APPENDIX 11A Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal; Oregon LNG LNG Vapor Dispersion from Troughs

Transcription

1 APPENDIX 11A Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal; Oregon LNG LNG Vapor Dispersion from Troughs PDX/ DOC

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3 Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal

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5 TERMAL RADIATION AND VAPOR DISPERSION CALCULATIONS FOR TE OREGON LNG IMPORT TERMINAL Prepared for ~ Prepared by ~ C LNG LNG C C IV International anover Office ouston Office 1341A Ashton Road 1221 McKinney, Suite 3325 anover, MD ouston, TX C IV International Document: TS REV 2 Issued for Client Review April 7, 2008

6 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Section Page 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 3 Import Terminal Areas requiring consideration LNG Storage Tanks (T-201A/B/C) LNG Spill Containment Basin LNG Spill Containment Basin (S-606) 4 4 Results Weather Data Thermal Radiation Exclusion Zones LNG Storage Tank LNG Spill Containment, T-201A/B/C LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606 (110 by 110 ) Flammable Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zones LNG Spill Containment Basin, S Appendix A LNGFire III Output 6 Appendix B SOURCE and DEGADIS Output

7 C C IV International Figure Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal List of Figures Figure 2.1: Process Area Preliminary Plot Plan...2 Figure 4.2.1: Thermal Radiation Exclusion Zone Isopleths...9 Figure 4.3.1: Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zone Isopleths...12 Page Table List of Tables Page Table LNG Spill Volumes to be Contained...4 Table : Sizing Criteria for S Table 3.2.2: Thermal Properties of Insulating Polymer Concrete...5 Table 4.2.1: T-201A/B/C Thermal Radiation Exclusion Zone Distances...7 Table : S-606 Exclusion Zone Distances, Front View, Target eight = 0 ft...8 Table : S-606 Exclusion Zone Distances, Side View, Target eight = 0 ft...8 Table : S-606 Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zone Distances...10

8 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for The Oregon LNG Import Terminal 1 INTRODUCTION This document presents thermal radiation and vapor dispersion calculations that have been performed for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 59A (2001 Edition) and 49 CFR Part BACKGROUND Oregon LNG is a planned LNG Import Terminal on the East Skipanon Peninsula in Clatsop County, Oregon that will include three (3) 160,000 m 3 LNG storage tanks, a 2100 foot (approx.) pier with a single LNG carrier unloading platform and a process area equipped to vaporize up to a peak of 1.5 bscfd of natural gas for sendout to pipeline. Figure 2.1 illustrates the preliminary plot plan for the Import Terminal that is referenced in this document TS Page 1 of 12 April 7, 2008

9 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Figure 2.1: Process Area Preliminary Plot Plan TS Page 2 of 12 April 7, 2008

10 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal 3 IMPORT TERMINAL AREAS REQUIRING CONSIDERATION The Oregon LNG Import Terminal has the following areas that need to be considered for thermal radiation and flammable vapor exclusion. 3.1 LNG Storage Tanks (T-201A/B/C) 49 CFR Part specifies that the impoundment system serving a single LNG storage tank must have a volumetric capacity of 110 percent of the LNG tank s maximum liquid capacity. The LNG storage tanks designed for the Import Terminal are full containment type tanks, with a primary inner container and a secondary outer container. The tanks have been designed and will be constructed so that the self-supporting primary container and the secondary container will be capable of independently containing the LNG. The primary container will contain the LNG under normal operating conditions. The secondary container will be capable of containing the LNG (110% capacity of inner tank) and controlling the vapor resulting from the unlikely occurrence of product leakage from the inner container. Each insulated tank is designed to store a net volume of 160,000 m 3 (1,006,000 barrels) of LNG at a temperature of -260 F and a maximum internal pressure of 4.3 psig. As part of its full containment design, each inner storage tank is surrounded by an outer concrete wall and roof with a 264 feet inner diameter and a wall height of 151 feet. Each tank has a base elevation of 10 feet. (Referenced to NAVD88) 3.2 LNG Spill Containment Basin In accordance with the requirements of Section of NFPA 59A (2001 Edition) impounding areas that serve only vaporization, process, or LNG transfer areas, shall have a minimum volumetric capacity equal to the greatest volume of LNG that can be discharged into the area during a 10-minute period from any single accidental leakage source or during a shorter time period based upon demonstrable surveillance and shutdown provisions acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction TS Page 3 of 12 April 7, 2008

