How To Understand And Understand The Geology Of Finnish Silver Ore

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1 Geological Survey of Finland Current Research Edited by Sini Autio Geological Survey of Finland Espoo 2005

2 Geological Survey of Finland Current Research edited by Sini Autio Geological Survey of Finland Espoo 2005

3 Autio, Sini Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 100 pages, 72 figures and 6 tables. The publication contains 9 articles outlining the current research at the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). The articles are divided into four categories. Petrological investigations, economicgeology and mineral exploration, Environmental studies, Geophysical applications andanalytical methods. At the end of the publication there is a list of publications by GTK staff in 2003 and From now on the current research of the GTK will be published in electronic form at the GTK s internet pages, so this issue will be the last printed version on this subject so far. An article in alvikite vein-dykes presents a new carbonatite in southwestern Finland. The vein-dykes intrude Palaeoproterozoic (1.88. Ga) pyroxene tonalite. The Svecofennian orogeny in Finland produced aseries of 1.9 Ga nickel bearing mafic and ultramafic intrusions mainly found within migmatitic mica gneisses.anintrusionmodelispresentedfortheseindifferenttectonicconditions produced intrusions with pronounced variation in size, shape and lithology. An article on gold prospectivity of highly metamorphosed gneisses and migmatites in southwestern Finland is presented. The mineralization is characterized by rusty, strongly foliated sillimanite-cordierite gneisses and mica schists. Ore prospecting in the ribbed moraine area of Misi, northern Finland has carried out as a part of the detailed investigation of the iron oxide-copper-gold deposits. Observations made have shown the area to be potential for ore prospecting. In the search for abundant and high quality kaolin resources more than 20 kaolin deposits has been investigated in northern Finland. This research has focussed on Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks using a variety of airborne and ground geophysical techniques supplemented by drilling. In the Ostrobothnian region of western Finland extensive parts are covered by sulphide rich clay and silt sediments which alter to harmful sulphate soils when exposed to the air. Ageophysical characterizing of the fine-grained sediments has been made and the results gathered are not directly applicable to another area without new referencedrilling, sampling and chemicalanalysis. The preliminary results of a project to test and develop geophysical techniques for mapping sulphide tailings impundments. The study site Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine has a tailings area of 30 hectares with average height of 9 metres. Four different field-based portable fluorescence (OXRF) instruments for the determination of heavy-metal contents in contaminated soils were evaluated. The results were compared with results obtained by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): Geological Survey of Finland, current research, programs, bibliography, Finland Sini Autio Geological Survey of Finland P.O. Box 96 FI ESPOO, FINLAND ISBN ISSN Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy 2005

4 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Edited by Sini Autio Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 3, 2005 CONTENTS Petrological investigations, economic geology and mineral exploration The Naantali alvikite vein-dykes: a new carbonatite in southwestern Finland, Jeremy Woodard and Pentti Hölttä... 5 Intrusion model for Svecofennian (1.9 Ga) mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Finland, Hannu V. Makkonen The Halikko Kultanummi prospect - a new type of gold mineralization in the high-grade gneiss terrainofsouthwesternfinland, SariGrönholm,NiiloKärkkäinen and Jonas Wiik Ore prospecting in the ribbed moraine area of Misi, northern Finland, Pertti Sarala and Jari Nenonen Exploration results and mineralogical studies on the Lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro,kauhajoki,westernfinland, Olli Sarapää,NiiloKärkkäinen,Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, Salla, Finnish Lapland, Panu Lintinen and Thair Al-Ani 40 Environmental studies Geophysical characterizing of tailings impoundment a case from the closed Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine, eastern Finland, Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala, Tarja Huotari, Tuire Valjus and Jukka Lehtimäki Geophysical applications Geophysicalcharacterising of sulphide rich fine-grained sedimentsinseinäjoki area, western Finland, Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala Analytical methods Evaluation of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) sample preparation methods, Jussi V-P. Laihoand and Paavo Perämäki Publications Papers published by Geological Survey staff in

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6 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 5 10, ThE NAANTAli AlvikiTE vein-dykes: ANEwCARbONATiTE insouthw ESTERN FiNlANd by Jeremy Woodard 1) and Pentti Hölttä 2) 1) Department of Geology, University of Turku, FI Turku, Finland 2) Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI Espoo, Finland [email protected], [email protected] Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): carbonatites, alvikite, dikes, geochemistry, host rocks, alteration, fenite, Naantali, Finland introduction Asmall swarm of carbonate vein-dykes has been identified in the town of Naantali in southwest Finland. The vein-dykes range in width from 1-60 centimetres, with the majority between 3-20 cm. The vein-dykes intrude Svecofennian pyroxene tonalite. The vein-dykes are surrounded by a narrow band of fenitic alteration characterised chemically by removal of silicon and addition of potassium. In a wide area around the vein-dykes, the host rocks show signs of hydrothermal alteration, including widespread randomly oriented calcite + epidote + prehnite veinlets as well as pervasive staining from iron oxides. Chemical and textural evidence suggest that the carbonate veindykes are of magmatic origin. Geological setting The study area is extending for approximately two kilometres in length and one kilometre in width in the town centre area of Naantali. The majority of the vein-dykes follow the same general NW-SE trend and dip to the northeast at an average angle of 45º. The vein-dykes cut the existing schistosity of the surrounding rocks, the difference in strike being 60-90º and in dip 45 50º. Figure 1 is a map of the study area, showing the zones of alteration. Good quality outcrops are found along the steep western slopes of the Kuparivuori hill and along shorelines. Elsewhere, outcrops are limited to occasional roadcuts. Extreme sensitivity to weathering, soil or water cover, and the presence of man-made structures inhibits the search for additional vein-dykes. Carbonate rocks are light grey to pink in colour, and often show a banded or layered texture. The veindykes are composed of medium to fine grained calcite, with repetitions of grain size variation parallel to the margins. Accordingly, the rock type could be called alvikite. Iron oxides are common as an interstitial dusting in streaks also parallel to the strike. Similar texture from the Wasaki complex of Kenya is taken as evidence by Le Bas (1977) of flow parallel to the margins and crystallisation from molten magma. Figure 2 shows the appearance of the vein-dykes in outcrop. In addition to theiron oxides,darkred-brown apatite is also easily visible in hand specimen. Other accessorymineralsoccasionallyvisible include quartz, allanite, and chlorite. Andersen (1984) describes a similar paragenesis from the Rødberg portion of the Fen complex. In one outcrop, fragments of the wall rock appear within the vein-dyke and appear to have been plucked from the sides. Given the low viscosity of carbonate melts(e.g. Dobson etal. 1996), this would require a forceful intrusion and rapid cooling. The vein-dykes intrude dark grey Palaeoproterozoic (1.88 Ga, Väisänen et al. 2002) Svecofennian pyroxene tonalite. A petrography of these rocks is given by Helenius (2003). Alteration surrounding the vein-dykes can be divided into three zones. Zone 5

7 Jeremy Woodard and Pentti Hölttä Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing zones of alteration. I is in immediate contact with the vein-dykes and rarely exceeds 30 cm in width. It is a potassic contact fenite, dark red in colour, with a normative syenite composition. Zones II and III are aureole fenites showing a gradationinalterationintensity.ran domlyorientedcalcite+ epidote+prehniteveinletsareabundantinbothzones. Zone II is approximately metres in width, pink to red in colour, and has a normative granodiorite composition. Zone III extends an additional metres from the vein-dykes, and is a pyroxene bearing grey granodiorite, with narrow bands ( 1cm) of Zone II type alterations around the veinlets. The border between Zones II and III is arbitrarily placed at the limit of grey rocks. The original foliation of the rocks is preserved in Zone III, but is no longer evident in Zone II. Grain size is noticeably increased to 3 5 mm in the Zone I contact fenites, compared to mm in the aureole fenites, Zones II and III. Petrography Fig. 2. Field photograph of a vein-dyke and contact fenite. Diameter of coin 2,5 cm. Thin section study reveals that the texture of the carbonate rock (alvikite) is hypidiomorphic. Calcite is subhedral and comprises approximately 90% of the rock. Quartz occurs as fine-grained aggregates and appears limited to areas near the contact. Fine grains of apatite, allanite, chlorite, fluorite, and titanite occur as 6

8 The Naantali alvikite vein-dykes: a new carbonatite in southwestern Finland accessory minerals. In some samples calcite has been altered to prehnite at the contact. Opaque minerals occur generally in bands, and some mineral grains, particularly apatite, are stained with iron oxides. SEM examination has revealed monazite and members of the bastnäsite series as inclusions in apatite. Allanite is non-metamict, strongly pleochroic, and commonly forms haloes around aggregates of apatite and quartz. Woolleyetal.(1991) et describethistexture texture from extrusive carbonatites in the Uyaynah area of the United Arab Emirates. Allanite is not a common mineral in carbonatites, but it has been reported from variouslocationsincludingbayanobo,china(yang& LeBas2004),MountainPass,CaliforniaandUyaynah, UAE (Woolley et al. 1991). Zone I altered rocks one I contain K-feldspar, plagioclase, chlorite, and actinolite. Some samples have a thin (>5mm) band of actinolite + diopside at the contact. Silica in the form of free quartz has been almost completely removed from the rock. Feldspars are heavily altered and pervasively stained with iron oxides. Chessboard albite, asdescribed bykrestenand Morogan (1986) from the Fen complex also occurs. Calcite, apatite, clinopyroxene, epidote and opaque minerals occur as accessory phases. Zone II rocks are similar, however, plagioclase is more abundant than K-feldspar. Zone II rocks also contain more quartz and less actinolite than Zone I. Alteration is less pronounced in feldspars, but iron oxide staining is still present throughout. Epidote, clinopyroxene and opaque minerals also occur as accessories. Apatite is no longer an important phase, and calcite only occurs in the calcite + epidote + prehnite veinlets. In Zone III, alteration of the same type as in Zone II occurs only in bands ( 1cm) around veinlets. Biotite can be seen reacting to chlorite in the outer areas of these bands. Outside of these bands, the rock contains plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar, biotite, and orthopyroxene. It should be noted that although the grey rocks of this zone appear unaltered, K-feldspar is present, while it is not present in the unaltered rocks examined byhelenius(2003).microscopic-scalequartzveinlets also occur in this zone. continental alvikite values are from Le Bas (1999). Pyroxene tonalite analyses represent unaltered host rocks and are taken from Helenius (2003). Samples from Naantali plot on the CaO-MgO-FeO diagram of Le Maitre et al. (1989) in the calciocarbonatite field (Fig. 3). Both sövite and alvikite are calciocarbonatites, sövite being coarse grained and alvikite medium to fine grained. The Naantali carbonatites fall into the latter category. Le Bas (1999) proposed a chemical distinction between sövite and alvikite based on trace elementchemistry.on average, alvikites are less enriched in Sr and more enriched in REE than sövites. The Naantali alvikite is enriched in Sr, REE and Y. Trace element concentrations from Naantali are very close to the average for alvikite. The carbonatitemagma was enriched in K, Sr, Ba, P, REE, and to some extent Na and Y. Rollinson (1993) describes elements including K, Sr, Rb, and Ba as mobile, while P, REE, V, Y, Ti and Zr are immobile during hydrothermal alteration. Mobile element enrichment, particularly Sr, is disseminated throughout all the alteration zones. Immobile elements from the carbonatite magma, such as Y and REE, were only able to enter the Zone I fenites. Immobile elements not present in the magma, but present in the host rocks, including V, Ti, and Zr, remain at constant levels in all the alteration zones. This shows that Zone I fenites are the product of contact metasomatism while the Zone II and III aureole fenitization was caused by a hydrous fluid. Whether the fluid source was degassing of the carbonatite or a later event is not known. Figure 4 shows chondrite normalized REE abundances for the Naantali rocks. LREE is heavily enriched relative to HREE, a pattern common to partial Geochemistry Whole-rockgeochemicalanalysiswasconductedat the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Major and trace elements were determined using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and rare earth elements were determined using ICP-MS. Table 1 shows the analytical results as average concentrations of selected elements for the vein-dykes and each of the alteration zones. Average Fig. 3. Naantali alvikites plotted on the CaO-MgO-FeO diagram of Le Maitre et al. (1989). 7

