Successfully Integrating Natural Gas from Multiple Origins: The Spanish Case Story

Successfully Integrating Natural Gas from Multiple Origins: The Spanish Case Story José A. Lana Enagás, S.A. Direction of Technology and Innovation Zaragoza, Spain

Index 1. Enagás 2. Natural gas in Spain, the history 3. Current Spanish natural gas market 4. Spanish natural gas quality specification 5. Spanish experience in using wide range natural gas 6. Conclusions José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 2

1. Enagás: Independent infrastructure operator LNG terminals Barcelona: 1,950,000 m3(n)/h ; (8 tanks: 840,000 m 3 LNG) Cartagena: 1,350,000 m3(n)/h ; (5 tanks: 587,000 m 3 LNG) Huelva : 1,350,000 m3(n)/h ; (5 tanks: 610,000 m 3 LNG) 40% Bilbao: 800,000 m3(n)/h ; (2 tanks: 300,000m 3 LNG) Others: México and Chile El Musel, Spain: pending commissioning. Transmission network ~10.000 km of high pressure pipelines (72-80 bar) (>90% of total) International connections with Morocco, Algeria, France (x2) & Portugal (x2) Underground storages Serrablo (Total capacity: 1.100 million m 3 (n)) Gaviota (Total capacity: 2.481 million m 3 (n)) Yela (Total capacity: 1.050 million m 3 (n)) José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 4

2. History of natural gas in Spain (1) Before 1969, in general, gas fuels had a little utilisation in the energy market in Spain. > Dominated by LPG. > Only in domestic/commercial market. > Negligible industrial utilisation. > Few cities had access to manufactured/town gas. Except a very small gas field, natural gas distribution started in 1969: > LNG from Libya to Barcelona Terminal: Very heavy LNG. > Supply limited to Barcelona and very close area. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 6

2. History of natural gas in Spain (2) In 1970, gas fuels market in Spain was dominated by LPG: > 18 % (NG + MG) vs 82 % LPG. After 1970, natural gas market share started to steadily growth. > Manufactured gas production had a minimum growth. > In 1975, natural gas consumption was higher than manufactured gas. > First natural gas transmission pipeline was commissioned in 1979. Natural gas market share passed LPG one at the end of 1980s. > At the same time, manufactured gas consumption started to decline. > In 2002, manufactured gas disappeared. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 7

TWh % 2. History of natural gas in Spain: first years Manuf. gas Natural gas LPG % NG + MG % LPG 70 90 60 50 40 80 70 60 50 30 40 20 10 30 20 10 0 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1980 1983 1984 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 Year 0 José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 8

2. History of natural gas in Spain (3) Due to the negligible existence of natural gas and small gas fuels market before 1970, the Spanish natural gas system is quite modern, compared to other European countries. In most cities: > New distribution network was built, mainly in polyethylene. This allowed to supply gas at higher pressure (0.05 to 4 barg). > All manufactured gas mains were substituted with time. Transition from MG to NG should be done after substituting mains. The gas appliance population was relatively small in that time: > When changing from MG to NG the appliance was adapted. > Prior to GAD, new appliances were certified according to European standard (EN) if existing or new national standards or technical specification were developed to certify the appliances. > Limit testing gases, equal to the ones in EN437, were used. Limit test gases existed prior to EN437 (EN26:1977 & EN30:1979). New gas installation regulation was emitted, including the obligation of using safety devices. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 9

3. Gas supplies to Spain The existence of 6 LNG Terminal and 6 international connections allows a great flexibility in natural gas supplies to Spain. In 2012, natural gas was received from 11 different countries, including Spanish national production. > Algeria & Norway supplied LNG & Natural Gas. Users who introduce gas in the system (shippers, mainly) are responsible for gas quality compliance and natural gas supply to Spain. Enagás is mainly responsible for: > As Technical Manager of System: for the operation and technical management of the Basic Network and the secondary transmission networks and to guarantee the continuity and security of supply. > As TSO: 1. For the development and expansion of the gas transmission infrastructure. 2. For supervising the quality of the gas entering the Spanish system and taking the necessary measures to minimize or avoid the possible impacts of gas off specifications. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 11

3. Natural gas supplies to Spain TWh LNG Algeria LNG T&T LNG Egypt GN Norway (France) LNG Qatar&Oman LNG Nigeria LNG Norway GN Algeria TWh José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 12

3. 2012 LNG/NG share Natural gas: 40% LNG: 60% LNG plays and important role in terms of Security of Supply and Diversity of Supply in the Spanish system José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 13

3. Natural gas consumption in Spain Consumption grew in last years, from 2000, due to several reasons: > Transmission gas network reached new virgin areas for natural gas: New domestic, commercial and industrial users. > Boosted by the development of Combine Cycle Gas Turbine power stations: Substitution of oil for gas in power generation. Increase in power consumption in Spain. Back up for renewable energies. Fast response to power demand changes. From 2008, there is a decrease in consumption due to the economical crisis, the renewable power production increase and the support to national coal power station. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 14

3. Natural gas consumption in Spain TWh 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 TWh 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Conventional CCGTs José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 15

3. Power generation structure on 14 th March 2013 High efficiency (Cogen+Solar+ ), 12.1 GW, 33 % Wind power, 9 GW, 23 % Wind power, 10.2 GW, 43 % CCGT, 0.7 GW, 2.8 % CCGT, 5.8 GW, 15 % Source: Red Electrica Española José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 16

