From today s systems to the future renewable energy systems. Iva Ridjan US-DK summer school AAU Copenhagen 17 August 2015
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1 From today s systems to the future renewable energy systems Iva Ridjan US-DK summer school AAU Copenhagen 17 August 2015
2 STRUCTURE OF ENERGY SYSTEMS 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 2
3 Components Demand Heat Transport Supply (Technologies) Power plants Boilers Vehicles Resources Fossil fuels Renewables 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 3
4 Supply/Demand Balance 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 4
5 Energy System 0.0 Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Combustion Engines Demand Mobility (Vehicles) Power Exchange Fuels Power-Only Plants Cooling Heat-Only Boilers Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 5
6 The Future Smart Energy System Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Bioenergy Fuels Combustion Engines Fuel Storage Wind etc. Fluctuating Electrofuels Power Exchange Mobility (Vehicles) EVs Flexible Storage CHP (or Quad) Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 6
7 What happens on the resource side? Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Bioenergy Fuels Combustion Engines Fuel Storage Wind etc. Fluctuating Electrofuels Power Exchange Mobility (Vehicles) EVs Flexible Storage CHP (or Quad) Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 7
8 Resources in the Future Energy System Fuel: Bioenergy Dispatchable Renewable : Hydro with storage Geothermal Intermittent Renewable : Wind Solar Wave Tidal River hydro 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 8
9 Bioenergy Can exist in three forms: Biomass Biogas Biofuel Ideal substitute for fossil fuels: Stored transportable energy Biomass: replace coal Biogas: replace natural gas Biofuel: replace oil 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 9
10 Bioenergy Positives Combustible fuel just like fossil fuels => stored energy Exists in three forms: mass, gas, and liquid Negatives Limited resource Although it is combustible, it will require new conversion technologies Food production 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 10
11 The Future is Intermittent! With a limited bioenergy resource, we will need to produce most of our electricity from the intermittent resources: Wind Solar Wave Tidal River hydro 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 11
12 Key Question for Today? What technologies do we need to be able to use these intermittent renewable resources? 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 12
13 List of Common Technologies Power plants and CHP: Condensing Back Pressure Extraction Boilers Heat Pumps Electric Vehicles Transport Fuel Pathways Renewables: Hydro Wind Wave Tidal PV CSP Solar thermal Geothermal Bioenergy 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 13
14 7 STEPS TO 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY The Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 14
15 7 Steps and Their Limits %: Conventional Power Plant regulation %: Power Plants are converted to Combined Heat and Power which are regulated according to wind production using Thermal Storage and the District Heating network %: Large-scale heat pumps and thermal storage in the district heating networks %: Electric grid stabilisation requirements are reduced %: Add Flexible Demand and Replace conventional cars with smart-charge electric cars %: Electrofuels-methanol/DME 7. Syngas: Electrolysers for the production of electrofuels and large-scale fuel storage (i.e. gas and liquid fuel storage) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 15
16 We will look into: %: Conventional Power Plant regulation %: Power Plants are converted to Combined Heat and Power which are regulated according to wind production using Thermal Storage and the District Heating network %: Large-scale heat pumps and thermal storage in the district heating networks %: Electric grid stabilisation requirements are reduced %: Add Flexible Demand and Replace conventional cars with smart-charge electric cars %: Electrofuels-methanol/DME 7. Syngas: Electrolysers for the production of electrofuels and large-scale fuel storage (i.e. gas and liquid fuel storage) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 16
17 THE FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGIES Step 1: Regulating the Power Plants 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 17
18 Energy System 0.0 Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Combustion Engines Power Exchange Mobility Fuels Power Plants) Cooling Heat-Only Boilers Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 18
19 Conventional Power Plants (0-25%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Combustion Engines Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels Power Plants) Cooling Boilers Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 19
20 Types of Power Plants Engines Gas Turbines Steam Turbines 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 20
21 Types of Power Plants Engines Gas Turbines Steam Turbines 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 21
22 Types of Power Plants Engines Gas Turbines Steam Turbines 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 22
