Facts about gas physical properties

Transcription

1 Facts about gas physical properties Gas as fuel for propulsion of ships status and perspectives Ingeniørhuset, 3. March 2008 By Asger Myken, DONG Energy

2 DONG Energy 2

3 Agenda Basic information on gas types Environmental perspectives of fuels Availability of natural gas Transport and storage of natural gas With focus on LNG 3

4 LPG = Liquefied petroleum gas A mixture of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) Propane: 5-95%, typically 60-70% Butane: 5-95%, typically 30-40% LPG is a by-product from crude oil refining or from natural gas treatment LPG can be transported and stored in tanks A mixture of gaseous and liquid fuel is stable at normal outdoor temperatures at a pressure up to bar Relative density (to air) > 1 4

5 CNG = Compressed natural gas Fossil fuel produced from onshore or offshore fields Pure gas production or associated with oil production Subcategories: L-gas: Low heating value H-gas: High heating value Major component is methane Composition depending of origin Relative density (to air) < 1 Danish natural gas, 2007 Mol-% Averag Min Max Methane e Ethane Propane I-butane N-butane I-pentane N-pentane Hexane Nitrogen Carbon dioxide

6 LNG = Liquefied natural gas 4.15m LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to -161 o C. 4.15m LNG At this temperature, methane, the main component of natural gas, is liquefied and thus reduced to a volume of approx. six hundredths of its volume at room temperature. The liquified natural gas is stored and transported at atmospheric pressure as a boiling liquid. LNG is a proven technology with a history of more than 50 years. The first LNG terminal was established in USA in By use of LNG natural gas can be transported over longer distances than what is possible through pipelines.

7 LNG = Liquefied natural gas LNG compositions Mol-% Alaska Algeria Brunei Qatar Snøhvit CH C2H C3H C4H N CO

8 Environmental perspective Fuel dependent emissions Carbon dioxide (CO2) Sulphur (SO2) Heavy fuel oil LPG Natural gas Lower heating value MJ/kg Sulphur % mass 1-3.5% 0.002% 0.003% Carbon dioxide g/mj The sulphur content of LPG and natural gas is primarily odorant 8

9 Environmental perspective Emissions determined both by fuel and technology Nitrous oxides (NOx) Particles Engines: Natural gas engines have technical potential of significant lower emissions of particles and NOx than diesel engines 9

10 Transport of natural gas in Europe 10

11 LNG - an important future supplement to pipeline gas European demand (BCM) Import share of total demand Norwegian gas BCM 120 BCM Russia and LNG share of total demand European prod: 40 % 2006 Pipeline import: 49% 2020 LNG: 11% Pipeline import: 55% European production (218) 40% 2006 European import (328) 60% Russian gas European prod: 17 % LNG: 28% % European production (118) European import (576) LNG BCM BCM 83% BCM BCM Caspian LNG Sea BCM BCM North ply LNG Africa BCM 50 BCM All numbers in BCM. 11 Source: Wood Mackenzie/CERA/DONG Energy own estimates (all estimates are subjected to insecurity due to price and infrastructure developments. Figures do not include re-export etc.)

12 European gas supply is facing a global competition developing LNG markets will spur competition Largest importers Japan USA Korea Spain India Largest exporters Quatar Nigeria Indonesia Algeria Australia Source: E.ON. 12

13 LNG facilities in USA Source: E.ON. 13

14 DONG Energy s position in Gate Terminal The agreement between DONG Energy and Gate Terminal DONG Energy take a 5 pct. ownership share in Gate terminal. DONG Energy signs a 20 years throughput capacity agreement from 2011 with a yearly capacity of 3 billion m 3 of natural gas. Facts about Gate Terminal Located in Port of Rotterdam and thereby well placed in relation to DONG s portfolio and in relation to the European gas markets in general. Total yearly throughput capacity: 9 billion m 3 with possibility of expansion to 16 billion m 3 Approximately 110 ship arrivals per year at full terminal utilization 1 jetty with possibility of receiving ships from 65,000 m 3 in size Pipeline between markets DONG represented on market Gate Terminal 3 tanks of 180,000 m 3 Owners and customers in Gate Terminal Shareholders: Gasunie, 42.5 pct. Vopak, 42.5 pct. DONG Energy, 5 pct. Essent, 5 pct. OMV, 5 pct. Customers: DONG Energy Essent EconGas 14

15 Small scale LNG LNG is transported regionally from LNG reception terminals by truck and small ships: LNG reception facilities in Norway Japan, Spain, Belgium, Turkey CNG can be liquefied to LNG and transported regionally E.g. in Norway 3 condensation facilities Alternative to grid transport of natural gas, which is difficult due to the geography New reception plants are planned in the Stockholm region 15 Source: Maurhag, Leiv Arne, Mannsverk LCNG Bergen, Tung Trafik och fordonsgas, seminarium, Stockholm 4 maj 2007