9 Jeremy Woodard and Pentti Hölttä Table 1. Whole rock chemical analyses of selected samples in the study area. XRF detection limits (ppm) for trace elements: S and Cl = 60; V, Cr, and Pb = 30; Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Ba = 20; Rb, Sr, Zr and Nb = 10. ICP-MS detection limits (ppm): Sc and Th = 0.5; Sm, Nd and U = 0.2; Gd and Er = 0.15; Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Pr, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm and Y=0.1. x = below detection; - = no data. Average continental alvikite from Le Bas (1999). Pyroxene tonalite is from Helenius (2003). Average continental alvikite JW0407 alvikite JW0427 alvikite JW0432 alvikite JW0406 Zone I JW0436 Zone I JW0401 Zone II JW0422 Zone II JW0402 Zone III Naantali pyroxene tonalite SiO TiO < < Al 2 O Fe 2 O MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O 0.13 < < K2O P 2 O CO Total S x 250 x x x x x - Cl Sc 3 x x x V 56 x x x Cr 2 x x x Ni 8 x x x Cu 15 x x x x x x 35 Zn 112 x x Ga 2 x x x x Rb 5 x x Sr Y Zr 3 x x x Nb 86 x x x 11 x x x x 7.65 Ba 5366 x Pb 11 x x x x x x 8 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm x Lu x Th U

10 The Naantali alvikite vein-dykes: a new carbonatite in southwestern Finland Table 2. Carbon and Oxygen isotope ratios. Samples are described in text. JW0404 PSH PSH δ 13 CPDB -11,48-11,29-5,99 δ 18 OSMOW 9,96 11,76 17,11 Fig. 4. Chondrite normalized REE abundances for the Naantali rocks. Symbols are as follows: filled squares = Alvikite vein-dykes; filled circles = Zone I; open circles = Zone II; open squares = Zone III; crosses = Pyroxene tonalite. melting in mantle sources (e.g. Rollinson 1993). A high LREE/HREE ratio is typical to carbonatites (e.g. Woolley et al. 1991), while Ekambaram et al. (1986) have shown that hydrothermal carbonates will have low LREE concentrations and relative enrichment in MREE and HREE. Three samples were analysed for stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Sample JW0404 is alvikite and was analysed at the University of Helsinki; samples PSH (alvikite) and PSH (Zone II calcite + epidote + prehnite veinlet) were analysed at the Geological Survey of Finland. Results are given in Table 2. δ 18 O values from alvikite samples fall within thenormalrangeforcarbonatites,whilethevaluefrom the veinlet is only slightly heavier. Combined with the δ 13 C values, the alvikite samples fall just below (lighter C) the field for carbonatites given by Deines and Gold (1973) whereas values from the veinlets fall to the right (heavier O). discussion Carbonatitesareigneousrockscomprisedofgreater than 50% carbonate minerals (e.g. Le Bas 1977). Many different criteria have been proposed for the identification of carbonatites, unfortunately no single piece of evidence is truly diagnostic. Evidence from multiple sources including textures, mineral assemblages, geochemistry, alteration, and stable isotopes must be considered. Carbonatites are characterised by high levels of Sr, Ba, REE and Y(e.g. Puustinen & Karhu 1999). The vein-dykes in Naantali are enriched in Sr, Y, and REE, particularly LREE. Ba, though virtually absent in the vein-dykes, is highly enriched in altered rocks, particularly in Zone I. Although carbonatite melts are typically high in K and Na, this is not universally true. For example, Barker and Nixon (1989) report K- and Na-poor carbonatite magma at Fort Portal, Uganda. The Naantali vein-dykes lack alkalis, but the enrichment patternin the fenites suggests that the carbonatite magma was rich in K but relatively poor in Na. Fenitization is a metasomatic process occurring aroundcarbonatiteandalkalineigneousintrusionstypically involving the removal of silica and the addition of alkali elements (e.g. Le Bas 1977). Fenites show a great deal of variation in chemical composition, based on variations in the compositions of the fenitizing fluid, degree of fenitization, and original composition of the rock. Vartiainen and Woolley (1976) distinguish between sodic and potassic fenitization, while Kresten (1988) makes divisions of contact, aureole, and veintype fenites. In Naantali, addition of K and removal of Sicorrespondstopotassicfenitization.ZoneIalteration in Naantali represents contact fenitization; Zones II and III are aureole fenites of decreasing intensity. Aδ 13 C δ 18 O isotope comparison is often used to trace the origins of limestones. Isotope values are within the range of -2 to 12 δ 13 C PDB and +10 to +26 δ 18 O SMOW given by Barker and Nixon (1989) for the Fort Portal carbonatite in Uganda. Values are also close to those given by Puustinen and Karhu (1999) for the Halpanen carbonatite in southeastern Finland. The δ 13 C values also differ markedly from the range of -3 to 3 δ 13 C given by Karhu (1993) for sedimentary carbonates in the Svecofennian domain. Carbonate vein-dykes in Naantali show magmatic textures including flow banding and incorporation of wall-rock fragments on an outcrop scale. Chemical evidence is consistent with established normal values for carbonatite. Isotopic evidence is also consistent with other carbonatites. Chemical and isotopic data also differfrom normalsedimentaryandhydrothermal carbonates. The combined body of evidence shows that the carbonate vein-dykes in Naantali formed by the intrusion of carbonatite magma. 9

11 Jeremy Woodard and Pentti Hölttä REFERENCES Andersen, T Secondary processes in carbonatites: petrology of rødberg (hematite-calcite-dolomite carbonatite) in the Fen central complex, Telemark (South Norway). Lithos 17, barker,d.s.&nixon,p.h High-Ca,lowalka li carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 103, deines, P. & Gold, d.p The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochemica Acta 37, dobson, d.p., Jones, A.P., Rabe, R., Sekine, T., kurita, k., Taniguchi, T., kondo, T., kato, T., Shimomura, O. & Satoru urakawa, S In-situmeasurementofviscosityand and density of carbonate melts at high pressure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 143, Ekambaram,v.,brookins,d.G.,Rosenberg,P.E.,&Emanuel, k.m Rare-earth element geochemistry of fluorite-carbonatedeposits inwesternmontana,u.s.a.chemicalgeology 54, helenius, E.M Turun alueen charnockiittien petrogenesis. Unpublished master s thesis, University of Turku. (In Finnish) 72 p. karhu, J.A Paleoproterozoic evolution of the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary carbonates in the Fennoscandian Shield. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p. kresten, P The chemistry of fenitization: Examples from Fen, Norway. Chemical Geology 68, kresten,p.&morogan,v Fenitization atthefen complex, southern Norway. Lithos 19, le bas, M.J Carbonatite-Nephelinite Volcanism. Bristol: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 347 p. le bas, M.J Sövite and alvikite: two chemically distinct calciocarbonatites C1 and C2. South African Journal of Geology 102, le Maitre, R.w., bateman, P., dudek, A., keller, J., lameyre, J., le bas, M.J., Sabine, P.A., Schmid, R., Sorensen, h., Streckeisen, A., woolley, A.R. & Zanettin, b AClassification of the Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcomission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 193 p. Puustinen, k. & karhu, J Halpanen calcite carbonatite dike, Southeastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 27, Rollinson, h Using Geochemical Data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 352 p. väisänen, M., Mänttäri, i. & hölttä, P Svecofennian magmatic and metamorphic evolution in southwestern Finland as revealed by U-Pb zircon SIMS geochronology. Precambrian Research 116, vartiainen, h. & woolley,a.r The petrography, mineralogyandchemistryofthefenitesofthesoklicarbonatiteintrusion, Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p. woolley, A.R., barr, M.w.C., din, v.k., Jones, G.C., wall, F., & williams, C.T Extrusive Carbonatites from the Uyaynah Area, United Arab Emirates. Journal of Petrology 32, yang, X.M. & le bas, M.J Chemical compositions of carbonate minerals from Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China: implications for petrogenesis. Lithos 72,

12 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 11 14, intrusion MOdEl FOR SvECOFENNiAN (1.9 GA) MAFiC-ulTRAMAFiC intrusions in FiNlANd by Hannu V. Makkonen Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 1237, FI Kuopio, Finland Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): intrusions, models, magmatism, shear zones, Paleoproterozoic, Svecofennian, Finland introduction The Svecofennian orogeny in Finland produced a series of 1.9 Ga mafic-ultramafic intrusions in which, according to Nironen (1997) and Peltonen (2005), the mafic magma intruded in tensional structures above the subduction zone. Most of the nickel bearing intrusions occur within the Kotalahti and Vammala Nickel Belts around the Central Finland Granitoid Complex (Fig. 1). The country rocks surrounding the intrusions were in most cases extensively metamorphosed and deformed during the early stage of the Svecofennian orogeny (Gaál 1980, Kilpeläinen 1998, Koistinen 1981, Mäkinen & Makkonen 2004). Metamorphic conditions reached upper amphibolite facies, and overthrusting and faulting resulted in fragmentation of both the intrusions and the country rocks. Different tectonic conditions produced intrusions with pronounced variations in size, shape and lithology (cf. Papunen & Gorbunov 1985). Owing to the synorogenic timing of the magmatism the related intrusions have very complicated tectonomagmatic history. This makes the Svecofennian intrusions quite differentwhencompared toanorogenic nickelsulphide bearing intrusions like Sudbury, Voisey s Bay and Norilsk (Mäkinen & Makkonen 2004). The Svecofennian nickel bearing mafic and ultramafic intrusions are mainly found within migmatitic mica gneisses, although in the Kotalahti Nickel Belt Fig. 1. Location of the Kotalahti and Vammala Nickel Belts (modified after Mäkinen and Makkonen 2004). Bedrock geology simplified after Korsman et al. (1997). 11