23 Gas is More Flexible Regulation: Coal-based steam: 5% of load within 30 seconds 4%/minute between 50-90% of max load 2%/minute below 50% and above 90% of max load CCGT: 10%/minute Gas engines and turbines can start within 15 minutes So, is this good enough for the wind? 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 23
24 An Extreme Example (Jutland Hurricane 8 th January 2005) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 24
25 THE FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGIES Step 2: CHP & District Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 25
26 District Heating & Thermal Storage (0-25%) Resources Conversion Relocation Exchange and Storage Combustion Engines Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels CHP Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Boilers 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 26
27 District Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 27
28 Types of District Heating Nordic: used in Sweden, Iceland, Finland, and Denmark. Supply temperature of ~100 C with a focus on efficiency. Future: low-temperature of 40 C - 60 C. Central Europe: Supply temperature of ~250 C with a focus on industrial process heat. Eastern Europe: Supply temperature of ~140 C with an unknown focus. 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 28
29 Supply Technologies for District Heating Boilers Combined heat and power plants Thermal storage Heat pumps 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 29
30 Boilers Centralised Backup and peaks Usually supply 5% of annual district heating demand Relatively cheap 90% Efficiency Individual Liquid, gas, and solid fuels Oversized for coldest day 65-90% Efficiency 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 30
31 Combined Heat & Power Plants 100 Units Fuel Power Plant 35 Units 50 Units Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 31
32 CHP Regulation Wind Power Wind Power Demand Demand CHP Plant CHP Plant Hot Water Demand Hot Water Demand Thermal Storage Thermal Storage 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 32
33 Plant Scale Can Vary Centralised Decentralised 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 33
34 Key Differences Centralised 1. Efficiency: plants are not located near the heat demands, so mostly condensing PP. 2. Flexibility: Big steam or gas turbines Very few of them 3. Fuels: Coal Gas Nuclear Biomass Decentralised 1. Efficiency: plants are located near the heat demands, so mostly extraction CHP. 2. Flexibility: Small turbines or engines Lots of them 3. Fuels: Gas Biogas Biomass 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 34
35 Benefits of District Heating Improves the efficiency of the system (CHP, O&M, etc.) Enables more renewable energy resources to be utilised Increases the comfort-levels for the end-user Reduces the thermal capacity necessary Creates short-term and long-term flexibility 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 35
36 THE FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGIES Step 3: Heat Pumps 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 36
37 Heat Pumps & Thermal Storage (25-40%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Combustion Engines Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels CHP Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 37
38 Heat Pumps 100 Units Heat Pump (COP = 3.5) 350 Units Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 38
39 Mechanical Heat Pumps Very efficient: Conventional electric heating = 100% Heat pumps ~350% Excellent renewable integration technology Utilises low temperature heat sources Can be used for heating or cooling Individual and centralised systems 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 39
40 THE FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGIES 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 40
41 PES & CO2 250 Fuel TWh/year CO2 Mt/year REF Power Plants District Heating Heat Pumps 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 41
42 Costs & Wind Power Total Costs M /year Wind Power % 30% % % % % % 0 REF Power Plants District Heating Heat Pumps 0% 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 42
43 7 Steps and Their Limits %: Conventional Power Plant regulation %: Power Plants are converted to Combined Heat and Power which are regulated according to wind production using Thermal Storage and the District Heating network %: Large-scale heat pumps and thermal storage in the district heating networks %: Electric grid stabilisation requirements are reduced %: Add Flexible Demand and Replace conventional cars with smart-charge electric cars %: Electrofuels-methanol/DME 7. Syngas: Electrolysers for the production of electrofuels and large-scale fuel storage (i.e. gas and liquid fuel storage) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 43
44 THE FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGIES Step 6: Electrofuels & Fuel storage 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 44
45 Electrofuels & Fuel Storage (65-90%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Bioenergy Fuels Combustion Engines Fuel Storage Wind etc. Fluctuating Electrofuels Power Exchange Mobility (Vehicles) EVs Flexible Storage CHP (or Quad) Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 45
46 Electrofuels Aim: to get electricity into the transport sector, in particular for modes that cannot utilise direct electrification (i.e. trucks, ships, planes) Why: No oil Limited biofuels Large intermittent electricity resource (i.e. wind, solar, tidal, etc) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 46