4. Spanish NG quality specifications Spanish gas quality specifications were defined with the liberalisation of natural gas market in Spain: > Needed to allow new traders in the market. > Clear rules for everybody. To define the technical specification: > Experience of more than 20 years of history was taken into account. No accidents due to gas quality amongst the users. > Commercial contracts was taken into account. Most of gas appliances in Spain fulfilled GAD. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 18

4. Spanish NG quality specifications Property (*) Unit Minimum Maximum Wobbe Index kwh/m 3 13,368 / 13,403 16,016 / 16,058 GCV kwh/m 3 10,23 / 10,26 13,23 / 13,26 d m 3 / m 3 0,555 0,700 Total S mg/ m 3-50 H s S + COS (as S) mg/ m 3-15 RSH (as S) mg/ m 3-17 O 2 mol % - [0,01] EN 437 range CO 2 mol % - 2,5 H s O (Dew Point) ºC at 70 bar (a) - + 2 HC (Dew Point) ºC at 1-70 bar (a) - + 5 Powder / Particles Technically free (*) Table provided according to the following reference conditions: [0 ºC; V(0 ºC: 1,01325 bar)] [25 ºC; V(0 ºC: 1,01325 bar)] Property (**) Unit Minimum Maximum Wobbe Index MJ/m 3 45,7 54,7 (**)Values provided according to the following reference conditions: [15 ºC; V(15 ºC: 1,01325 bar)] José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 19

4. Spanish vs CBP specifications Wobbe Index max. HC (dew point) 16.016 Relative density max. 15.81 +5 0.7-2 CO 2 2.5 < 30 < 50 S total - 8 <[0.001] H 2 O (dew point) Spanish GQ specifications CBP EASEE-gas GQH +2 13.6 13.368 Wobbe Index min. <[0.01] O 2 José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 20

5. Spanish experience. General There has not been registered any evidence in Spain of problems in gas appliances caused by gas quality variations either by the inspections, maintenance or urgency attendance systems. Malfunctions found in appliances are due to other causes, normally scarce maintenance or wrong installations. In the specially sensitive sector of internal combustion engines no special problems has appeared up to now: > More than 3000 NGVs, mainly buses & trucks, in Spain (2011). > More than 400 cogeneration units with engines (2010). José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 22

Wobbe index (MJ/m 3 15 C, 15 C) 5. Specification vs supplies: 2002-2012 Biomethane Spain High Spain Low CBP High CBP Low Historic - Min Historic - Max 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 45.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Date José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 23

LNG 1 LNG 2 LNG 3 LNG 4 LNG 5 LNG 6 LNG 7 LNG 8 LNG 9 LNG 10 LNG 11 LNG 12 NG 1 NG 2 NG 3 NG 4 NG 5 NG 6 NG 7 NG 8 NG 9 5. Methane number in Spain: 2012 Supplies Transported 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 Calculation according to AVL Method (DGC Software) José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 24

5. Gas treatment No treatment is made to any natural gas arriving to Spain. Blending, as gas treatment, is not done at LNG terminals, except for operational or efficiency reasons: > Hot LNG arrival. > Control of boil off generation. > Amount of LNG downloaded: Q flex & Q max ships. In underground storage, only water & hydrocarbon dew point adjustment is done. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 25

5. Domestic appliance behavior (1) In 2005, the Spanish Gas Association, SEDIGAS, performed an experimental study for a MARCOGAZ s Workshop. Objective: > To get data of the behaviour of old boilers that had been working many years with line natural gas. Basis of the study: > 8 old Type B boilers from 5 different manufacturers, representative of Spanish market were selected. > All boilers were pre-en 437 (manufactured between 1990 and 1995), using line natural gas for more than 10 years. > Three test gases were chosen: G20, line natural gas and G 21. > Testing pressures: 20 and 25 mbar. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 26

5. Domestic appliance behavior (2) Testing procedure: 1. CO emissions were checked in boilers as they were received. No adjustment was performed. 2. Afterwards they were cleaned and tested again. 3. Combustion test was also carried out after a long term operation. General conclusions: > Boiler combustion was safe according to the current product standards. > Combustion was safe even using old boilers, pre-en 437. > The use of line natural gas did not cause CO emissions safety issues, even after 10 years of utilization. > In principle, it seemed to conclude that there was no need for a reduction of the WI limits given in EN 437. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 27

6. Conclusions (1) Spain has one of the widest technical natural gas quality specification in Europe. The natural gas is supplied to Spain from many sources worldwide. > This allows a great security of supply. No systematic problems have appeared in more than 40 years: > Fit for purpose of natural gas network/system. Not only CV/WI are important parameters. > Robustness of the appliance population to gas quality changes. > If needed, gas customers know how to adapt to gas quality variations. In the future there will be many new LNG supplier in the world: > Conventional natural gas fields: normally in the upper limit of CV/WI specification range. > Unconventional natural gas fields: normally in the lower limit of CV/WI specification range. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 29

6. Conclusions (2) Competition for natural gas should take into account: > Emerging countries. > Countries abandoning nuclear power. > Environmentally cleaner than other fossil fuels. A wide natural gas quality specification is needed to allow new suppliers to enter into the market. > Do not forget renewable gases: biomethane and hydrogen. A narrower quality specification will mean: > Endanger the security of supply of the natural gas to the Spanish market. > Reduction of gas sources, mainly the most flexible, LNG. > It could add quality treatment cost to the gas system that, at the end, will have to be paid by end-users. José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 30

Thank you for your attention Any question? José A. Lana, Enagás, S.A 31