13 Hannu V. Makkonen some occur within or at the contact of the Archaean gneisses. In the surface section they often form oval shaped bodies of varying dimensions, the largest ones upto10km.theintrusion bodiesinclude gabbro-only, peridotite-only and gabbro-peridotite types. According to Mäkinen (1987), two types can be separated mineralogically: 1) Vammala type w ith abundant clinopyroxene and 2) Kotalahti type with abundant orthopyroxene, the former occurring mainly in the Vammala Nickel Belt and the latter in the Kotalahti Nickel Belt. The mineralogical differences are largely due to differences in country rock contamination (Makkonen 1996). In Finnish nickel mining history the Svecofennian deposits have played a major role. Altogether nine deposits have beenmined beginningin1941at Makola (Puustinenetal. 1995) andmining stillathitura, which has become the largest nickel mine in Finland (12.4 Mt at 0.60 % Ni and 0.22 % Cu, Isomäki 2004). The total production of the Svecofennian nickel mines is at present about 41 Mt at 0.6 % Ni. intrusion Model The 1.9 Ga tholeiitic magma has been described forming both extrusions and intrusions in Finland. In the Juva area extrusions are represented by the mafic and ultramafic volcanics (Makkonen 1996) and in the Tampere-Vammala area by the Takamaa-type mafic volcanics (Kilpeläinen 1998). In both areas it is proposed that intrusion bodies were formed at different levels during magma ascent, as also suggested by Peltonen (1995) in the Vammala area. Some important facts for an intrusion model are available: 1) intrusion took place near the maximum intensity of D 2 and peak of the metamorphism (Kilpeläinen 1998, Koistinen et al. 1996, Mäkinen & Makkonen 2004, Marshall et al. 1995, Peltonen 1995, 2005), 2) most of the intrusions occur within a highly deformed/high metamorphic zone but there are intrusions also at higher levels within lower metamorphic grade rocks, and 3) comagmatic volcanics usually occur within lower metamorphic grade areas relative to the intrusions, but in some places they are in contact with an intrusion. D 2 deformationphaseischaracterisedbyrecumbent foldsandoverthrustingdueto compression from south to north (Koistinen 1981, Koistinen et al. 1996). This isindicated bythe Proterozoic sequencesoverthrusted onto the Archaean craton. Overthrusting also caused fragmentation of the Archaean/Proterozoic boundary and thusblocksofarchaeangneiss are enclosed within Proterozoic supracrustals. D 2 tectonic activity generated variable migmatite structures in supracrustals including stromatic, schollen, schlieren and nebulitic structures. The neosome composition is tonalitic and a wide range of mafic-ultramafic rock fragmentsisfound within migmatites (Mäkinen & Makkonen 2004). The occurrence of these migmatite zones together with the intrusion bodies and fragments has been described by many researchers (e.g. Gaál & Rauhamäki 1971, Gaál 1972, Gaál 1985, Grundström 1980, Häkli et al. 1979, Mäkinen 1987, Papunen 1980), but the genetic link between the migmatite zones and the intrusions has remained in many cases indistinct. Korsmanetal. al. (1999), however, proposed thatthe low-p/high-tmeta - morphism and the generation of tonalite-trondhjemite migmatites in the Svecofennian crust were caused by extensive magma under/intraplating during and soon after subduction and crustal thickening (1885 Ma). Mafic magmatic underplating after tectonic thickening of the Svecofennian crust has also been proposed by Korja et al. (1993),Lahtinen(1994)andLahtinen (1994) and and Huhma (1997). Figure 2 shows a model, in which magma is intruding during D 2 within the Svecofennian collisionzone. The basic idea in the model is the generation of a high temperature shear zone (HTSZ) between a large midcrustalmantlemagmareservoirandanimbrication zone of thrust folds, probably above the subduction (after rifting in a collision zone). The shear zone developed at the level of km as indicated by the PT calculationsfrom spinel-bear ingsymplectitesand reaction rims formed between cumulus olivine and intercumulus plagioclase during cooling of the intrusion (Tuisku & Makkonen 1999). Similar shear zones have been described, e.g., in the southern Alps (Ivrea- Verbano zone, Snoke et al. 1999). HTSZ corresponds to the Svecofennian nickel belt migmatites described earlier (especially to the schollen migmatites). When the mafic magma intruded the mobile shear zone, it formed bodies of various shape and size. The bodies were not deformed strongly and only in rare cases S 2 schistosity was formed within. Because many intrusion bodies are found in F 2 folds, magma possibly favoured such an extensional place in the shorter limb of a sheared F 2 fold (Mäkinen & Makkonen 2004). After crystallisation, the competent intrusion bodies also controlled fold formation (1 in Fig. 2a). Some of the bodies were overturned after crystallisation due to continuous thrusting and many of them fragmented. In larger intrusion bodies thrusting is represented by faults separating the intrusion body into blocks (3 in Fig. 2a). More sill-like bodies were folded. Most of the magma intruded into the HTSZ, but because of local extension caused by the uplift of imbrication blocks, as described similarly e.g. in the eastern Alps by Ratschbacher (1989), some intrusion 12

14 Intrusion model for svecofennian (1.9 ga) mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Finland Fig. 2. Intrusion of Svecofennian 1.9 Ga mafic magma and related structural history. A) Intrusion took place during the maximum intensity of D 2 when the high temperature shear zone (HTSZ, marked by broken line) was active. Above the HTSZ continuous thrusting formed an imbrication zone in whichtheprimarystratigraphywasobscured. B) During D 3 sub horizontal rock units were folded vertical to sub-vertical. For more explanation see text. bodies (2 in Fig. 2a) were formed above the HTSZ withinthe lowermetamorphic grade rocks(e.g.metaturbidites showing primary structures). The heat of the mafic magma, together with the latent heat produced by the crystallisation of the magma, enabled migmatite neosome formation. In extensional places neosome formation was promoted by pressure release and the melt concentrated as tonalitic bodies. The true thickness of the HTSZ is difficult to esti - mate. Probably it varied along the zone being largest in places where magmatic activity was strong. In the Kotalahti Nickel Belt schollen migmatite zones are up to 2 km wide (Gaál 1985), although the total width of the migmatite zone is wider. The Ivrea-Verbano zone with stromatic migmatites in the southern Alps is 1 to 1.5 km thick (Snoke et al. 1999). From above, it can be assumed that the thickness of the HTSZ was less than 5 km. The mafic magma probably reached the surface slightly before the main intrusion event. This volcanic event thus took place during the rifting stage in the collision zone.thevolcanicrocksarenowrepresented within the Finnish Svecofennian by the 1.9 Ga amphibolites and picrites (cf. Gaál & Rauhamäki 1971, Häkli et al. 1979, Kousa 1985, Lahtinen 1996 and references therein, Makkonen 1996, Peltonen 1990, Schreursetal.1986).Becauseofthesubsequentthrust folding the volcanic rocks were buried down to the same levels where comagmatic intrusion took place. This, together with the possibility that the intrusion bodies are lifted up during thrusting (3 in Fig. 2a), may explain the close spatial association of the volcanic and comagmatic intrusive rocks seen in places within the Svecofennian. In addition, later, during the D 3 phase (Fig. 2b) the earlier sub-horizontal rock units were folded in many places sub-vertical to vertical, which brought rock units to the present erosion level from various levels (Gaál 1980, Koistinen et al. 1996, Kilpeläinen 1998, Makkonen 2002, Mäkinen & Makkonen 2004). It is important to note that, according to the model the volcanics do not necessarily occur just above their plutonic counterparts. Rather, it is more probable that there is always a degree of lateral movement between them. This makes the correlation difficult at a local scale. 13

15 Hannu V. Makkonen REFERENCES Gaál,G TectoniccontrolofsomeNi-CudepositsinFinland. In: Gill, J. E. (ed.) International Geological Congress, 24th session, Montreal 1972: Section 4, Mineral deposits, Gaál, G Geological setting and intrusion tectonics of the Kotalahti nickel-copper deposit, Finland, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 52 (1), Gaál, G Nickel metallogeny related to tectonics. In: Papunen, H. & Gorbunov, G. I. (eds.) Nickel-copper deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin333, Gaál, G. & Rauhamäki, E Petrological and structural analysis of the Haukivesi area between Varkaus and Savonlinna, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 43 (2), Grundström, l The Laukunkangas nickel-copper occurrence in southeastern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 52 (1), häkli, T. A., vormisto, k. & hänninen, E Vammala, a nickel deposit in layered ultramafite, Southwest Finland. Economic Geology 74 (5), isomäki, O.P NivalanHiturannikkelikaivoksenmalmin- nikkelikaivoksen nosto ylitti 12 miljoonaa tonnia esiintymän löytämisestä 40 vuotta.summary:in40years after thediscoveryover 12million tons of nickel ore has been hoisted from Hitura mine, western Finland. Geologi 56 (3), kilpeläinen, T Evolution and3dmodellingofstructural of and metamorphic patterns of the Palaeoproterozoic crust in the Tampere-Vammala area, southern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p. +2app. 2 koistinen,t. J Structural evolution of an early Proterozoic stratabound Cu-Co-Zn deposit, Outokumpu, Finland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: earth sciences 72 (2), koistinen,t.,klein,v.,koppelmaa,h.,korsman,k.,lahtinen, R., Nironen, M., Puura, v., Saltykova, T., Tikhomirov, S. & yanovskiy, A PaleoproterozoicSvecofennianorogenic orogenic belt in the surroundings of the Gulf of Finland. In: Koistinen, T. J. (ed.) Explanation to themapofprecambrian basementof the Gulf of Finland and surrounding area 1 : 1 mill. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 21, korja, A., korja, T., luosto, u. & heikkinen, P Seismic and geoelectric evidence for collisional and extensional events in the Fennoscandian Shield implications for Precambrian crustal evolution. Tectonophysics 219 (1 3), korsman, k. (ed.),, koistinen, T. (ed.), kohonen, J. (ed.), wennerström, M. (ed.), Ekdahl, E. (ed.), honkamo, M. (ed.),idman,h.(ed.), &Pekkala,y.(ed.) Suomenkal- lioperäkartta = Berggrundskarta över Finland = Bedrock map of Finland 1: Espoo:Geologian tutkimuskeskus. korsman,k.,korja,t.,pajunen,m.&virransalo,p The GGT/SVEKAtransect:structureandevolutionofthecontinental crust in the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in Finland. International Geology Review 41 (4), kousa,j Rantasalmentholeiittisistajakomatiittisistavulkaniiteista.Summary:Thetholeiiticandkomatiiticmetavolcanics in Rantasalmi, Southeastern Finland. Geologi37 (2), lahtinen, R Crustal evolution of the Svecofennian and Karelian domains during Ga, with special emphasis on the geochemistry and origin of Ga gneissic tonalites and associated supracrustal rocks in the Rautalampi area, central Finland. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin p. lahtinen,r GeochemistryofPalaeoproterozoicsupracrustalandplutonicrocksintheTampere-Hämeenlinnaarea,southern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p. lahtinen, R. & huhma, h Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of the Ga Svecofennian crust and mantle in Finland. Precambrian Research 82 (1 2), Mäkinen,J Geochemicalcharacteristics ofsvecokarelidic mafic-ultramaficintrusionsassociatedwithni-cuoccurrencesin Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p. Mäkinen, J. & Makkonen, h. v Petrologyandstructure ofthepalaeoproterozoic(1.9ga)rytkynickelsulphide deposit, CentralFinland:acomparison withthekotalahtinickeldeposit. Mineralium Deposita 39, Makkonen, h. v Gatholeiiticmagmatismandrelated and Ni-CudepositionintheJuvaarea,SEFinland.GeologicalSurvey of Finland, Bulletin p.+3app., 3 1app. map. Makkonen, h. v Raahe-Laatokka vyöhykkeen nikkelimalmien kehityksestä. In: Korsman, Kalevi & Lestinen, Pekka (eds.) Raahe-Laatokka symposio. Kuopio Laajat abstraktit. Geological Survey of Finland, unpublished report K 21.42/2002/ p. Marshall, b., Smith, J. v. & Mancini, F Emplacement and implications of peridotite-hosted leucocratic dykes, Vammala Mine, Finland. GFF 117 (4), Nironen, M The Svecofennian Orogen: a tectonic model. Precambrian Research 86 (1 2), Papunen, h The Kylmäkoski nickel-copper deposit in south-western Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 52 (1), Papunen, h. (ed.) &Gorbunov,G.i.(ed.) G Nickel-copper deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin p. + 2 app. maps. Peltonen, P Metamorphic olivine in picritic metavolcanics from southern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 62 (2), Peltonen,P Petrogenesis of ultramafic rocks in thevammala Nickel Belt : implications for crustal evolution of the early Proterozoic Svecofennian arc terrane. Lithos34 (4), Peltonen,P Mafic-UltramaficIntrusionsoftheSvecofennian Orogen. In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P.A. &Rämö, O.T.(eds.). Precambrian of Finland a Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. Amsterdam: Elsevier, (in press) Puustinen, k., Saltikoff, b. & Tontti, M Distributionand metallogenic types of nickel deposits in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation p. Ratschbacher, l., Frisch, w., Neubauer, F., Schmid, S.M. & Neugebauer, J Extension in compressional orogenic belts: The eastern Alps. Geology 17, Schreurs, J., kooperen, P. van & westra, l Ultramafic metavolcanic rocks of early Proterozoic age in West-Uusimaa, SW Finland. Neues Jahrbuch f r f r Mineralogie. Abhandlungen 155 (2), Snoke, A. w., kalakay, T. J. & Quick, J. E. & Sinigoi, S Development of a deep-crustal shear zone in response to syntectonic intrusion of mafic magma into the lower crust, Ivrea Verbano zone, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 166, Tuisku, P. & Makkonen, h. v Spinel-bearing symplectites in Palaeoproterozoic ultramafic rocks from two different geological settings in Finland: thermobarometric and tectonic implications. GFF 121 (4),

