IWHR, Beijing, China Flood Prevention System and Flood Management in China Yicheng Wang China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) May 12, 2015
Contents 2. From Flood Control to Flood Management 3. Structural Measures 4. Non-structural Measures 5. Issues and Countermeasures
Topographic Characteristics The second level with an elevation of 1,000 to 2,000m The first level (Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau) with a mean elevation of over 4,000m The third level with a mean elevation of below 500m
River Basins in China Northwestern Rivers Yellow River Hai River Huai River Songhua River Liao River 7 Major River Basins: Yangtze River Yellow River Hai River Huai River Songhua River Liao River Pearl River Yangtze River Other River Basins: Southwestern Rivers Pearl River Southeastern Rivers Southeastern Rivers Southwestern Rivers Northwestern Rivers
Spatial Distribution of Precipitaion Average annual precipitation in China: 643mm. World s average: 800mm 降水深 (mm) Precipitation (mm) 161 537 1200
Temporal Distribution of Precipitaion Precipitation is concentrated in the summer, especially in the northern part 8% 4% 9% 18% 18% 18% Winter 47% 62% 41% Fall Summer Spring 27% 16% 32% Nationwide North South
Distribution of Flood Disasters Area seriously threatened with flood disasters Area threatened with flood disasters Areas with flood disasters The developed region in eastern and southern China threatened seriously with flood disasters
Enormous economic loss 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 In the period from 1990 to 2011, the average annual direct economic loss exceeded RMB120 billion, accounting for about 1.37% of the same period s GDP.
Death toll 10000 Unit: persons 9000 8000 8976 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 5308 4338 3744 2000 1000 0 1507 1950s 年代 70 1970s 年代 80 1980s 年代 90 1990s 年代 21 st 21 century 世纪
Contents 1. Background Information 3. Structural Measures 4. Non-structural Measures 5. Issues and Countermeasures
Turning point: 1998 floods in the Yangtze River and the Songhua River Before 1998: Attempts made to control floods After 1998: Policy shift from flood control to an integrated flood management Risk-based flood management: Flood Risk = hazard exposure vulnerability Non-structural measures Land use management Structural measures
General Framework of Flood Management
Contents 1. Background Information 2. From flood control to flood management 4. Non-structural Measures 5. Issues and Countermeasures
Structural measures: Levees, dams, flood detention basins flood diversion channels, river course training, etc. Levees with a total length of 410,000km Levee in the Yangtze River Levee in the Yellow River Levee in the Songhua River Levee in Wuhan
98,000 reservoirs dams with a total storage capacity of 932.3 billion m 3 Xiaolangdi Dam in the Yellow River Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River
98 flood detention basins with a total surface area of 33,700km 2 and a total storage capacity of 107.4 billion m 3 Jingjiang Detention Basin in the Middle Reach of the Yangtze River Mengwa Detention Basin in the Yellow River
97,000 Sluices constructed Jingshanhu Sluice Sanhe Sluice
Contents 1. Background Information 2. From flood control to flood management 3. Structural Measures 5. Issues and Countermeasures
Institutional Framework State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters (State FCDRH) General Commander: Vice Premier Vice General Commanders: Minister of Water Resources, Deputy Chief of the General Staff of PLA, and Deputy Secretary of the State Council
Institutional Framework
Laws and regulations Water Law Flood Control Law Flood Fighting Law Temporary Regulations for Compensation of Flood Retention Areas
Flood warning and forecast Typhoon disaster warning Monitoring of rainfall and river situation Flood forecast
Emergency management Rescue effort Flood fighting
Flood risk mapping
Flood control and drought relief commanding system General Framework River basin water resources commission State FCDRH FCDRH of a province Sub-center at a prefecture Information Collection Information collection Forecast Alternatives Consultation and decision making
Contents 1. Background Information 2. From flood control to flood management 3. Structural Measures 4. Non-structural Measures
Issues Incomplete flood prevention engineering system Aging flood prevention works Increasing economic loss caused by floods Inadequate security facilities in flood detention areas
Countermeasures Improving the structural system Improving the emergency management system Reinforcing the security system Enhancing the legal framework Building up an efficient supporting system
Email: wangych@iwhr.com Telephone: +86-13911812336 - End - Thank you