Energy State of the art of solid biomass technologies in Germany Jens Giersdorf Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH (DBFZ) November 27, 2012, São Paulo, Brazil www.german-renewable-energy.com
Legislative framework Overall binding domestic target of 18% renewable energies in gross domestic energy consumption and minimum 10% in the transport sector by 2020 National targets for the share of energy from renewable sources in transport, power, heat and cooling sector by 2020 reference scenario 35% electricity from renewable sources (EEG) 14% renewables for cooling/heating 7% (~12% with regard to energy content) net GHG-emission reductions from biofuels in transportation 2
Percentage Contribution of Renewables to 2020 targets in Germany 2020 Targets - Renewable Germany Energy in Germany 40 35 30 March 2012 35 % Biomass 2011 67 % Renewable Energies 31 % Electricity 91 % Heating 100 % Fuels 25 20 18 % 20 % 15 10 5 12.2 % 10.4 % 14 % 5.6 % 10 % 0 2011 Target 2020 2011 Target 2020 2011 Target 2020 2011 Target 2020 Final energy consumption Electricity Heating Fuels 3 Target 2020 Hydropower Wind power Biomass Photovoltaics Solar thermal energy Geothermal energy
Policy instruments for promoting solid biomass use Biomass for electricity Renewable Energies Act (EEG) 2000 feed-in tariff system Biomass electricity sustainability ordinance (BioSt-NachV) Biomass ordinance Biomass for heating Market incentive programme (MAP) 1999 financial subsidy Renewable Energies Heat Act (EEWärmeG) 2009 building regulation 4
Energy Solid Biomass for Electricity Generation in Germany
number of solid biomass installations [-] installed electric capacity [MWel] Electricity from Solid Biomass under the German EEG 280 260 240 220 installations > 5 Mwel installations 0.5-5 MWel installations 0.5 MWel installed electric capacity [MWel] 1.400 1.200 200 1.000 180 160 800 140 120 600 100 80 400 60 40 200 20 6 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: DBFZ, Final Report (2012): Monitoring zur Wirkung des EEG auf die Entwicklung der Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse 0
Biomass Installations using Wood in Germany Majority of installations in Southern and Central Germany mainly due to feedstock availability and traditional use of wood Southern Germany: small- to mediumscale installations based on untreated wood West Germany: medium- to large-scale installations based on waste wood East Germany: medium- to large-scale installations based on waste wood or untreated wood 7 Source: DBFZ, Final Report (2012): Monitoring zur Wirkung des EEG auf die Entwicklung der Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse
Types of Woody Biomass for Electricity Generation 19,5% 2011: 7.8 million tons (bd) 19,5% 2011: 7.8 million tons (bd) 11,7% 13,3% 26,1% 54,7% 33,7% 11,7% 54,7% 13,3% reference: number of installations n=256 untreated wood * * waste wood (AIII, AIV) 29,5% waste wood (AI, AII) mixed assortment 9,0% reference: installed electric capacity Woody biomass is dominating: forest residues and waste wood (AIII, AIV) are the main feedstock In future also solid agricultural residues like straw are going to be used * Forest residues, saw mill residues, landscape conservation wood 8 Source: DBFZ, Final Report (2012): Monitoring zur Wirkung des EEG auf die Entwicklung der Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse
number [-] Technologies for Electricity Generation based on Woody Biomass 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 ORC turbine (new installations) ORC turbine steam turbine (new installations) steam turbine 3 technologies for the provision of electricity from biomass established: steam power process organic rankine cycle process thermochemical gasification 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 9 Source: DBFZ, Final Report (2012): Monitoring zur Wirkung des EEG auf die Entwicklung der Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse
Example 1: Biomass CHP Plant (Piesteritz) Location: Piesteritz, Germany (2007) Technology: steam turbine Capacity: 19.3 MW el Investment: 56.9 million Euro Feedstock: forest residues and round wood 10 Picture: DBFZ, 2009
Example 1: Biomass CHP Plant (Piesteritz) Modern and large-scale processing and handling of woody biomass for the combustion in CHP plants 11 Pictures: DBFZ, 2009
Example 2: Gasification Plant (Austria, Güssing) Location: Güssing, Austria (2001) Technology: dual fluidized bed gasification Capacity: 2 Mw el Investment: 9 million Euro Feedstock: forest residues Picture: http://www.repotec.at/index.php/company.html 12
Example 3: Pellet gasifier (Burkhardt) 180-190 kw el, 250 kw th Pellet consumption 110 kg/h Net electrical efficiency > 30% Total efficiency 75% Residues: Ash/Coke 2 kg/h, Condensat 8 l/h 29 plants in operation Investment costs: 2,000 3,000 /kw (incl. CHP)
Facilities for Heat and Power Generation from Biomass biomass input biomass input
Energy Solid Biomass for Heating in Germany
Renewable heat generation 2011 in Germany Biogenic solid fuels (households): 47.0 % Structure of renewables-based heat supply in Germany 2011 Total (RES): 143.5 TWh Near-surface geothermal energy, ambient heat: 4.2 % Biogenic solid fuels (industry): 16.4 % Deep geothermal energy: 0.2 % Solar thermal energy: 3.9 % Biogenic fraction of waste: 5.3 % Landfill gas: 0.2 % Sewage gas: 0.8 % Biogas: 11.8 % Biogenic liquid fuels 1) : 5.4 % Biogenic solid fuels (cogeneration power installations and heating installations): 4.7 % Share of biomass 2) : 92 % 1) Vegetable oil included; 2) Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic fraction of waste; RES: Renewable Energy Sources; 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); as at: July 2012; all figures provisional Source: BMU 2012, Erneuerbare Energien in Zahlen
Renewable Heat Act and Market Incentive Program Renewable Heat Act (EEWärmeG) Obligation to use renewable energy in new buildings As of 1 January 2009 owners of new buildings > 50 m² will be obliged to provide a minimum share of their heat demand with RES: min. 30% with biogas district heating if provided by a CHP plant or min. 50% with liquid biofuels when sustainability is certified or min. 50% with biomass in high efficient systems etc. Market Incentive Program (MAP) Subsidies for modern ovens for pellets / split logs Subsidies for raw biogas grids and district heating grids Investment grants for innovative bioenergy production plants / demonstration plants
Heat Conversion Technologies Biomass stoves are used in private households Small- and medium-scale biomass boilers with automatic feeding systems (biomass central heating) are used in households and public facilities Biomass district heating are mainly grate firing boilers to cover the base load; to supply the peak load an additional boiler is installed
Pellet boilers in households Source: Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien 2011
Wood Pellet Combustion Units Source: Deutsches Pelletinsitut 2012
Summary Due to the main focus on biomass for achieving the 2020 targets, the availability of biomass resources might face constraints Legislative framework conditions, technical and economic feasibility as well as competition (use in other industries; use in other countries etc.) need to be considered Problem of scarcity of biomass resources may arise Possible solutions: Utilization of untapped biomass potentials, in particular residues (e.g. straw, landscape conservation material) Increasing efficiency of cultivation and applying different/new cultivation concepts Increasing import of biomass intensification of biomass trading streams, however taking into account environmental and social impacts