16 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 15 23, ThE halikko kultanummi PROSPECT ANEwTyPE OFGOld MiNERAliZATiON in ThE high-grade GNEiSS TERRAiNOFSOuThwESTERN FiNlANd by Sari Grönholm 1), Niilo Kärkkäinen 1) and Jonas Wiik 2) 1) Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI Espoo, Finland 2) Boliden Mineral AB, S Boliden, Sverige Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): mineral exploration, gold ores, gneisses, sulfides, hydrothermal alteration, Proterozoic, Kulta - nummi, Halikko, Finland introduction In this article we consider the gold prospectivity of the highly metamorphosed gneisses and migmatites of southwestern Finland, using the Kultanummi occurrence at Halikko as a potentially representative example of the type of mineralization to expect in this terrain. In recent years a number of gold occurrences have been found in the region between Paimio and Halikko in southwestern Finland, largely due to the efforts of amateur prospectors, who have submitted both outcrop samples and mineralized glacial boulders to the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) for further evaluation. The first discovery was the Korvenala-Kaleva occurrence near Paimio but further incentive was given in 2001 when Veli-Matti Koivula recovered gold while panning oxidized regolith material at Kultanummi, near Halikko. Three short holes were drilled at this site, with the best intercept yielding gold grades of ppm over intervals of 1 6 m. Follow-up exploration during the next field season delineated a gold-critical sulfide-bearing zone over a distance of 600 m, and with a maximum width of 150 m, to the south of Isorahkaneva mineralized zone (Figs. 1 and 2). The anomalous area was then sampled for heavy mineral fractions, and systematically covered by ground magnetic and IPsurveys, and finally drilled; the results of these investigations are reported below. Geological setting ThebedrockatKultanummiconsists ofupperamphibolitefaciesmicagneissesandm etavolcanics,intruded by granitic veins. The Korveanala-Kaleva prospect, which was studied earlier by GTK, is situated some 10 km west of Kultanummi (Fig. 1). Interpretations based on both bedrock maps and airborne magnetic data indicate that both prospects lie within a discrete structural domain bounded by shear zones and granitoids (Fig. 3). Regional structural trends tend to be nearly E-W, with tight folding. Kultanummi is located within a magnetic anomaly zone that is stronger in the southern part. The area immediately to the north of Kultanummi is reminiscent of the structuralblock defined at Paimio. The Korvenala-Kaleva prospect at Paimio was located by heavy mineral studies following discovery of a mineralized boulder, and it is also well expressed in till geochemistry and has a distinct IP response (Rosenberg 2000). Drill cores analyzed from the from Korvenala-Kaleva show anomalous gold values over a relatively wide area, with a mean of 310 ppb for 252 samples. However, in the most anomalous intervals, grades are usually ppm, 15

17 Sari Grönholm, Niilo Kärkkäinen and Jonas Wiik Fig. 1. Locations of the Korvenala-Kaleva and Kultanummi gold occurrences on the bedrock geological map sheets 2021 (Lehijärvi, 1955) and 2022 (Huhma, 1957). with only a few exceptional intersections of 5.4 ppm over 1 meter and 1 ppm over 5.45 m (Rosenberg 2000). Arsenopyrite is also present, but there is the degree of correlation between Au and As is not high (Rosenberg 2000). Geological setting at kultanummi Mica schists and gneisses intruded by granitic and pegmatitic veins predominate at Kultanummi, with minor intercalations of amphibolites and plagioclase porphyry. However, the most prospective lithology appears to be a relatively quartz-rich gneiss, occurring as discrete units m thick within the more typical mica gneisses. They typically contain disseminated sulfides and are characterized by aggregates of sillimanite and sporadic cordierite, alternating with bands of calc-silicate rock. Mica schists locally display distinct banding, as a result of systematic variations in mica abundance as well as concentrations of presumably metamorphic, idioblastic magnetite grains (Figs. 4 and 5). Principal minerals are quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and biotite, with smaller amounts of red garnet, apatite, zircon, carbonate and tourmaline. Mica schists occasionally grade into coarser-grained gneisses and may even display a more granitic appearance or show extensive epidote alteration. Occasional quartzo-feldspathic intercalations also occur, with distinctly less biotite, forming discrete aggregates, and correspondingly more potassium feldspar than in the mica schists. Quartz-rich sillimanite gneisses and sillimanitecordieritegneisses tendtopalegreenishgrayon weathered surfaces and are somewhat rusty, with complex, tightly folded quartz veins (Fig. 6). These rocks are also readily distinguishable in drill core because of theirpalecolourandtexturalheterogeneity.sillimanite is fibrous, indeed fibrolitic (Fig. 7), while cordierite occurs as pale blebs 1 5 mm in size; microscopic inspection shows that they are extensively pinitized. In addition to sillimanite and cordierite, the gneisses consist principally of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and biotite. Compositional variation between layers is defined by variations in the proportions of sillimanite and cordierite. Accessory minerals include muscovite, garnet, tourmaline and a range of sulfides, notably chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite; arsenopyrite is also present, and galena has been found in fracture fillings. During drilling, a dark green plagioclase porphyry unit about 10 m thick was intersected. The rock is foliated, with some silicification and alteration of hornblende to biotite and also contains angular fragments of mafic composition several cm in diameter. Reddish or grey pegmatite dykes, usually less than 5 m 16

18 The Halikko Kultanummi prospect a new type of gold mineralization in the high-grade gneiss terrain of southwestern Finland Fig. 2. Detailed map of the Kultanummi prospect (Wiik, 2004), showing drill hole locations. Area of map is approximately 8 km 2. Gold-critical rusty outcrops are indicated with pale brown colour. Fig. 3. Korvenala-Kaleva (Paimio) and Kultanummi (Halikko) occurrences shown on airborne magnetic image. TapioRuotoistenmäki (2004) has indicated inferred tight fold hinges with E-W trending axial surfaces by yellow crosses. Yellow lines indicate trends of proposed Au-critical zones, subparallel to fold limbs. 17

19 Sari Grönholm, Niilo Kärkkäinen and Jonas Wiik Fig. 4. Banding in mica schists defined by magnetite. Photo: Sari Grönholm Fig. 5. Photomicrograph of magnetite-bearing mica schist. Mgt = magnetite, Bt = biotite, Qz = quartz, Pl = plagioclase. Photo:JariVäätäinen thick, are common and contain, in addition to quartz, feldspar and mica, black tourmaline, magnetite and occasionally sillimanite. Medium-grained reddish granitic dykes are also present, sometimes containing garnet and magnetite. Gold mineralization Pyrite is the most typical sulfide phase at Kultanum - mi, impartinga rusty aspect tooutcrops, and occurring as disseminations, as solitary grains and aggregates 18

20 The Halikko Kultanummi prospect a new type of gold mineralization in the high-grade gneiss terrain of southwestern Finland Fig. 6. Rusty sillimanite-cordiertie gneiss; light-coloured, elongate knobbly aggregates of both sillimanite and cordierite stand out in relief on weathered surfaces. Note also intense folding of reddish feldspathic quartz vein. Photo: Sari Grönholm Fig. 7. Photomicrograph of sillimanite gneiss. Si =sillimanite, Qz =quartz. Photo: Jari Väätäinen and along joint planes. Disseminated chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite also occur, and isolated arsenopyrite grainsorgrainaggregatesarepresent,particularlynear quartz vein margins. Galena has also been found in a few narrow veins. Tourmaline is also a characteristic phase in mineralized rock. Chemical data reveal a reasonable correlation between Au and S, but only a weak relation between Au and As (Fig. 8). Gold at Kultanummi appears to be closely associated with the relatively silicic, or silicified sillimanite 19

21 Sari Grönholm, Niilo Kärkkäinen and Jonas Wiik Fig. 8. Correlation diagrams for Au and S and Au and As; data from the first three holes drilled at Kultanummi (R379-R381) are not included. Fig. 9. Variation in Au (left) and S (right) for different rock types at Kultanummi: 1 = mica schist and gneiss, 2 = sillimanitequartz rock, 3 = sillimanite-cordierite gneiss, 4 = pegmatite, 5 = plagioclase porphyry, 6 = amphibolite, 7 = quartzofeldspathic schist. Lithologies determined from drill core logging. gneisses, the highest abundances of 6490 ppb and 2100 ppb having been recorded from sillimanite mica gneiss and sillimanite-cordierite gneiss respectively. However, this correlation is not so obvious from the geochemical data, in that results appear to indicate that other lithologies can be anomalous with respect to Au. It is likely however, that the gold in the more typical mica gneisses is associated principally with quartzofeldspathic veins. Altered lithologies (Groups 2 and 3 in Fig. 9) also contain relatively high S, compared of the generally low background values in other rock types at Kultanummi. Alteration Hydrothermalalteration in thegold-anomalouszone at Kultanummi is typically evident from increased sulfide abundances (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and more rarely arsenopyrite), presence of sillimanite-cordierite rocks, silicification and locally from abundantmagnetite in adjacentmica schists.silicified rock almost invariably contains black, fine-grained tourmaline, accompanied by sillimanite, cordierite, sulfides and gold. Carbonateminerals are occasionally present in Au-enriched rocks. Intensely foliated lay- 20

22 The Halikko Kultanummi prospect a new type of gold mineralization in the high-grade gneiss terrain of southwestern Finland Fig. 10. Selected major element abundances for various rock types at Kultanummi: 1= mica schist and gneiss, 2= sillimanite-quartz rock and sillimanite-cordierite gneiss, 3= plagioclase porphyry, 4= amphibolite 5= quartzofedspathic schist 6= pegmatite. Rock types defined from drill core logging. ers also display late metamorphic retrograde mineral assemblages, notably biotite replacement of other minerals,inparticularhornblende,biotitereplacement bychloriteandsericitization ofplagioclase.withinthe zone of hydrothermal alteration, even the plagioclase porphyry contains more elevated gold concentrations (106 ppb over 1 m) compared to values of below 5 ppb when it is associated with unaltered amphibolites. Major element abundances in altered rocks broadly mirror those of mica schists and mica gneisses; magnesium, aluminium, potassium and iron contents in particular suggest that the sillimanite and cordierite gneisses were originally typical pelitic gneisses in composition (Fig. 10). Magnetite is a characteristic accessory mineral throughout the study area. Nevertheless, the Au-mineralized sillimanite-cordierite gneisses are generally only weakly magnetic. Susceptibilities are higher in associated mica schist intercalations. Magnetite also occurs as large discrete crystals at the margins of the sillimanite-cordierite gneiss layers, and within crosscutting granitic and pegmatitic dykes, particularly withinthe hydrothermallyaltered zone.magnetite can also be found in the mica schists as isolated idioblastic grains, or forming narrow bands. Susceptibilitymeasurements indicatesomesystematic relationships between magnetite, sulfides and gold, and these correlation may be related to mineralization process. For example, in drill core from R391 and R394, Au and S abundances correlate well (Fig. 11). 21

23 Sari Grönholm, Niilo Kärkkäinen and Jonas Wiik Fig. 11. Variations in gold concentration (red), susceptibility (black) ja sulfur (blue) for selected drill core intervals from Kultanummi. Note the strong positive correlation between Au and S and high susceptibility values, due to the presence of magnetite, at the margins of the mineralized zone. 22

