of lining of vagina

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium, Ciliated G = Goblet Cell

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Transitional epithelium Urinary bladder Lumen of urinary bladder Rounded surface cell in relaxed state Nucleus of transitional cell LM 630x LM 400x Sectional view of transitional epithelium of urinary bladder in relaxed (empty) state Transitional epithelium Connective tissue

Transitional Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium At the left observe the ureter is lined by transitional epithelium (A). At the right the epithelium is more highly magnified. Note that the cells at the exposed surface (A) are large and rounded. They are also larger than the cells at the attached surface (B). (Compare this tissue to Stratified Squamous which has squamous cells at its exposed surface.) Locations: ureter, urinary bladder Function: distention

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Thyroid Gland: The layered spaces are the lumens of follicles whose walls

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium : Gall Bladder Simple columnar epithelium lines the gall bladder. Note the underlying connective tissue with blood vessels. Bar = 100 µm

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Blood vessel Thyroid gland Thyroid follicle Hormoneproducing (epithelial) cell Stored precursor of hormone LM 630x Sectional view of endocrine gland (thyroid gland)

Transitional Epithelium: Urinary Bladder

Transitional Epithelium : Urinary Bladder The expandible stratified epithelium of the bladder is referred to as transitional epithelium. Bar = 50 Microns.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with pale goblet cells.

Surface view of cilia with scanning EM scope

Transitional Epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium: Kidney (Glomerulus) Simple squamous epithelium (arrow) lines the glomerulus. This is an H & E section and nuclei are blue. Bar = 50 Microns.

Nonkeratinized Stratified Epithelium: Vagina Note that the connective tissue underlying the epithelium (lightly stained area in middle) extends into the epithelium as "peg-like" structures.

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Stratified columnar epithelium Pharynx Lumen of pharynx Nucleus of stratified columnar cell Sectional view of stratified columnar epithelium of lining of pharynx LM LM 630x 400x Stratified columnar epithelium Connective tissue

Stratified Columnar Epithelium Esophageal Gland

Stratified Columnar Epithelium Duct of parotid salivary gland. The basal layer of cells are cuboidal cells and the layer nearest the apical surface includes columnar cells. The large droplets are mucus, in Goblet cells.

Simple Columnar Epithelium with goblet (G) cells in the Jejunum

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Esophagus Stratified cuboidal epithelium Lumen of duct LM 640x Nuclei of stratified cuboidal cells Nucleus of cuboidal cell Lumen of duct 380x Sectional view of stratified cuboidal epithelium of the duct of an esophageal gland LM Stratified cuboidal epithelium Connective tissue

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Sweat gland ducts are examples of stratified cuboidal epithelium...usually however there are only two layers of cells.

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: Trachea The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the trachea is ciliated and has goblet cells.

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Esophagus. Surface is moist and living. Surface cells are squamous and still nucleated.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium with beginning surface keratinization

Thickly cornified stratified squamous epithelium. The cells in the bright red layer and in the pale layers above it are completely flattened and dead, and have lost their nuclei. This is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium from the sole of the foot. It extends the length of the blue line on the left. Notice the multiple layers of clear, dead, enucleated cells.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Pancreatic Duct

Stratified Squamous Epithelum Keratinized: Thin Skin

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Connective Tissue

Adult Connective Tissue Adult connective tissue is placed into the following categories: Fibrous connective tissue (a.k.a. connective tissue proper). Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone) Fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph)

Name The Cells/Fibers Frequently Found in Connective Tissue

Name The Cells/Fibers Frequently Found in Connective Tissue Macrophage Collagen fiber Elastic fiber Ground substance Blood vessel Adipocyte Reticular fiber Fibroblast Eosinophil Mast cell Neutrophil Plasma cell

Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Mature Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy

Types of Dense CT 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic 1 2 3

Types of Loose CT 1 1. Areolar CT 2. Reticular Tissue 3. Adipose Tissue 3 2

Name the tissue and find fibroblast nuclei and collagen fibers

Dense Irregular CT

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Adipose Tissue Heart Plasma membrane Cytoplasm LM Fat-storage area Nucleus 630x Fat LM 200x Blood vessel Sectional view of adipose tissue showing adipocytes of white fat and details of an adipocyte

Adipose Tissue Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Fat-storage area Nucleus Blood vessel Adipose tissue

Find: fat cells and little blood vessels

Brown Fat

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LM 640x Reticular fiber Lymph node LM 400x Sectional view of reticular connective tissue of a lymph node Nucleus of reticular cell Reticular fiber

Reticular CT

Areolar CT

Areolar CT In the watery matrix (ground substance) observe the nuclei of fibroblasts (A), collagen fibers (B) and elastic fibers (C). Locations: beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles and nerves Functions: binds one tissue to another (as skin connects to muscle), protection and nourishment to the organs and structures it binds, and stores "body fluid"

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue LM 400x Collagen fiber Tendon Skeletal muscle LM 200x Sectional view of dense regular connective tissue of a tendon Nucleus of fibroblast Collagen fiber

Dense Regular CT

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon

Dense Regular Connective Tissue The micrograph above is at very low magnification. To the left, at a much higher magnification, the fibroblasts (A) are more clearly observed between the parallel collagenous fibers (B). Locations: tendons and ligaments Functions: strong flexible support

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Dermis of the Skin

Reticular Connective Tissue Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network Location: lymphoid organs Function: fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types. Note: Lymphocytes (mass of cells) Reticular fibers (branch-like material)

Reticular Connective Tissue

Elastic Connective Tissue Elastic lamellae (sheets of elastic material) Nucleus of fibroblast

