The 5 th Malaysia-KOREA Energy Cooperation Workshop, Intercontinental Hotel, Kuala Lumpur Nov. 5 th, 2015 Radioactive Waste Management in Korea November 5, 2015 Jin Beak Park jbpark@korad.or.kr
CONTENTS I. National Policy & Framework II. Low & Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste(LILW) Management III. Spent Nuclear Fuel(SNF) Management IV. Public Engagement on SNF Management Policy V. Summary 2
I. National Policy & Framework 3
National Policy on RWM Fundamental Principle of Radioactive Waste Management Direct control by government Transparency & Stakeholder Confidence Top priority on safety Polluters pay principle Effectiveness in RW Management 4
National Framework (Oct. 2011) President Prime Minister Nuclear Safety and Security Commission AEC Regulatory Work Nuclear Mat l Control Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning Electric Power Co. Hydro & Nuclear Power A/E + NSSS Design Nuclear Fuel Supply Korea Radioactive Waste Agency Responsible for the management of all kinds of radioactive waste produced in Korea including R&D projects related to transportation, storage and disposal. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute ACRONYMS AEC: Atomic Energy Commission NSSC: Nuclear Safety and Security Commission MOTIE: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy MSIP: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning KINS: Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety KINAC: Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control KEPCO: Korea Electric Power Corporation KHNP: Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. KORAD: Korea Radioactive Waste Agency KAERI: Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute 5
Radioactive Waste Management Act (Mar. 2008) Independent organization for radioactive waste management (article 10) Korea Radioactive Waste Agency(KORAD) is designated as the dedicated organization for RWM Radioactive waste management fund (article 28) Establishing the Government Fund to improve the transparency and stability of financial resources for RWM Scope of radioactive waste management (article 9) Transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of radioactive waste Siting, construction, operation and post-closure management of radioactive waste management facilities Collection, investigation, analysis and management of data on radioactive waste Public relations Other activities such as R&D, international cooperation and training Administration of RWM fund 6
Sustainable Development in KORAD 8
Ⅱ. Low & Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste(LILW) Management 10
LILW Generation <As of Dec. 2014 / unit: No. of 200 liter Drum> Site(no. of reactors) Storage Capacity Stored KHNP (NPPs) 115,669 93,315 (80.7%) KORAD (Temporal Storage) 7,000 5,032 (71.9%) KORAD (Radio Isotopes) 9,750 3,207 (32.9%) KAERI 39,438 20,399 (51.7%) KEPCO-NF(Nuclear Fuel) 8,900 7,287 (81.9%) Total 180,757 129,240 (71.5%) 12
Wolsong LILW Disposal Center(WLDC) Site overview Location - south-east coast of Korean peninsula - adjacent to Wolsong NPP Area - about 2,100,000 m² Disposal capacity : 800,000 drums (214,000 m3) - 1 st Stage 100,000 drums (2014) (35,200 m3) - 2 nd Stage 125,000 drums (2019) (32,875 m3) - 3 rd Stage on planning Disposal Type - 1 st stage : Underground silo type - 2 nd stage : Engineered vault type - 3 rd stage : on planning East Sea ShinWolsong Nuclear Power Plant 1 st Stage Disposal Facility 2 nd Stage Disposal Facility 13
WLDC - 1st Stage Project Project Milestone Site selection (Nov. 05) Construction & Operation License/ Start to construction (Aug. 08) Start to operate (Dec. 14) Approval of the implementation plan (Jul. 07) Completion of construct (July 14) 14
WLDC - 1st Stage Project Construction (completed, Jun. 30, 2014) <Portal> <Construction Tunnel> <Operation Tunnel> <Disposal Silo> <Surface Facility> <Visitor Center> 15
WLDC - 1st Stage Project Operation From NPP to Disposal silo Uljin Wolsong LILW Disposal Center (WLDC) Wolsong YoungGwang Kori Loading Transportation Container at NPP port Unloading Transportation Container at Wolsong port Transportation by Trailer Loaded Disposal Overpack Unloading Disposal Overpack Transportation by Ship Inspection at Reception & Storage Building Passing through Operation Tunnel (1,415m) Emplacement Disposal Overpack Into Silo 17
WLDC - 1st Stage Project Closure Plan 18
WLDC - 2st Stage Project Project Milestone Site Characterization (Jan. 12~Aug. 15) Apply for the implementation plan approval (Sep. 15) Start to the Construction Detailed Design (May 14~Dec. 16) Apply for the Construction & Operational License (Nov. 15) Construction Completion (Dec. 19) * Schedule can be changed depending on the Licensing period. 19
New Classification of RW (Sep. 2014) Activity Content HLW LILW HLW ILW LLW VLLW Category Deep Geological Disposal Rock Cavern Disposal Near-Surface Disposal Engineered Vault Type Trench Type HLW ILW LLW VLLW 9
III. Spent Nuclear Fuel Management 21
SNF Generation Safely managed in storage facilities at reactor site About 750 thm generated annually from 24 reactors - PWR(20) : about 360 thm, PHWR(4) : about 390 thm Site(no. of reactors) PWR Storage Capacity Stored <as of Dec. 2014 / unit: thm> Saturation year current extended Kori(6) 2,691 2,151 2016 2028 Hanbit(6) 3,784 2,258 2021 2024 Hanul(6) 2,960 1,958 2018 2028 Shin-wolsong(2) 219 27 PHWR Wolsong(4) 9,441 7,414 Total 19,095 13,808 2017 2026 (source : KHNP) 22