11 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Table provides a summary of the sizing criteria for the LNG Spill Containment Basin (S-606) that will be installed at the Import Terminal. Table LNG Spill Volumes to be Contained Service Area Pipeline Identification * Spill Rate (gpm) Duration (Minutes) Volume to be Contained (gallons) LNG Transfer Area Process Area LNG Transfer Line (LNG SS-8CC offshore and LNG SS-8CC onshore LNG Sendout Pipe from Tanks (LNG-230A-24-01SS-7.5CC, LNG-230B-24-01SS-7.5CC, LNG-230C-24-01SS-7.5CC, LNG SS-7.5CC, and LNG SS-7.5CC) 61, ,400 13, ,000 * Note: Pipelines are illustrated on drawings PI , PI , PI , PI , PI , PI , PI , and PI that are included in Appendix U-4 of Resource Report LNG Spill Containment Basin (S-606) Although the 36-inch LNG unloading pipeline will be a fully welded design, the LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606 has been designed to contain the volume of an LNG spill resulting from a guillotine failure of the 36-inch pipeline flowing at the unloading rate of 14,000 m 3 /hr for a period of 10 minutes. Therefore, the volume of LNG that will need to be contained is 616,400 gallons. The capacity of the LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606, is summarized in Table TS Page 4 of 12 April 7, 2008

12 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Table : Sizing Criteria for S-606 Basin Dimensions Containment Length (ft) Width (ft) Depth (ft) Volume (gallons) ,114 * (117% of volume to be contained) * Note that the LNG Spill Containment Basin S-606 also contains the Low Point Drain Drum D-211 and associated piping, which will displace approximately 1,500 gallons (including piping) i.e. resulting in a net volumetric capacity of 722,614 gallons. LNG will flow into the LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606 along insulated concrete troughs located alongside and / or beneath LNG pipelines and equipment. The troughs have been designed and sized to minimize vapor formation during LNG spills and each will include the following design features: Constructed of insulated concrete; Trenches and spillways will be sloped to quickly move any spilled LNG from the source to the LNG Spill Containment Basin. The LNG Spill Containment Basin will be a reinforced concrete construction, lined with six inches of Insulating Polymer Concrete (IPC). The IPC insulates the LNG from the sump walls and floor, reducing the vaporization rate. Additionally, in accordance with the requirements of Section of NFPA 59A (2001 Edition) the insulation system used for the impounding surfaces will be noncombustible and suitable for the intended service. Thermal characteristics for the insulation have been obtained from GRI90/0259 and are summarized in Table Table 3.2.2: Thermal Properties of Insulating Polymer Concrete Property Value Density 50 lb/ft 3 Thermal Conductivity 2.2 Btu-in/hr ft 2 ºF Specific eat Capacity 0.2 Btu/lb ºF TS Page 5 of 12 April 7, 2008

13 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal 4 RESULTS 4.1 Weather Data Weather data used in thermal radiation and flammable vapor exclusion calculations for the Import Terminal are from published data from the Astoria Clatsop County Airport, COOP ID The data set used for these calculations included hourly-collected data from a period beginning December 31, 2000 and ending December 31, According to 49 CFR Part , when calculating thermal exclusion distances, the wind speed, ambient temperature, and relative humidity producing the maximum exclusion distances shall be used except for those values that occur less than five percent of the time based on recorded data for the area. The weather data used to calculate thermal radiation exclusion distances were analyzed according to the above criteria, with the following results: Ambient temperature Relative humidity Wind speed 37 F (occurs less than 5% of the time); 58.2% (occurs less than 5% of the time); and Varies from 0-16 mph (except for 5% of the time) 49 CFR Part specifies the following input criteria for vapor dispersion calculations: Wind speed 4.5 mph; Relative umidity 50%; The weather data was analyzed to yield: Temperature, Atmospheric 51.5 F, average in the region; Temperature, Surface 4.2 Thermal Radiation Exclusion Zones 51.5 F, assumed. LNGFIRE III output files for all depicted data points are included in Appendix A TS Page 6 of 12 April 7, 2008

