CHARACTERISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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Transcription:

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS CHAPTER 4

Cellular Characteristics

Cellular Characteristics 2 Domains, then Phyla 1 Domain, 4 kingdoms, then Phyla

Prokaryotic Cells Sizes 0.5-2µm (average) Shapes Cocci Bacilli Spirals

Prokaryotic Cell Arrangements Pairs Diplo- Tetrads Chains Strepto- Clusters Staphylo- 5

Typical Prokaryotic Cell

Gram Positive Cell Walls Peptidoglycan Thick layer Physical strength Teichoic Acids Molecular transport Viral attachments

Gram Negative Cell Walls Outer Membrane LPS components (Endotoxin) Periplasmic space Digestive Enzymes Protein pumps Chemical resistance Thin peptidoglycan layer

Other Cell Walls Acid Fast Cell Wall Mycolic acid or other lipid Gram positive structure Cell Wall Deficient bacteria

Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Proteins embedded in lipid Phospholipids Inner hydrophobic region Outer hydrophilic Chemical movement Small Uncharged

Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane

Internal structures Cytoplasm Watery medium Enzymes Cytoskeleton Ribosomes 70S Nuclear region

Endospores Stasis versus vegetative state Medically significant genera Resistances Dipicolinic acid

External Prokaryotic Structures Motility: Flagellae Axial filaments

Motility Behaviors

External Prokaryotic Structures Attachment: Pili Conjugation pili Fimbriae

Glycocalyx Capsule Attachment May limit penetration of some substances such as antibiotics, disinfectants Virulence factor Slime Layer Gliding substrate

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Core Cellular Components Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosomes

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Chloroplasts

Membranous Networks Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Smooth Golgi apparatus

Eukaryotic Organelles/ Inclusions Lysosomes Vacuoles Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton

Motility Flagella Cilia Pseudopods

Cell Wall components Fungi Plants Protozoan pellicle

Endosymbiosis Evidence: DNA in Mt and chloroplasts 70S ribosomes No mitosis Two membranes

Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic symbiosis observed in today s world (Protozoan termite inhabitant with internalized bacteria)

Movement across Membranes Diffusion Molecules move down a concentration gradient Size and charge are factors Osmosis Water molecule movement

Active Transport Protein pumps span the membrane ATP energy required Large charged molecules

Endo/Exocytosis Engulfment (Endocytosis) Eukaryotic activity Protozoan cells Phagocytic WBC Extrusion (Exocytosis)

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