24 The Halikko Kultanummi prospect a new type of gold mineralization in the high-grade gneiss terrain of southwestern Finland Whilst in general Au and S abundances fall markedly as magnetite content and hence susceptibility increase, in some cases (R388), a positive association between S abundance and susceptibility is observed, related to the presence of pyrrhotite. discussion GTK has been studying the Paimio Korvenala- Kaleva and Halikko Kultanummi gold occurrences sporadically since The geological environment of these prospects differs from that of the Tampere and Häme schist belts, which are at lower metamorphic grade and have been the main focus of GTK activity for many years (Kärkkäinen et al. 2003). The Korvenala-Kaleva and Halikko prospects both occur within similar rock types, within a distinct structural zone bounded by shear zones and relatively late orogenic granitoids. The mineralization at the Halikko Kultanummi occurrence is characterized by rusty, strongly foliated sillimanite-cordierite gneisses and mica schists. This Au-critical association of s illimanite- and cordierite-bearing gneisses is considered to represent hydrothermal alteration accompanying the gold mineralization, and the sillimanite and cordierite is attributed to a younger prograde metamorphic event superimposed on pre-existing sericitic and chlorite schists. On the basis of currently available data it is however, difficult to determine whether or not the sericitic/chloritic alteration would have been formed within a shear zone developed during early stages of the regional metamorphic event, rather than predating the metamorphism. Geochemical data suggest that the protoliths to the altered rocks were mica schists and the unaltered mica gneisses adjacent to the mineralized zone also appear to represent the more strongly recrystallized derivatives of mica schists. The Kultanummi gold mineralization is characterized by strong geochemical correlation between gold andsulfur,therelativelylowasandaprominentenrichment of magnetite in wall rocks. Sulfidation reactions are suggested as a mechanism for gold precipitation, because the highly sulfidized zone and elevated Au abundances occur within a restricted part of the hydrothermalalteration zone, whilethecordierite-sillimanite rocks in the western part of the Kultanummi zone are less mineralized when compared to the main zone. The altered rocks and accompanying quartz veins are also tightly folded, indicated that gold mineralization predates at least some of the deformation. According to Rosenberg (2000), the predominant rock type at the Korvenala-Kaleva prospect is plagioclase porphyry, which has somewhat higher As abundances than at Halikko. At both prospects however, free gold must be present, as deduced from gold grains in heavy mineral separates recoveredfrom till and weathered bedrock. Athird Au occurrence in relatively high grade terrain is at Stenmo, near Kemiö, where gold is present in sillimanite gneisses within a metavolcanic sequence (Nordbäck 2003). Summary Recent studies in the relatively high grade metamorphic terrain of southwestern Finland have delineated several gold occurrences, including the Halikko Kultanummi prospect. Mineralization at Halikko is associated withs ilicic alteration in sillimanite-cordier - ite gneisses and a strong association between silicification, sulfidation and gold has been recognized. In addition,rockssurroundingthe mineralized zone show a prominent enrichment in magnetite. The alteration zone and associated quartz veins carrying anomalous gold values (>10 ppb) are also strongly folded. The distribution of gold is relatively well constrained by drilling within the alteration zone and correlates well with sulfide abundance. Both the Halikko Kultanummi prospect and the Paimio Korvenala-Kaleva occurrence previously discovered by GTK attest to the mineralization potential of this previously neglected metamorphic terrain in southwestern Finland. REFERENCES huhma, A Marttila. Geological Map of Finland 1: : , Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. kärkkäinen, N., lehto, T., Tiainen, M., Jokinen T., Nironen M., Peltonen, P. & valli, T Etelä- ja Länsi-Suomen kaarikompleksi, kullan ja nikkelin etsintä vuosina Geological Survey of Finland, unpublished report M19/21,12/2003/1/ p. + 4 app. lehijärvi, M Salo. GeologicalMapofFinland1:100 of 1 : , Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. Nordbäck, N Malmgeologiska studier över en guldmineralisering i Stenmo, Kimito, SV-Finland. Unpublished master s thesis, Åbo Akademi. 62 p. Rosenberg, P Paimion Korvenalan alueella vuosina suoritetut kultatutkimukset. GeologicalSurveyof of Finland, unpublished report M19/2021/2000/1/10. 9 p app. Ruotoistenmäki, T Kultanummi ja Korvenala-Kalevaalueen geofysiikan kartoista, rakennetulkintaa ja niiden assosioitumisesta kultakriittisiin kohteisiin. Geological Survey of Finland, unpublished report. 4 p. wiik, J Beskrivning av en guldmineralisering i Kultanummi,HalikkoSV-Finland.Unpublished master sthesis,åbo Akademi. 50 p app. 23

25 Sari Grönholm, Niilo Kärkkäinen and Jonas Wiik 24

26 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 25 29, ORE PROSPECTiNG inthe RibbEd MORAiNEAREAOF MiSi, NORThERN FiNlANd by Pertti Sarala 1) and Jari Nenonen 2) 1) Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 77, FI Rovaniemi, Finland 2) Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 1237, FI Kuopio, Finland Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): mineral exploration, moraines, ribbed moraines, till, boulders, glacial transport, Misi, Kemijärvi, Finland introduction Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has carried out intensive ore prospecting in the area of Misi since the 1990s. The studies have been a part of the detailed investigation oftheiron oxide-copper-golddeposits in northern Finland. At the same time, bedrock mapping has been undertaken in the area and the map sheet of Vikajärvi (map sheet 3614) at a scale 1: was published at the end of 2002 (Hanski 2002). The area is known for its iron formations, of which the occurrences of Kärväsvaara, Raajärvi and Leveäselkä were mined during The total volume of the quarried ore is over 8 million tons, of which 3.5 million tons is Fe concentrate. Observations made by local people and geologists during mapping have shown the Misi area to be once again potential for ore prospecting. The village of Misi is situated about 50 km NE of the city of Rovaniemi, in the direction of Kemijärvi (Fig. 1). The area lies in the middle of the ribbed moraine area of Peräpohjola, northern Finland. Ore boulder observations made of the different landform types have focused on the areas of Köyry, Tuorevaara and Venejärvi (Fig. 2). The boulders are mainly composed of hydrothermally altered amphibolites with anomalous contents of Zn (ca. 5% in Köyry and ca. 3% in other areas), Cu and Au. In the present study, carried out in 2004, the transport distances and the most potential source areas of the boulders have been estimated. The methods we have used have been field studies and tractor excavations together with interpretation of glacialmorphology. Glacial flow directions, till structuresandstratigraphy,pebblelithology,heavy mineral composition and geochemical features have been studied in the 23 test pits, of which the mean depth was about 3.5 m. Till samples have been left at the GTK s laboratory in Rovaniemi for chemical analysis (ICP-AES method). Geological setting Bedrockofthe studyareaiscomposed ofthe rocksof the Peräpohja Schist Belt ( Ga) and the Central Lapland Granites (1.8 Ga) (Fig. 2). The southern part of the area consists of mica gneiss while the central area consists of the large NW-SE-oriented zone of arkosic gneiss. Anarrow zone of mafic tuffites and mica schists cuts the whole area in the same direction as the arkosic gneiss. By contrast, the assemblage of mafic metalavas and basalt magmas (gabbros) is dominant on the eastern side of the village of Misi. The schist belt is bordered by granites in the north. The massive Fe-ore occurrences are closely related to thedolomite-skarnrock-serpentiniteassemblageinthe east. The schists with hydrothermal alteration in the 25

27 Pertti Sarala and Jari Nenonen Fig. 1. Alocation of the study area in the village of Misi, NE of the city of Rovaniemi. The area is located in the middle of the ribbed moraine area in Peräpohjola, southern Lapland. Fig. 2. Generalized bedrock map of the study area and the location of the most potential ore boulders in the case study areas. 26

28 Ore prospecting in the ribbed moraine area of Misi, northern Finland volcanic environment seem to be the most critical for a new type of ore occurrences in the central area. The proportion ofbedrockoutcrops isestimated to be only 1 % of the land area. The outcrops occur mainly as groups near the high hill areas. The surface of the bedrockismostly covered by the gl aciogenic deposit s, which include different types of active-ice formations and one esker-system (Fig. 3). In topographic expression and lowland areas, ribbed moraines are the most commonformationtype.theribbedmoraineisagroup of moraine formations that have the same kind ofmorphologyandsimilarsubglacialorigin(cf.hätterstrand 1997). They are formed of ridges perpendicular to the most recent glacial flow direction, which is, according to striae and fabric analyses from the direction about in the Misi area. The transition to the longitudinal formations is seen as a streamline element related to the unique ribbed moraine ridges and as a transitional series from ribbed moraines to drumlins and flutings (cf. Aario 1990). For that reason, these moraine ridges can also be called Rogen moraines, according to Lundqvist (1969). The ridges are composed of two till units representing different glacial phases (Fig. 4). The lower unit is compact and homogenous in its structure and sandy in its matrix.itfo rmed subglacially duringtheadvancing stageoftheglacierunderlodgementprocesses. Glacial flow direction was from NW to SE. By contrast, the upper till unit consists partly of re-deposited material due to the quarrying activity during the formation of the ridges and also melt-out till deposited at the latest stage of deglaciation, while the edge of the glacier melted away after the movement stopped. The structures are sandy lenses and layers together with fine-grain laminae in the former case and homogeneity and occasional flow or consolidation structures in the latter case. The uppermost part of the ridges was washed during the later stages of the Ancylus Lake, after which the water level decreased due to isostatic uplift of the ground. The ribbed moraine ridges in the Misi area are characteristically strewn with boulders. The abundance of boulders atthesurfaceismainlyduetothedepositional processesoccurringduringtheformationofridges,but partlyinconsequence ofthe post-glacialwashing.the rock types of the boulders correlate well with the rock types found in the underlying bedrock, and this is a typical feature for the ribbed moraines in other parts of theperäpohjolaarea,too(cf.aa rio&peuraniemi1992, Sarala & Rossi 1998, 2000). The transport distances Fig. 3. A relief map based on the elevation model and glacial morphology of the study area. 27

29 Pertti Sarala and Jari Nenonen Fig. 4. Generalized stratigraphy of ribbed moraines and drumlins in the Misi area. are estimated to be only from some tens of metres to a few hundreds of metres for local rock material but several kilometres for granites. The same feature is also reflected in the geochemistry of the upper till (cf. Sarala & Rossi 1998). Field observations have proven this phenomenon is of use in prospecting. In the case of drumlins and flutings, transport distances are many times greater and the direct control between till material or surficial boulders and bedrock is hard to determine. Conclusion The ore potentiality of the Misi area, northern Finland seems to be high, because of the great number of ore boulders found at the surface of different moraine formations in the area. The transitional series of active-ice moraine formations from transversal ribbed moraines to longitudinal drumlins and flutings have been observed. Ribbed moraine ridges are composed of Rogen moraine and hummocky ribbed moraine types in the area. Formation of the ridges seems to be a result of a two-step process (Fig. 5), where frozen subglacial sediments were fragmented and moved under compressive glacial flow in the first stage. Secondly, the dominant freezing conditions caused the freeze-thaw process to prevail under the moving ice leading to the quarrying activity that reached the bedrocksurfacebetweenthenewlybornridges. These kinds of conditions seem to have existed under the ice sheetin thetransition zonebetw een frozen andthawed beds during deglaciation (cf. Hättesstrand 1997). Ribbed moraines are ideal for prospecting work, because of the short transport distance of rock material in the uppermost till. Particularly, boulders within the till and at the surface reflect the variation of local bedrock composition. This phenomenon is common for all ribbed moraine types if the pre-existing sediments have been thin enough for the quarrying to have reached the bedrock surface. Due to formation processes, prospecting work differs quite a lot in the areas of ribbed moraines compared to areas of drumlins and flutings. For example, the boulders in the uppermost parts of ridges must be taken account when choosing the equipment for geochemical sampling. The observations and the results presented here will be clarified in the near future when the chemical analyses of till samples and some planned deep drillings have been done. Acknowledgements We thank Jorma Isomaa for discussions and Antti Pakonen and Jorma Valkama for assistance during the field works. Dr Keijo Nenonen of GTK gave valuable comments and Mr Christopher Cunliffe checked the English of the manuscript. 28