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Aorta Elastic Connective Tissue LM 400x Elastic lamellae (sheets of elastic material) Nucleus of fibroblast Heart LM 50x Sectional view of elastic connective tissue of aorta

Elastic Connective Tissue: Aorta

Elastic ConnectiveTissue

This section of aorta shows a tremendous number of elastic fibers (A). The fibroblasts are not visible. The light pink in this tissue is smooth muscle. Location: large arteries, bronchial tubes Function: Elastic fibers can stretch l 1/2 times their length and then recoil. These fibers will provide elasticity to tissues. Elastic CT

Adipose Connective Tissue The slide on the right shows adipose at a low magnification. The cells appear empty. At the left observe that the nucleus (A) is pushed to the side of the cell giving the cell the appearance of a signet ring. Cells are filled with fat globules (B). Locations/functions: -- Anywhere there is an empty space in the body fat is stored as a source of energy and may provide insulation. --The kidneys are correctly positioned and cushioned by adipose tissue. --The eye is cushioned in the orbit by adipose.

Adipose Connective Tissue

Loose Areolar Connective Tissue (Fibroblast)

Reticular Connective Tissue Observe that the reticular fibers (A) form a network or lattice in this spleen tissue. Do not confuse this tissue with the elastic connective tissue seen previously which has fibers that are parallel. Locations: spleen, lymph nodes, liver Function: gives support to soft organs

Reticular Connective Tissue

Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy

Supporting Connective Tissue Supporting CT provides the majority of the structural support of the human body. 2 types: 1. Cartilage 2. Bone 1 2

Cartilage 3 Three types (classified based on fiber differences): 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage. 2 1

Cartilage Review Slides

Name the tissue type and find: Cells with nuclei Thick collagen fibers Areas composed mostly of ground substance

Fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disk

Hyaline Cartilage At the left the bracket indicates the hyaline cartilage. At the right this tissue is more highly magnified. The chondrocytes (A) are located in lacunae (C). The matrix (B) contain collagen fibers that are so fine they are not visible in tissue preparations. Locations: "C" rings in the trachea, nose, articular ends of bones, fetal skeleton Function: precursor to bone, support

Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage Elastic cartilage is contained within the bracket at the left. This tissue is more highly magnified at the right. The chondrocytes (A) are contained in lacunae (C). The matrix (B) contains abundant elastic fibers.these fibers give great flexibility to this tissue. Locations: ear, auditory canal, epiglottis Functions: flexible support

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Elastic Cartilage Lacuna containing chondrocyte LM 640x Auricle of ear Elastic fiber in ground substance LM Sectional view of elastic cartilage of auricle of ear 400x Nucleus of chondrocyte Elastic fiber in ground substance Lacuna containing chondrocyte

Elastic Cartilage

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Fibrocartilage Nucleus of chondrocyte LM 400x Vertebra Lacuna containing chondrocyt e Intervertebral disc Collagen fibers in ground substance Nucleus of chondrocyte LM 200x Sectional view of fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage Slide if of intervertebral disc tissue. This cartilage type is recognized by chondrocytes (A) oriented in rows. Even when the tissue is highly magnified the lacunae, which hold the chondrocytes, can be difficult to see or are not visible. The matrix (B) contains numerous fine collagen fibers. These fibers give the tissue durability. Locations: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs Functions: supports, withstands compression

Elastic Cartilage

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Canaliculi Central (haversian) canal Femur Lacuna Lamella LM 400x LM 100x Sectional view of several osteons (haversian systems) of femur (thigh bone)

Compact Bone In the compact bone micrograph at the left, several complete osteons are visible. In the center of the osteon is the central canal (A) which hold the blood vessels and a nerve. These canals are surrounded by concentric rings of inorganic matrix, the lamellae (B). Between the lamellae are bone cells, the osteocytes (C) located in lacunae. Nutrients diffuse from cell to cell through the canaliculi (D). Location: skeleton Function: framework, protection

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

Compact Bone Shows Volkmann s and Haversian canals

Lymph Vessel

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Blood White blood cell (leukocyte) Blood plasma Platelet Blood in blood vessels LM 630x Blood smear (all enlargements are 1500x) Red blood cell (erythrocyte)

Blood Smear: Neutrophils (green), Monocyte (blue) Notice the horseshoe shaped nucleus of the monocyte. Bar = 50 Microns

Connective Tissue Disorders Scurvy Lipomas Keloids Rickets Marfan Syndrome Scleroderma

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells (fibers or myofibers) specialized to contract and therefore provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat There are three major types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Will discuss in greater detail when covering the muscular system

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Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle fiber (cell) Nucleus Striations LM 400x Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle tissue Skeletal muscle fiber

Skeletal Muscle

Name the tissue and find: Muscle cells, muscle cell nuclei, and collagen fibers

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue Nucleus Cardiac muscle fiber (cell) Heart LM 500x Longitudinal section of cardiac muscle tissue Intercalated disc Striations Cardiac muscle fibers

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Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Smooth muscle fiber (cell) Artery Nucleus of smooth muscle fiber LM 500x Longitudinal section of smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle fiber

Nervous Tissue

Nervous Tissue The nerves that carry the stimuli that cause your body's muscles to contract at MOTOR neurons. Their structure is different from sensory neurons. The cell body or perikaryon (A) is filled with chromatophilic substances which pick up the stain in this micrograph. The cell's axon can not be distinguished from its dendrites in the micrograph. B marks the axon and dendrite threads. The "C's" mark the neuroglia cells (dark spots) and the neurofibrils.

Nervous Tissue

You've made it! These cells seem happy for you. Go back and spend some more time studying all the beautiful tissues of your body