47 Creating Electrofuels Carbon capture: Carbon trees Power plants Industry Dissociation of Oxides: Steam electrolysis (H 2 & O 2 ) Co-electrolysis (H 2 & CO) Fuel Synthesis: Determines your final fuel 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 47
48 SUMMARY A 100% Renewable Energy System in 7 Steps 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 48
49 Energy System 0.0 Resources Conversion Exchange and Combustion Storage Engines Demand Power Exchange Mobility Fuels Power Plants Cooling Heat-Only Boilers Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 49
50 Conventional Power Plants (0-25%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Combustion Storage Engines Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels Power Plants Cooling Boilers Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 50
51 District Heating & Thermal Storage (0-25%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Combustion Storage Engines Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels CHP Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Boilers 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 51
52 Heat Pumps & Thermal Storage (25-40%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Combustion Storage Engines Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels CHP Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 52
53 Reduction in Electric Grid Regulations (40-55%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Combustion Storage Engines Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Fuels CHP Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 53
54 Flexible Demand and SEV (55-65%) Resources Conversion Exchange and Combustion Storage Engines Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Flexible Fuels CHP Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 54
55 Energy System 6.0 (65-90%) To be answered Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Bioenergy Fuels Combustion Engines Fuel Storage Wind etc. Fluctuating Electrofuels Power Exchange Mobility (Vehicles) EVs Flexible CHP (or Quad) Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 55
56 Energy System 6.0 (+90%) To be answered Resources Conversion Exchange and Storage Demand Bioenergy Fuels Combustion Engines Fuel Storage Wind etc. Fluctuating Electrofuels Power Exchange Mobility (Vehicles) EVs Flexible Storage CHP (or Quad) Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 56
57 EXTRA SLIDES 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 57
58 Removing Grid Regulations (40-55%) Inertia and balancing are no longer dependent on traditional sources There are now more active components! Grid Share = 0% Min CHP/PP = 0 MW 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 58
59 The Traditional System Non Active Components Active Components Demand RES (Renewable Energy Sources) Centralised CHP and Power Plants DG (Distributed Generation) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 59
60 System 1: Activating DG CHP-units Non Active Components Active Components Demand Centralised CHP and Power Plants RES (Renewable Energy Sources) DG (Distributed Generation) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 60
61 System 2: CHP-Units and Heat Pumps Non Active Components Active Components Demand Centralised CHP and Power Plants RES (Renewable Energy Sources) DG (Distributed Generation) Heat Pumps 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 61
62 System 3: Activating RES & the Demand Non Active Components Active Components Demand RES (Renewable Energy Sources) Centralised CHP and Power Plants DG (Distributed Generation) Wind Power Heat Pumps Flexible (e.g. SEV) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 62
63 Flexible Demand and SEV (55-65%) Resources Conversion Relocation Exchange and Storage Demand Wind etc. Fluctuating Power Exchange Mobility Flexible Fuels CHP (or Quad) Heat Pump Cooling Thermal Storage Heating Solar etc. Fluctuating Heat 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 63
64 Demand Side Management (Flexible ) Allows users to self regulate according to the price of electricity: the demand side of the Smart grid Could also be paid for simply being available to change your demand up/down, but without actually doing it 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 64
65 Buildings (~10%) Time Dependent Cooker Microwave Computer Television Iron Demand Side Manageable Fridge Freezer Hot Water (with storage) Space Heating 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 65
66 Industry (~10%) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 66
67 Transport Electric vehicles: Battery (BEV) Smart (SEV) Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 67
68 Flexible Demand Like Storage Power capacity (MW): the maximum instantaneous amount you can move Storage Capacity (TWh): the total amount you can move OR the length of the time you can move it over Better than Energy Storage Moving demand can have an efficiency of 100% storage has a maximum efficiency of ~85% VS. 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 68
69 Flexible Demand Residential: According to the ipower project ( Approximately kwh can be moved over 1 day in a home: check his slides. 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 69
70 Questions? 8/17/2015 Copenhagen, Denmark 70
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