30 Ore prospecting in the ribbed moraine area of Misi, northern Finland Fig. 5. Difference between the transportation of till material and till geochemistry in ribbed moraine ridges and drumlins. Aformation of ribbed moraines is two-step process, where fragmented subglacial sediments are moved under compressive glacial flow in the first stage and the following freeze-thaw conditions lead up to the quarrying of bedrock surface between the ridges during the second stage. REFERENCES Aario, R. (ed.) Glacial heritage of northern Finland; an excursion guide. Nordia tiedonantoja, Sarja A: 1.96p. Aario, R. & Peuraniemi, v Glacial dispersal of till constituents in morainic landforms of different types. In:Aario,R. & Heikkinen, O. (eds.) Proceedings of the third international drumlin symposium. Geomorphology 6 (1), hanski, E Vikajärvi. Geological Map of Finland 1: , Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. hättestrand, C Ribbed moraines in Sweden distribution pattern and paleoglaciological implications. In: Piotrowski, J. A. (ed.) Subglacial environments. Sedimentary geology 111, lundqvist, J Problems of the so-called Rogen moraine. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C648, Sarala, P. & Rossi, S Kupari- ja kultapitoisen hiertovyöhykkeen paikantaminen moreenigeokemiallisin tutkimuksin Peräpohjan liuskealueelta Pohjois-Suomessa. Summary: Discovery of a copper- and gold-bearing shear zone as a result of research into the geochemistry of Peräpohja Schist Belt, northern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigations p. Sarala, P. & Rossi, S Theapplication oftill geochemistry inexploration intherogenmoraineareaatpetäjävaara,northern Finland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 68,

31 Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 36 Matti Tyni, Kauko Puustinen, Juha Karhu and Matti Vaasjoki 30

32 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 31 41, EXPlORATiON RESulTS ANd MiNERAlOGiCAlSTudiESON ThE lumikangasapa- TiTE-ilMENiTE GAbbRO, kauhajoki, western FiNlANd by Olli Sarapää, Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI Espoo, Finland Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): mineral exploration, titanium ores, ilmenite, magnetite, apatite, gabbros, geochemistry, Proterozoic, Lumikangas, Finland introduction Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has explored the Lumikangas gabbro since 2002 as a potential source for titanium and phosphorous. Lumikangas is situated 15km south of the town of Kauhajoki in South Pohjanmaa (Fig. 1). The landscape is a flat divide area, 170m above sea level, consisting of eskers bordered by marshes. According to previous seismic measurements,theoverburdenis30-70mthick.recent drillings intersected a m soil cover composed of sand-silt-gravel layers with a till interbed. The Lumikangas area was selected as a target for exploration on the basis of an outstanding regional geophysical anomaly (Fig. 2). There are magnetic and gravity highs on the low-altitude aeromagnetic and on the regionalgravitymaps, respectively. Theeconomic interest of Lumikangas is in titanium and phosphorous because this geophysical anomaly belongs to the Kauhajoki gabbro province, which is generally characterised by high content of ilmenite, magnetite and apatite (Kärkkäinen et al. 1997). The first exploration stage, carried out in 2002, was related togtk s bedrockmappingand ore exploration at Pohjanmaa. The first drill hole (R396) was focused on the magnetic and gravity maxima, where the overburden is the lowest,according to seismic profile across the Lumikangas regional anomaly (Lehtimäki 1984). This drill hole penetrated a layered gabbro containing wt% of magnetite, apatite and ilmenite in total. The Lumikangas gabbro was found to be a potential exploration target on the basis of chemical analyses and mineralogical studies. In the second stage, carried out in 2004, systematic groundmagneticandgravitymeasu rements weremade for the area of 5 km 2. After geophysical interpretation five drill holes in two profiles were drilled, totalling 1308 m (R ), and geophysically logged. Mate - rial for this study includes 446 XRF-analyses, mass susceptibility measurements (magnetite wt %) along the drill core samples, microprobe analyses from polished thin sections and ICP-MS analysis from apatite concentrate. This paper presents the results of preliminary exploration and mineralogical studies on the Lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro. Regional geology The Kauhajoki gabbro province is situated in the western part of Central Finland Granitoid Complex ( Ma), between the synorogenic granitoids andthelateorogeniclauhanvuorigranite(fig. 1). The mafic-ultramafic intrusions at Honkajoki (Pääkkönen 1962, Pakarinen 1984, Rämö 1986), Kauhajärvi (Kärkkäinen&Appelqvist 1999),Hyyppä(Huuskonen & Kärkkäinen 1994) and Lumikangas are layered, mainly gabbroic in composition, and are variably differentiated from peridotite to anorthosite. They all 31

33 Olli Sarapää, Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola Fig. 1. Location of Lumikangas at Kauhajoki on a road map and a generalised geological map. Fig. 2. Aeromagnetic and residual gravity high (curves) indicating potential ilmenite targets. 32

34 Exploraton results and mineralogical studies on the lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro... Fig. 3. Ground magnetic map of the southern part of the Lumikangas intrusion. contain considerable amounts of ilmenite, apatite and magnetite, averaging wt% together. Exploration geophysics All known ilmenite gabbros of the Kauhajoki province are visible as magnetic and gravity highs on the predicted map compiled from aeromagnetic and residual gravity data (4-6 points /km 2, Fig. 2.) The Lumikangas gabbro is situated in an areal gravity gradient, where the regional level increases 3 mgal over a distance of 1.5 km. The maximum gravity anomaly caused by the Lumikangas intrusion is 3.5 mgal as measured from the estimated base level of the regional gravity field. The area of 5 km 2 was studied by using magnetic, gravity and horizontal loop EM measurements over the Lumikangas gabbro. According to the seismic profile, the overburden is 30-70m thick over the intru - sion. The magnetic anomaly, at its highest nt, is caused by magnetite and remanent magnetism (Fig. 3). Magnetic and gravity interpretations indicate that the deposit extends to a depth of m. lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro General description, stratigraphy and resources This study focuses on the southern part of the Lumikangas positive magnetic anomaly, where, according to the ground geophysics, the gabbro body is 1.5 km long and a half kilometre wide, while the total length of the magnetic anomaly is five kilometres (Figs. 2 and 3). Drilling results show that the apatite-ilmenite gabbro dips to the east at an angle of 30 degrees (Fig. 4). Based on the drilling, the thickness of this oxide 33

35 Olli Sarapää, Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola Fig. 4. A drilling section of the Lumikangas gabbro. gabbro, with a total amount of ilmenite and magnetite over10 %, is at least 200 m and, according to the geophysics, reaches 500 m. The gabbro is dissected into two blocks by reverse faulting, so that the western block (hanging wall) (R396 and R401) has been upliftedandtheeasternblock(f ootwall)(r400,r399) has descended (Fig. 4). As a result of this movement, the oxide content decreases downwards in the western block and increases in the eastern block. The structure of the intrusion is clearly layered and the compositional variation ranges from Fe-Ti-rich dark gabbros to apatite-rich leucogabbros. The intrusion can be divided into two main sections. The basal part is composed of dark medium-grained gabbro or gabbronorite, hornblende gabbro and olivine gabbro, and the upper part is medium to coarse-grained leucogabbro or monzogabbro within a few metres thick layers of gabbro-pegmatoid and metadiabase dikes. The inferred and possible resources based on geophysics and two drilling sections include 230 million tons of oxide gabbro, which are 1200 m long, 300 m wide and 200 m thick. Almost the whole drilling section is composed of oxide gabbro, which contains an average of 19 % ore minerals: 8.7 % (max. 21 %) ilmenite, 4.8 % (max. 17 %) magnetite and 5.4 % (max. 17 %) apatite (Table 1). Petrography The alternate layering of the various rock types in drill hole R400 is as follows: subhedral mediumgrained monzogabbro, olivine monzogabbro, gabbronorite, hornblende gabbro, olivine gabbronorite and gabbro. The primary texture of the rock generally is subophitic, which is still preserved. The rock-forming minerals are pyroxenes, uralite and hornblende, cummingtonite, albite and K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, Fe-Ti oxides, apatite, olivine, chlorite, quartz and rarely sphene. Silicate minerals constitute vol% of the rock. Igneous clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine are partially metamorphosed and replaced mainly by uralites and biotite (Fig. 5a). Prismatic to granular plagioclase and alkali feldspar are the major rockforming minerals (Fig. 5b, 6f) up to 2 mm in length and commonly affected by sericitization. Plagioclase 34

36 Exploraton results and mineralogical studies on the lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro... Table 1. Chemical compositions of Lumikangas gabbro ; 1. Average oxide-gabbro (ilmenite+magnetite >10 %), 2. Oxide-monzogabbro (R400, m), 3. Oxide-gabbronorite (R400, ), 4. Oxide-monzogabbro (R400, ), 5. Ilmenite-apatitegabbro (R400, ), 6. Ilmenite-magnetitegabbro (R400, ), 7. Gabbro (R ) SiO TiO Al 2 O Fe 2 O MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O S V Cr Ni Cu magnetite% Valid N composition is mainly labradorite (Table 2) and occasionally ranges from oligoclase to labradorite. In places, plagioclase is partially transformed into albite (analysis no.7, Table 2). Alkali feldspar is represented bythetypicaltextureofmicrope rthiteexsolution inter - growth of sodium-rich and potassium rich feldspar, andantiperthiteintergrowthofpotassium-richfeldspar in sodium-rich (albite) matrix. Equal proportions of albite and K-feldspar intergrowth (mesoperthite) and microcline feldspar with crossed hatched twinning structure are also observed. Biotite (both primary and secondary) is another common silicate mineral that together with uralite often rimilmeniteand magnetite (Fig. 5a). Table 2. Selected electron microprobe (Cameca Camebax SX100) analyses of ilmenite, magnetite, apatite and some silicate minerals (operating conditions: 15-20KeV, 10-15nA, 1-10μm beam diameter; analysed by Bo Johanson and Lassi Pakkanen) SiO TiO Al 2 O Cr 2 O V 2 O FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O BaO SrO NiO ZnO F Cl SO Total Note: Ilmenite (1,2), magnetite (3,4), apatite (5,6), albite (7), k-feldspar (8), Ba-feldspar (9), plagioclase (10,11), augite (12), cummingtonite (13) 35

37 Olli Sarapää, Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola Fig 5a. Pyroxene, uralite and mica; Ilmenite rimmed by biotite and uralite (R398/57,5m) Fig 5b. Alkali-feldspar and plagioclase as major rock forming minerals (R400/81m). Fig 5 c. Free ilmenite grain; large pyrrhotite grain associated with ilmenite and magnetite (R400/149,2m). Fig 5d. Ilmenite commonly occurs as a separate anhedral to subherdal grains (R400/192m) Fig 5e. Ilmenite lamellae in magnetite, up to 40microns thick and 300 microns long; note spinel granules along the border of the lamellae (R400/149,2m) Fig 5f. Magnified exsolved structure of fine ilmenite and spinel in magnetite (R398/57,5m) Geochemistry The mafic rocks of the Lumikangas intrusion are characterisedbyuniformlyhighp 2 O 5 andtio 2 contents, rather high K 2 O, variable but usually high Fe 2 O 3 and rather low Cr content (Table 1). There is very small variation in the Fe/Mg ratio as shown in the AFM diagram (Fig. 7), and the distribution falls within the tholeitic field. Because of high Fe-Ti oxide and apatite contents the Lumikangas gabbroic rocks are not classified in the subalkaline field. In fact, many samples from Lumikangas show increased alumina saturation 36

38 Exploraton results and mineralogical studies on the lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro... Fig 6a. Myrmekitic intergrowth of ilmenite and magnetite with py - roxene, uralite and biotite (R400/149,2m) Fig 6b. Apatite inclusions in the ore minerals. Fig 6c. Coarse grained apatite associated uralites and pyroxene; note apatite is euhedral, up to 3mm long (R400/63,9m). Fig 6d. Coarse grained apatite associated with iron ore, uralites and biotite note apatite is subhedral (R400/149,2m). Fig 6e.Apatite up to 5mm in length, and clusters of subrounded grains of apatite (R400/138,7m) ^PLev. 7,7 cm Fig 6f. Apatite as major mineral and reaches up to 4mm in size; finegrained and needle like apatite mainly embedded in alkali feldspar (R400/141,6m) and the whole rock was metaluminous (Al 2 O 3 > Na 2 O + K 2 O < CaO + Na 2 O + K 2 O) (Table 1). This is partly related to the high K 2 O (> 1 %) content of the gabbro. Based on chemical analyses the normative orthoclase content is 5 10 %, and may be up to 25% in gabbropegmatoids. In the Streckeisen-type triangular classification diagram most samples group within the monzogabbro field, which means that they contain at least 10 % alkali feldspar component (Fig. 8). The special feature of the Lumikangas gabbro is that Ti, Pand Mg correlate very closely as shown in drill hole R400 (Fig. 9). This could be explained by 37