14 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal LNG Storage Tank LNG Spill Containment, T-201A/B/C The Import Terminal will include full containment LNG storage tanks, which have a concrete outer wall and roof. Calculations have been prepared to model a tank top fire which assumes a full roof collapse into the inner tank. The dimensions used to model the resulting fire are a diameter of 264 feet (inside diameter of the outer concrete wall) and a flame base height of 151 feet (maximum height of the outer concrete wall). A target height of 0 feet was assumed in the calculations. LNGFIRE III, (dated 4/4/1996) was used to compute the thermal radiation exclusion zones. The weather data used in the tank top fire calculations are as follows: Ambient temperature 37 F; Relative humidity 58.2%; Wind speed 0-16 mph Table summarizes the results of the thermal radiation exclusion zone calculations based on the above inputs. The values represent the worst case exclusion zone distance over the range of wind speeds listed. Table 4.2.1: T-201A/B/C Thermal Radiation Exclusion Zone Distances Thermal Flux (Btu/hr-ft 2 ) Distance from center of pool (ft) 10, , , LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606 (110 by 110 ) Calculations have been prepared to model thermal radiation exclusion zone distances for a fire at the LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606. LNGFIRE III (dated 4/4/1996) was used to compute the thermal radiation exclusion zones. The following weather criteria were used: TS Page 7 of 12 April 7, 2008

15 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Ambient temperature Relative humidity 37 F; 58.2%; and Wind speed See Table and Table Table : S-606 Exclusion Zone Distances, Front View, Target eight = 0 ft Thermal Flux (Btu/hr-ft 2 ) Distance from center of pool (ft) Wind Speed (mph) 10, , , Table : S-606 Exclusion Zone Distances, Side View, Target eight = 0 ft Thermal Flux (Btu/hr-ft 2 ) Distance from center of pool (ft) Wind Speed (mph) 10, , , Thermal radiation isopleths for the LNG storage tanks 201AB/C as well as the LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606 are depicted in Figure TS Page 8 of 12 April 7, 2008

16 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Figure 4.2.1: Thermal Radiation Exclusion Zone Isopleths TS Page 9 of 12 April 7, 2008

17 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal 4.3 Flammable Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zones The DEGADIS program is explicitly recognized by the NFPA 59A (2001 Edition) and 49 CFR Part 193 for vapor dispersion calculations. BREEZE LFG Fire/Risk Version 5.0.2, the Microsoft Windows version of DEGADIS was used to perform vapor dispersion calculations. All vapor generation calculations were performed with the SOURCE model. All SOURCE and DEGADIS output files are included in Appendix B of this report. All LNG spills were modeled as a confined, continuous LNG spill type. The following input parameters for the flammable vapor dispersion calculations were used: Stability class F; Surface roughness 0.03 m; Wind speed Temperature, Atmospheric Temperature, Surface 4.5 mph; Relative humidity 50%; Vapor generated Basin material of construction 51.5 F, average in the region; 51.5 F, assumed; Methane; and LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606 Insulated concrete Table summarizes the results of the vapor dispersion exclusion zone calculations for the LNG Spill Containment Basin, S-606. Table : S-606 Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zone Distances Concentration Distance from center of basin (ft) LFL (5%) 170 ½ LFL (2.5%) TS Page 10 of 12 April 7, 2008

18 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal The vapor dispersion exclusion zone isopleths are illustrated on Figure TS Page 11 of 12 April 7, 2008

19 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Figure 4.3.1: Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zone Isopleths TS Page 12 of 12 April 7, 2008

20 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output 5 APPENDIX A LNGFIRE III OUTPUT LNGFIRE MODEL RESULTS: 264 FT DIAMETER CIRCULAR POOL INPUT MOLECULAR WEIGT LNG LIQUID DENSITY (LB/FT^3) BOILING TEMPERATURE (R) FLAME BASE EIGT (FT) TARGET EIGT (FT) 0.00 POOL DIAMETER (FT) WIND SPEED (MP) AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) RELATIVE UMIDITY (%) OUTPUT MASS BURNING RATE (LB/FT^2 S) FLAME LENGT (FT) FLAME TILT FROM VERTICAL (DEG) FLAME DRAG RATIO TS Page A-1 of A-8 April 7, 2008

21 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output EFF. EMISSIVE POWER (BTU/FT^2 R) FEDERAL CODE.. TERMAL FLUX. DISTANCE FROM CENTER OF POOL.. (BTU/FT^2 R). (FT) , , , , LNGFIRE MODEL RESULTS: 264 FT DIAMETER CIRCULAR POOL INPUT MOLECULAR WEIGT LNG LIQUID DENSITY (LB/FT^3) BOILING TEMPERATURE (R) FLAME BASE EIGT (FT) TARGET EIGT (FT) 0.00 POOL DIAMETER (FT) WIND SPEED (MP) TS Page A-2 of A-8 April 7, 2008