Accummualation(THM) Long-term Estimate of SNF Generation About 33,000 thm from PWR and 12,000 thm from PHWR to be generated by 2083 - No. of reactors : 34 units (based on the 2 nd National Energy Master Plan, 2013) 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 Years PWR PHWR Total 23
SNF Management Practice in NPPs Wet Storage Dry Storage Cooling Air Outlets Concrete Structure Kori Wolsong Cooling Air Inlets Fuel Cylinders MACSTOR/KN-400 Transshipment to neighboring NPP KN-18 (source : KHNP) 24
IV. Public Engagement on SNF Management Policy 25
History of SNF Management Policy Atomic Energy Commission (Jul. 1988) - Constructing centralized interim storage by the end of Dec. 1997 AEC (Jul.1998) - Constructing centralized interim storage by 2016 AEC (Dec. 2004) - Separation of site for LILW repository and SNF Interim storage facility - Storing SNF at reactor sites by 2016 by expanding temporary storage - Consent-based national policy should be made with consideration of international trend, R&D, etc. AEC (Dec. 2012) - Launch of the public engagement program from 2013 26
Progress of Stakeholder Consensus Apr. 08 Dec. 09 Dec. 09 ~Aug. 11 Nov. 11 ~Aug. 12 Nov. 12 Oct. 13 ~Jun. 15 Recommendation on public engagement for SNF management by public engagement TF team led by Govrnment Establishment of legal basis upon public engagement by revision of the Radioactive Waste Management Act Consideration of technical options for SNF management Submission of 14 recommendations on SNF management policy - making by SNF Policy Forum(led by private sector) Approval of the implementation plan for SNF management measures by the AEC Recommendation by public engagement commission on Spent Nuclear Fuel (PECOS) 27
Framework of Public Engagement Program MOTIE Authorization to PECOS Decision-making with recommendation of PECOS Support Submission PECOS Determination on PE implementation plan Recommendation after PE Program Implementation - Focused on feasible options including interim storage, but not defining certain topics - Submission of recommendation to MOTIE after in-depth review and analysis of public consultation and discussion results Use of Program Results - Respect of Public Engagement Program results as much as possible - Establishment of National Basic Plan for Radioactive Waste Management (Needs approval of AEC) 28
10 Recommendations by PECOS (Jun. 15) 1. Top priority on safety, management under governmental responsibilities, and use of proven technologies to avoid undue burden to future generations 2. Prompt efforts to prepare for the transport of SNF to more stable storage facilities before saturation of the existing temporary storage capacity 3. Prompt efforts to develop a geologic disposal facility by 2051, URL construction at the same site by 2020 and in-situ test started from 2030 4. A new environment monitoring center by residents to providing with financial supports in the siting area 5. Prompt efforts to develop a storage-before-disposal facility in the URL site, and on-site short-term storage, when inevitable. 6. A new residents foundation for paying SNF storage fee in case on-site shortterm storage is available 7. Prompt efforts to set-up and implement RD&D program for SNF management technologies 8. A new organization dedicated solely to implementing SNF management project and RD&D program 9. A new specialized law for SNF management for assuring transparency, stability, and sustainability 10. Prompt efforts to establish governmental offices for implementing and deciding SNF management policy 29
V. Summary 30
Summary Safety is the most important fundamental objective of the national RWM program in Korea. RWM could be more effectively and transparently proceeded by establishment of the KORAD, separated from the NPP Operator. For LILW disposal, the construction of the underground silo type facility was completed in June 2014. Currently, KORAD is under preparation of the 2 nd engineered vault type disposal facility. Based on the new RW classification, a basic plan for national LILW management and its implementation plan were setup in 2015. PECOS finalized the recommendation report, which was submitted to the government by the end of June 2015. KORAD is continuing the efforts, including R&D activities, toward successful implementation of the national RWM program. 31
Thank you for your attention!
Organization of KORAD Total employee : 273 personnel President & CEO AUDITOR Public Relation Office (GyeongJu) Quality Assurance Office (GyeongJu) Audit & Inspection Office (GyeongJu) Executive Vice President Safety & Projects Division (GyeongJu) Research & Development Institute (Daejeon) LILW Disposal Center Administration & Planning Division (GyeongJu) Fund Management Center (Seoul) (Wolsong) PECOS* Support Office (Seoul) * Public Engagement Commission on Spent Nuclear Fuel Management 7
WLDC Development of Safety Case Safety Strategy Achievement of the safety objectives required to the entire disposal facility despite of a failure of safety function and related uncertainties Iterative Process (Optimization) Robustness Safety Strategy Demonstrability Multiple lines of evidence 20
SNF Management Options considered in PECOS Temporary Storage Issues Saturation time at NPP Terminology clarification in current law Interim Storage Issues Location, type, operation period. etc. Basic approach in siting and support Recycle Permanent Disposal Technical & economic feasibility of recycling Issues Issues R&D status and implementation milestone for SNF disposal 29