39 Olli Sarapää, Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola Fig 7. Distribution oflumikangasgabbro gabbro inafm-diagram. Fig. 8. Lumikangas samples in normative (quartz-orthoclase-plagioclase) triangular diagram. Most samples contain more than 10 % normative orthoclase and have the composition of monzogabbro. a simultaneous crystallisation of iron-oxide, apatite and Mg-rich silicates (see Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). Ore mineralogy Ilmenite and magnetite Based on microscope observation the rocks contain about 3 20 vol% ilmenite and magnetite. They occur asseparatecrystals,anhedraltosubhedralgranularaggregatesandrangeinsizefrom 0.1to1.5mm.Ilmenite occurs aswell-developedsinglecrystals(figs. 5c, 5d), and as latticed oxyexsolution textures in and along the boundaries of magnetite grains (Fig. 5e), where the boundaries are often delinated by spinel granules. The ilmenite grains are commonly monomineralic, except for occasional magnetite lamellae, rare rutile inclusions and spinel needles. Fig. 9. Variation of magnesium, titanium and phosphorous in two drill holes R400 and R399 from Lumikangas. 38

40 Exploraton results and mineralogical studies on the lumikangas apatite-ilmenite gabbro... Magnetite contains both ilmenite and spinel as exsolved inclusions (Figs. 5e, 5f), where the magnetite here canbe refer red toasilmenomagnetite.the ilm en - ite exsolution might represent two generations, with oriented long lamellae and fine needle like structures ranging from submicroscopic to 100μm across,and up to 1.2mm in length. The fine oriented ilmenite needles aredistributede venlythroughout themagnetitegra ins along with very fine spinel microcrystals (Fig. 5f). Ilmenite and magnetite show myrmekitic intergrowth with silicate minerals, mainly pyroxene, uralite and apatite (Fig. 6a), which indicate simultaneous crys - tallisation of the ore and the silicate minerals. Pyrite and pyrrhotite are the common sulphides observed, occurringmainlyasseparate grainsassociated withthe ore and gangue minerals. Fine grains of chalcopyrite occur often associated with pyrrhotite and pyrite as inclusions. Inclusions of pentlandite in pyrrhotite and secondary hematite with pyrrhotite were observed. Magnetite is less common within the sections where pyrrhotite is abundant. Apatite The Lumikangas gabbroic rock consists of about 1 6 vol% of apatite (Figs. 6b 6f). Locally elevated amounts of apatite covering nearly 25 vol% the rock are observed in R400/141.6m, which corresponds to the highest phosphorous content (5.5% P 2 O 5, R400/ m). The apatite crystals occur either as single crystals or in small clusters associated with feldspars, pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxides (Figs. 6e, 6f). Inclusions of apatite in the ore minerals (Fig. 6b) and in silicates (Figs. 6e, 6f) are the most typical textures. Apatite occurs in various forms: euhedral (Fig. 6c), subhedral(fig. 6d) and rangesinsize from about 50μm to 4 5mm long. Apatite chadacrysts (inclusions in oikocrysts) occurring as fine subrounded and elongated structure are enclosed by feldspar oikocrysts, which Fig. 10. Apatite REE arrays of Lumikangas and Kauhajärvi. ^P is typical of poikilophitic texture (Fig. 6f). Pure apatite concentrate was made using heavy liquid separations. The concentrate was analysed by ICP-MS for rare elements. The chondrite normalised REE-array of apatite is rather plain and only gently decreasing (Fig. 10). Aspecial feature of the Lumikangas apatite is that there is no Eu minimum as compared to neighbouring elements, which is typical forapatiteinthekauhajärvigabbro.thisindicatesthat plagioclase has not been extracted during magmatic differentiation.thesimilarshapeoftheree-arraysof bothlumikangasa ndkauhajärviapa titemayindicate the same magmatic source for both gabbros. Electron microprobe analyses The TiO 2 content of ilmenite ( ) is very close to the theoretical ilmenite composition (TiO 2 =52.65 %) indicating no significant alteration (Table 2). The MgO and Cr 2 O 3 contents of ilmenite are low as is V 2 O 3 that hardly exceeds 0.15 % in Lumikangas ilmenite. The MnO cont ent of both ilmenite grains and lamellae in magnetite is constant but relatively high ( %). TheTiO 2 contentinthemagnetitelatticeisconsiderably low ( wt%) having been taken up by the two generations of exsolved ilmenite lamellae. The magnetite lamellae in ilmenite, however, contains up to 3.2 wt% TiO 2. Interestingly, the Cr 2 O 3 content of magnetite is insignificant, ranging from 0.03 to 0.22wt%.Vanadiuminmagnetite,ontheotherhand,is relativelyhigh(v 2 O 3 = wt%),andvariesfrom sample to sample, % V 2 O 3 in R398/57.5m and wt%V 2 O 3 inr400/63.9m.thevanadium content in the Lumikangas magnetite ( wt% V) is within the range of Koivusaarenneva (0.7 wt% V; Kärkkäinen et al. 2003), Mustavaara (0.83 wt% V; Juopperi 1977)and Otanmäki(0.64 wt%v;kerkkonen 1979) but relatively higher than that of Kauhajärvi ( wt% V; Kärkkäinen & Appelqvist 1999). Inspiteofgrainmorphologyandsizedifferences,the apatite composition is relatively uniform but contains small amounts of SiO 2, MnO, FeO and SrO, as these minerals are known to substitute Ca in apatite (Table 2). The fluorine content of apatite ( wt%) is indicative of fluor-apatite composition. Potassium feldspar is occasionally found to contain extremely high barium content giving a composition of Ba-feldspar (Table 2). The clinopyroxene has a ferro-augite composition, characterised by low Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 contents. The clinopyroxene is associated with primary plagioclase, and according to chemical analyses and microscope observation, plagioclase is in part transformed into albite. 39

41 Olli Sarapää, Niilo Kärkkäinen, Tegist Chernet, Jaana Lohva and Timo Ahtola discussion In almost all igneous rocks, apatite is known as an accessory mineral. However, apatite enrichment with ilmenite and magnetite are recorded in a number of deposits, for example in mafic intrusions as in Bushveld (Von Gruenewaldt 1993), in Sept-Iles (Nabil et al. 2003), Kauhajärvi (Kärkkäinen 1999), and in anorthosite complexes as in Bjerkreim-Sokndal (Duchesne 1972, Kornelliussen et al. 2000) and Lac Mirepoix (Morisset 2003). Apatite-bearing ilmenite-magnetite deposits and prospects generally contain ilmenite with low MgO and Cr 2 O 3 and ilmenite poor in hematite (Schiellerup et al. 2003). One interesting feature at Lumikangas is the early crystallisation of apatite and coeval crystallisation of apatite, Fe-Ti oxides and mafic silicates (Fig. 9). In practice this means that the parent mafic magma was abnormally rich in Pand also Fe and Ti. This kind of Ti-P enriched mafic rocks in crustal environments are often called jotunites (Norway), oxide apatite gabbronorites (Canada) or ferrogabbros (USA) and they are more or less closely related to the anorthosite massifs or rapakivi granite-anorthosite suite. These kinds of rocks have lately been studied as a possible source of Ti and P, for instance in Norway (Kornelliussen et al. 2000). Conclusion Lumikangas area was selected as a target for Ti- P-exploration on the basis of a high magnetic and gravity anomaly and its location in the Kauhajoki apatite-ilmenite gabbro province. The Lumikangas apatite ilmenite monzogabbro may be a potential ore resource in the future, containing an average of 19 % ore minerals: 8.7 % (max. 21 %) ilmenite, 4.8 % (max. 17%)magnetiteand5.4%(max.1 7%)apatite.Apatite, ilmenite and magnetite were crystallised at the same time at a very early stage of magmatic differentiation, becausetheyhaveagoodcorrelationwithmagnesium. The drilling profiles did not intersect pyroxenites, in which the highest ore contents could be hiding. REFERENCES duchesne, J. C Fe-Ti oxide minerals in Bjerkreim-Sokndal massifs, southwestern Norway. Journal of Petrology 13, huuskonen, M. & kärkkäinen, N TiP-gabrojen etsintäohjelmalauhavuorengraniitinympäristössä:korkealentomagneettiset häiriöt ja Kauhajoen Hyypän intruusion tutkimukset. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, arkistoraportti M 19/1234/94/1/ p. + 9 apps. Juopperi, A The magnetite gabbro and related Mustavaara vanadium ore deposit in Porttivaara layered intrusion northeastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin p. + 2 apps. kärkkäinen, N., Sarapää, O., huuskonen, M., koistinen, E. & lehtimäki, J Ilmenite exploration in western Finland, andthemineralresourcesofthekälviädeposit.in:autio,s.(ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 23, kärkkäinen, k. & Appelqvist, h Genesisofalow-grade a apatite-ilmenite-magnetite deposit in the Kauhajärvi gabbro, western Finland. Mineralium Deposita 34, kärkkäinen, k. & bornhorst, T.J the Svecofennian gabbro-hosted Koivusaarenneva magmatic ilmenite deposit. Kälviä, Finland. Mineralium Deposita 38, kerkkonen, O The magnetite-ilmenite of the Otanmäki titanium iron ore, interpretation of the source and development (in Finnish). PhLic thesis, University of Oulu, Finland. korneliussen, A., McEnroe, S., Nilsson, l.p., Schiellerup, h., Gautneb, h., Meyer, G.b. & Storseth, l.r An overview of titanium deposits in Norway. Norges geologiske undersokelse, Bulletin 436, lehtimäki, J Honkajoen ja Kauhajoen alueiden seismiset luotaukset 1982 ja Geologian tutkimuskeskus, arkistoraportti, Q19/1234/84/1/23. 8p. +17 apps. Morisset, C-E Astudy of mineral compositions of Lac Mirepoix layered complex, Lac St-Jean anorthosite complex, Quebec, Canada. In: Ilmenite deposits and their geological environment, NGU, Special Pubication 9, Nabil, h., barnes, S. & higgins, M Genesis of phosphorous and titanium deposits in Sept-Iles mafic intrusion. Mining industry conference and exhibition, Abstract, Montreal May 4 7, Pääkkönen, v Tutkimukset Kauhajoella Geologian tutkimuskeskus, arkistoraportti, M17/Khj-61/1. 2 s. + 1 app. Pakarinen,J RaporttiHonkajoella,KauhajoellajaKarvialla suoritetuis tafosfori-titaani-rauta-malmitutkimuksista (Kemira Oy:n ja Geologian tutkimuskeskuksen yhteistyöprojekti). Geologian tutkimuskeskus, arkistoraportti M19/1234/84/1/ p apps. Rämö, T Honkajoen Perämaan emäksinen intruusio - erityisesti sen gabro-osien petrografia, mineralogia ja petrologia, 104 p. Schiellerup, h., korneliussen, A., heldal, T., Marker, M., bjerkgård, T. & Nilsson, l. P Mineral resources in RogalandAnorthositeProvince,SouthNorway:Origins,history andrecentdevelopments. In:Ilmenitedepositsandtheirgeological environment. NGU, Special Publication 9, von Gruenewalt,G Ilmenite-apatiteenrichmentintheUpperZoneofBushveldComplex:amajortitaniumrockphosphate resource. International Geological Review 35,