22 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) RELATIVE UMIDITY (%) OUTPUT MASS BURNING RATE (LB/FT^2 S) FLAME LENGT (FT) FLAME TILT FROM VERTICAL (DEG) FLAME DRAG RATIO 1.00 EFF. EMISSIVE POWER (BTU/FT^2 R) TERMAL FLUX TO: DISTANCE FROM... MAXIMUM FLUX.. CENTER OF POOL. ORIZONTAL TARGET. VERTICAL TARGET. TO TARGET. (FT). (BTU/FT^2 R). (BTU/FT^2 R). (BTU/FT^2 R) TS Page A-3 of A-8 April 7, 2008

23 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output LNGFIRE MODEL RESULTS: 110 X 110 FT RECTANGULAR POOL INPUT MOLECULAR WEIGT LNG LIQUID DENSITY (LB/FT^3) BOILING TEMPERATURE (R) FLAME BASE EIGT (FT) 8.00 TARGET EIGT (FT) 0.00 POOL WIDT (FT) POOL LENGT (FT) WIND SPEED (MP) AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) RELATIVE UMIDITY (%) OUTPUT MASS BURNING RATE (LB/FT^2 S) FLAME LENGT (FT) FLAME TILT FROM VERTICAL (DEG) (FRONT) (SIDE) FLAME DRAG RATIO (FRONT) 1.00 (SIDE) 1.00 EFF. EMISSIVE POWER (BTU/FT^2 R) (FRONT) (SIDE) FRONT VIEW FEDERAL CODE.. TERMAL FLUX. DISTANCE FROM CENTER OF POOL.. (BTU/FT^2 R). (FT) , , TS Page A-4 of A-8 April 7, 2008

24 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output. 4, , SIDE VIEW , , , , LNGFIRE MODEL RESULTS: 110 X 110 FT RECTANGULAR POOL INPUT MOLECULAR WEIGT LNG LIQUID DENSITY (LB/FT^3) BOILING TEMPERATURE (R) FLAME BASE EIGT (FT) 8.00 TARGET EIGT (FT) 0.00 POOL WIDT (FT) POOL LENGT (FT) WIND SPEED (MP) 9.00 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) RELATIVE UMIDITY (%) OUTPUT MASS BURNING RATE (LB/FT^2 S) FLAME LENGT (FT) FLAME TILT FROM VERTICAL (DEG) (FRONT) (SIDE) FLAME DRAG RATIO (FRONT) TS Page A-5 of A-8 April 7, 2008

25 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output (SIDE) 1.00 EFF. EMISSIVE POWER (BTU/FT^2 R) (FRONT) (SIDE) FRONT VIEW FEDERAL CODE.. TERMAL FLUX. DISTANCE FROM CENTER OF POOL.. (BTU/FT^2 R). (FT) , , , , SIDE VIEW , , , , LNGFIRE MODEL RESULTS: 110 X 110 FT RECTANGULAR POOL INPUT MOLECULAR WEIGT TS Page A-6 of A-8 April 7, 2008

26 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output LNG LIQUID DENSITY (LB/FT^3) BOILING TEMPERATURE (R) FLAME BASE EIGT (FT) 8.00 TARGET EIGT (FT) 0.00 POOL WIDT (FT) POOL LENGT (FT) WIND SPEED (MP) AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) RELATIVE UMIDITY (%) OUTPUT MASS BURNING RATE (LB/FT^2 S) FLAME LENGT (FT) FLAME TILT FROM VERTICAL (DEG) (FRONT) (SIDE) FLAME DRAG RATIO (FRONT) 1.00 (SIDE) 1.00 EFF. EMISSIVE POWER (BTU/FT^2 R) (FRONT) (SIDE) FRONT VIEW. TERMAL FLUX TO: DISTANCE FROM... MAXIMUM FLUX.. CENTER OF POOL. ORIZONTAL TARGET. VERTICAL TARGET. TO TARGET.. (FT). (BTU/FT^2 R). (BTU/FT^2 R). (BTU/FT^2 R) SIDE VIEW TERMAL FLUX TO: TS Page A-7 of A-8 April 7, 2008

27 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix A LNGFIRE III Output.... DISTANCE FROM... MAXIMUM FLUX.. CENTER OF POOL. ORIZONTAL TARGET. VERTICAL TARGET. TO TARGET.. (FT). (BTU/FT^2 R). (BTU/FT^2 R). (BTU/FT^2 R) TS Page A-8 of A-8 April 7, 2008

28 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE AND DEGADIS OUTPUT 6 APPENDIX B SOURCE AND DEGADIS OUTPUT TS Page B-1 of B-17 April 7, 2008

29 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output CALCULATION OF VAPOR OVERFLOW RATES FOR A CONTINUOUS LNG SPILL INTO A DIKE IN ACCORDANCE WIT U.S.A. FEDERAL CODE 49 CFR MODEL INPUT: INITIAL TEMPERATURE OF DIKE FLOOR (K) = DIKE FLOOR MATERIAL PROPERTIES TERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DIKE FLOOR MATERIAL (W/M K) = 0.32 DENSITY OF DIKE FLOOR MATERIAL (KG/M^3) = EAT CAPACITY OF DIKE FLOOR MATERIAL (J/KG K) = PROPERTIES OF LNG BOILING POINT OF LNG (K) = DENSITY OF LNG (KG/M^3) = MOLECULAR WEIGT OF LNG = EAT OF VAPORIZATION OF LNG (J/KG) = VAPOR OVERFLOW FROM RECTANGULAR DIKE WIT VERTICAL WALLS DIKE DIMENSIONS RECTANGULAR DIKE WIT VERTICAL WALLS LENGT OF DIKE FLOOR (M) = WIDT OF DIKE FLOOR (M) = EIGT OF DIKE (M) = 0.31 SUMP DIMENSIONS LENGT OF SUMP (M) = WIDT OF SUMP (M) = EIGT OF SUMP (M) = 2.13 LENGT OF TROUG (M) = 0.00 WIDT OF TROUG (M) = 0.00 EIGT OF TROUG (M) = 0.00 MODEL OUTPUT: TS Page B-2 of B-17 April 7, 2008

30 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output VOLUME OF DIKE (M^3) = RATE OF LIQUID SPILL INTO DIKE (KG/S) = TIME AT WIC LNG VAPOR OVERFLOWS DIKE (S) = TS Page B-3 of B-17 April 7, 2008

31 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output DEGADIS+ SUMMARY METEOROLOGY: ID OREGON Name 110' by 110' by 8' Sump Ambient temperature 51.5 F Ambient pressure psia Relative humidity 50 % Wind direction 270 degrees Wind speed 2.0 m/s Anemometer height 10.0 meters Surface roughness 0.03 meters Stability option Stability class Stability class 6 (F) CEMICAL: ID LNG1 Name LNG Light (Methane) Molecular weight g/g-mole Boiling point K TWA ppm LFL ppm TS Page B-4 of B-17 April 7, 2008

32 C C IV International UFL ppm RELEASE: Source type Ground-level release Release type Continuous Emission rate 6.42 kg/s Source radius meters Mass fraction 1 Release temperature K Isothermal mode Non-isothermal eat transfer DEGADIS correlation Ground temperature K Water transfer No OUTPUT: eight of interest 1.6 meters Averaging time 0.0 seconds Lower contour ppm Middle contour ppm Upper contour ppm RESULTS: Concentration Distance ppm meters (TWA) (LFL) Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output DEGADIS - (Version 2.1) IBM-PC VERSION TS Page B-5 of B-17 April 7, 2008

33 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output (C) COPYRIGT , TRINITY CONSULTANTS, INC. *************** *************** 14-SEP :18:55.67 *************** *************** Data input on 14-Sep :18:55.55 Source program run on 14-SEP :18: TITLE BLOCK Wind velocity at reference height 2.00 m/s Reference height m 0 Surface roughness length 3.000E-02 m 0 Pasquill Stability class F 0 Monin-Obukhov length 14.3 m Gaussian distribution constants Specified averaging time 0.00 s Deltay Betay Wind velocity power law constant Alpha Friction velocity m/s 0 Ambient Temperature K 0 Surface Temperature K Ambient Pressure atm Ambient Absolute umidity 4.044E-03 kg/kg BDA Ambient Relative umidity % Adiabatic Mixing: Mole fraction CONCENTRATION OF C GAS DENSITY Enthalpy Temperature kg/m**3 kg/m**3 J/kg K TS Page B-6 of B-17 April 7, 2008

34 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output 0 Specified Gas Properties: E E E E E E E E E E E E Molecular weight: Release temperature: K Density at release temperature and ambient pressure: kg/m**3 Mean heat capacity constant: E-08 Mean heat capacity power: Upper mole fraction contour: E-02 Mid mole fraction contour: E TS Page B-7 of B-17 April 7, 2008

35 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output Lower mole fraction contour: E-02 eight for isopleths: m Source input data points Initial (pure contaminant) mass in cloud: kg Time Contaminant Source Radius Contaminant Temperature Enthalpy Mass Rate Mass Fraction s kg/s m kg contam/kg mix K J/kg E E E E+05 0 Calculation procedure for ALPA: 1 0 Entrainment prescription for PI: 3 0 Layer thickness ratio used for average depth: Air entrainment coefficient used: Gravity slumping velocity coefficient used: NON Isothermal calculation 0 eat transfer calculated with correlation: 1 0 Water transfer not included ***** CALCULATED SOURCE PARAMETERS ***** Time Gas Radius eight Qstar SZ(x=L/2.) Mole frac C Density Temperature Rich No. sec m m kg/m**2/s m kg/m**3 K E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-8 of B-17 April 7, 2008

36 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-9 of B-17 April 7, 2008

37 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-10 of B-17 April 7, 2008

38 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-11 of B-17 April 7, 2008

39 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-12 of B-17 April 7, 2008

40 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-13 of B-17 April 7, 2008

41 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-14 of B-17 April 7, 2008

42 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Source strength [kg/s] : Equivalent Primary source radius [m] : Equivalent Primary source length [m] : Equivalent Primary source half-width [m] : Secondary source concentration [kg/m**3] : Secondary source SZ [m] : Contaminant flux rate: E-03 Secondary source mass fractions... contaminant: air: E-03 Enthalpy: E+05 Density: Secondary source length [m] : Secondary source half-width [m] : Distance Mole Concentration Density Gamma Temperature alf Sz Sy alf Width at z= 1.60 m to: Fraction Width 1.00 mole% 2.50 mole% 5.00 mole% TS Page B-15 of B-17 April 7, 2008

43 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output (m) (m) (kg/m**3) (kg/m**3) (K) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E TS Page B-16 of B-17 April 7, 2008

44 C C IV International Thermal Radiation and Vapor Dispersion Calculations for the Oregon LNG Import Terminal Appendix B SOURCE and DEGATEC Output E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E For the UFL of mole percent, and the LFL of mole percent: The mass of contaminant between the UFL and LFL is: kg. The mass of contaminant above the LFL is: kg TS Page B-17 of B-17 April 7, 2008

45 Oregon LNG LNG Vapor Dispersion from Troughs

46

47 Failure Analysis Associates Oregon LNG LNG Vapor Dispersion from Troughs

48 Oregon LNG LNG Vapor Dispersion from Troughs Prepared for Mr. Arthur Ransome C-IV International 1341A Ashton Road anover, MD Prepared by Filippo Gavelli, PhD Melissa Chernovsky, PhD Exponent, Inc Science Drive, Suite 200 Bowie, Maryland July 7, 2008 Exponent, Inc. QMS ID: A0T MC01

49 Contents List of Tables List of Figures Acronyms and Abbreviations Executive Summary Page iv v vii viii 1 Background 1 2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Model FLUENT Exponent Experience with CFD Modeling of LNG Vapor Dispersion Validation Benchmark Downwind Dispersion Distance Gas Concentration at Selected Sensor Locations 13 3 Spill Scenario and Modeling Assumptions OLNG Troughs Unloading Line Trough Characteristics Sendout Line Trough Characteristics Trough Lining Material Properties Pipe Rack Walls Unloading Line Pipe Rack Barriers Sendout Line Pipe Rack Barrier Vapor Dispersion Barrier Unloading Line Vapor Barrier CFD 3-D Model Layout Assumptions and Grid Resolution Unloading Line CFD Model Layout Sendout Line 3-D Model Layout Spreading and Vaporization of LNG in the Trough Unloading Line Spill Flow Rate and Vaporization Rate Sendout Design Spill Flow Rate and Vaporization Rate Ambient Conditions - Weather Data 37 QMS ID: A0T MC01 ii