42 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 41 47, ThE vittajänkä kaolin deposit, SAllA, FiNNiSh lapland by Panu Lintinen 1) and Thair Al-Ani 2) 1) P.O. Box 77, FI Rovaniemi, Finland 2) Kallentie 36 B4, FI Kouvola, Finland E-m ail: Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): kaolin deposits, mineral exploration, geophysical methods, weathering, mineral composition, chemical composition, beneficiation, Vittajänkä, Salla, Finland introduction In the search for abundant and high quality kaolin resources to satisfy the growing demands of the Finnish paper industry, the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has, over the period , investigated morethan20kaolindeposits inthepre-glacialregolith of northern Finland. Research has focussed on PaleoproterozoicmetasedimentaryrocksincentralLapland, particularly in areas of relatively low metamorphic grade, usingavarietyofairborneandgroundgeophysical techniques, supplemented by drilling. Airborne geophysical data are particularly usefulin identifying weathered bedrock,while drillingorexcavation during earlier bedrock exploration activities has commonly provided direct confirmation of the presence of kaolin and deeply weathered regolith beneath Quaternary till. In contrast, there is a paucity of prior indications of kaolin from terrain dominated by granitoids and gneisses of higher metamorphic grade. During the course of investigations, research has gradually focussed on two specific regiona, namely the eastern parts of the Sodankylä municipality and the areas to the east and northeast of the tonwhsip of Salla. The presence of kaolin in the Sodankylä district, at Siurunmaa, has been known since 1976 (Rask & Lintinen 2001, Pekkala & Sarapää 1989), while the Suolakaarko deposit was discovered more recently, in 1998 (Lintinen 2000). The first investigations in the Salla region were undertaken in 1999, as a result of which white kaolin was found at Vittajänkä. By the end of 2004 three separate drilling programs had been carried out at Vittajänkä, with a total length of 2000 m. At the same time, exploratory drilling has been undertaken in surrounding terrain, in the search for analogous occurrences. Assessmentofthequalityofkaol inatvittajänkähas also been carried out concurrently with delineation of reserves, with particular emphasis on its suitability as a paper pigment. Preliminary enrichment tests simulating industrial processing have been conducted at GTK and also at the former VTT mineral processing laboratories (now GTK Mineral Processing Laboratories) and results of studies completed prior to 2004 have been reported by Al-Ani et al. (2004). Geological setting The Vittajänkä kaolin deposit is located within the southeastern extension ofthepaleoproterozoiccentral Lapland greenstone belt (Fig. 1). In this area however, quartz-rich metasediments dominate, bounded to the east by the extensive metavolcanics of the Salla greenstone area, which continues across the national 41

43 Panu Lintinen and Thair Al-Ani Fig. 1. Geological map showing the location of the Vittajänkä deposit. border into adjacent Russia. The central Lapland granitic complex occurs to the south and southwest of Vittajänkä,whereasArcheangrani ticandsupracrustal terrain lies to the north. Regionalgeologicalinvestigationshavebeencarried out during the Lapland Volcanite Project (LVP), by Manninen (1991), on the basis of which the metasedimentary Matovaara Formation is considered to be the protolithfromwhichthevittajänkäkaolinwasderived. Although the area is covered by extensive wetlands, with very few bedrock exposures, the metasediments appear to have been calcareous siltstones, with calcsilicate and laminated orthoquartzite intercalations. Geophysical investigations TheVittajänkäkaolindepositcanbe distinguished in regional airborne geophysical data as an electromagnetic anomaly with an intense imaginary component and a considerably reduced real component. The Matovaara Formation metasedimentary host rocks are non-magnetic, although they are surrounded by a narrow, conspicuously magnetic zone of tholeiitic volcanics belonging to the Tahkoselkä Formation. The area delineated by the airborne EM anomaly was surveyed on the ground as well, firstly along widely spaced profiles and then on a systematic grid covering 3.6 km 2. Both EM VLF-R measurements and gravity surveys were made. In addition, a regional scale gravimetric survey was carried out over 300 km 2 in the Salla district during , with a site density of 8 measurements per km 2. On the basis of these gravity surveys, the Vittajänkä kaolin deposit appears to coincide with a northerly trending elongate 2 mgal gravity minimum, approximately 1.75 km 2 (2.5x0.8km)inextent(Fig.2).Theshapeofthegravity anomaly is controlled by both degree of weathering and the structurally defined bedrock geology, with mafic volcanics surrounding the metasediments. Sampling strategy The Vittajänkä deposit was drilled in three stages in 1999, 2001 and 2003, using different equipment and core recovery techniques. Drilling has been both technically challenging and required carefulsampling in order to maximize the research value of recovered material. 42

44 The Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, Salla, Finnish Lapland Fig. 2. Bouguer anomlay map of the Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, showing locations of drilling profiles and the distribu - tion of white and coloured kaolin. The gravity anomaly has been drilled along two E-W profiles 700 m apart (Figs. 2 and 3). The more northerly profile intersected white or yellowish kaolin over a distance of 300 m, while the total width of the weathered zone was about 400 m. In the southern profile the weathered zone was about 150 m across, with 75mof light-coloured kaolin. Whitetoyellowish kaolintendtooccurinthecentralpartsoftheweathered zone, while marginal parts were considerably darker. Overburden thickness varied from m, with a mean depth of 15 m. The thickest kaolin intersections were nearly 30 m although the average was around 20 m. Sporadic quartz-rich horizons, or weathered accumulations of quartz sand were sporadically found within the kaolin. Some diamond drill core was recovered from the quartz-rich intercalations, and from the bedrock beneath the kaolin deposit, despite their being intensely Fig. 3. Simplified cross sections of drilling profiles A and B. For locations, see Figure 2. 43

45 Panu Lintinen and Thair Al-Ani weathered. Thus, significantly weathered regolith occurs at depths considerably greater than the main kaolin deposit. laboratory analyses and enrichment trials Methods Atotal of 96 samples of kaolin, both white and coloured, were taken for systematic analysis at GTK, with an average sample length of 3.8 m. Samples were classified according to grain size distributions using a combination ofsievingandsedigraphanalysis. Sample fractions <20 µm were separated and measured for whiteness andyel lownesswithanl &WElrepho-spectrophotometer, according to ISO 2496 specifications. In addition, the mineralogy and chemical compositions of the original samples, prior to sieving, as well as the <20 µm fractions were analyzed by XRD and XRF respectively. The best samples of white kaolin were then evaluated with a trial industrial enrichment process at the VTT (now GTK) Mineral Processing Laboratories at Outokumpu. The process consisted of sieving and centrifuging, followed by magnetic separation and chemical bleaching with sodium dithionite. The centrifuging was intended to recover the size fraction finer than 2 µm. Magnetic separation was performed with a Sala HGMS (High Gradient Magnetic Separation) separator. After bleaching, the samples were filtered, driedandagainmeasuredforwhitenessandyellowness according to ISOR457-specifications with an Elrepho 2000-colour meter. The final purified samples were then analyzed with both XRD and XRF at the GTK laboratories. Whiteness and yellowness Kaolin samples were classified according to the ISO brightness index, for which white refers to a brightness >60 % and coloured to values <60 %. This approach to classification was also used by Sarapää (1996) for the kaolin deposits at Virtasalmi, where the 20 µ m size fraction was also used as a cut-off threshold; therefore, results from the two studies are in principle comparable. Brightness values for kaolin from the <20µm size fraction were, for the samples classified as white, as high as %. Such a result can be considered particularly good for kaolin thathas notbeentreated to magnetic or chemical purification. The yellowness of these whitest samples was on average 7 8 %. Pale yel- Table 1. Mean brightness and yellowness values and respective mineralogical and chemical compositions for different size fractions from the Vittajänkä kaolin deposit. N=number of analyses. RAwkAOliN <20 microns <2 microns white coloured white coloured white N=59 N=37 N=59 N=37 N=10 Brightness % Min Max Yellowness Kaolinite Min Max Quartz Feldspar Muscovite SiO Al2O TiO Fe2O MgO CaO Na2O K2O

46 The Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, Salla, Finnish Lapland Fig. 4. SEM-image of refined Vittajänkä kaolin. Kaolinite occurs as euhedral flaky particles. low samples had brightness values between % and corresponding yellowness values of %. Magnetically and chemically refined processed kaolin in the <2 µm size range had brightness values only a few percent higher. For example, the brightness index for the <20µm fraction increased from 80 % to around 83 %. On the other hand, yellowness values fell significantly by about half, to values around %. Because kaolin products suitable for paper pigment require a brightness index of at least 87 % and yellowness below 3 %, these results indicate that the Vittajänkä kaolin would be suitable as a filler only. Mineralogical composition Table 1 shows mineralogical and chemical data for selected elements for white and coloured kaolin at various size fractions. Original untreated white kaolin samples contain, on the basis of XRD analyses, an average of 30 % kaolinite, 49 % quartz, 8 % muscovite, 6 % feldspar and trace amounts of hematite and pyroxene. The abundance of kaolin increases to an average of 66 % for the <20µm size fractions, but still contains significant amounts of quartz and muscovite. The refined <2µm kaolin product contains % kaolinite, the remainder comprising from 5 10 % quartz and 0 5 % muscovite. Coloured kaolin contains similar proportions of, or slightly less kaolinite than white kaolin. On the other hand, quartz contents are comparatively lower and feldspar abundances somewhat greater. The eastern parts of the drilling profiles tend to contain more plagioclase, up to 40 % in untreated primary samples and as much as 55 % in the <20µm size fraction. In the central parts of the profiles, inclusions or intercalations of coloured kaolin within the white kaolin contain significant amounts of hematite, in places up to 20 %. The refined kaolin products were studied under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), as a result of which illite was identified amongst kaolinite and muscovite. XRD analysis of the settled clay fractions of white kaolin samples also showed a characteristic illite peak, while coloured kaolinite samples were also found to contain mixed layer illite-smectite phyllosilicates. XRD data were used to determine Hinckley crystallinity indices(hinckley 1963,Aparicio&Galan 1999), with values in the range indicating a relatively high degree of crystallinity for the kaolin lattice, in places moderately crystalline. The SEM images (Fig. 4) also revealed that kaolin crystals were nearly euhedral, with a rather uniform grain size distribution and a tendency for small flaky particles to remain in isolation from one another, rather than aggregate into larger phyllosilicate booklets. 45

47 Panu Lintinen and Thair Al-Ani Chemical composition White Vittajänkä kaolin tends to have relatively high SiO 2 - and K 2 O- abundances and low Al 2 O 3 irrespective of grain size. After refining, the <2µm size fraction contained on average 51.6 % SiO 2, 27.9 % Al 2 O 3 and 2.9 % K 2 O. The abundance of silica and low alumina can be understood in terms of residual quartz, while the retention of muscovite and illite can explain the high potassium and Fe 2 O 3, which attains 1.5 % in some samples. By way of comparison, the ideal theoretical kaolinite composition is 46.5 % SiO 2 and 39.5 % Al 2 O 3. As a general rule, kaolin products of commercial quality are very close to this ideal composition, although K 2 O abundances may commonly exceed 2 %, providing that Fe 2 O 3 -abundances remain below 1 %. Coloured kaolin in the eastern parts of the profiles show elevated Na 2 O abundances (mean = 1,5 2 %, maximum = 9,7 %), which corresponds to relatively high amounts of albitic plagioclase. In the <20µm size fraction both Na 2 O abundances and plagioclase contents determined by XRD are even higher, which indicates further that the albite is particularly finegrained.itistherefore possible thatthe protolithsforthe regolith in the eastern part of the profile were tholeiitic volcanics of the Tahkoselkä Formation. However, to the west of the volcanic contact, the coloured kaolin has a chemical composition consistent with derivation from metapelitic rocks or even calc-silicates of the Matovaara Formation, given the relatively high abundances of Mg, Fe and K, and locally high Mg+Fe with low K and Na. Locally dark pigmentation within the white kaolin is usually caused by hematite, which is clearly reflected in Fe 2 O 3 concentrations. Conclusions Protoliths for the kaolin The white kaolin is evidentlyderivedfrom weathering of sericitic quartzites and sericitic schists. Local intercalationsofquartzitehaveweatheredtokaolinitic quartz sand. Thin section studies show that the host rocks were exceedingly fine-grained, massive to weakly laminated and generally only weakly foliated, with quartz occurring amongst fine-grained phyllosilicates. Accessory minerals include albitic plagioclase, potassium feldspar, tourmaline and porphyroblasts of scapolite. The most likely protoliths for the coloured kaolin are phyllitic metasediments and mafic metavolcanics. Weathered volcanics in the eastern part of the drilling profiles contain abundant albitic plagioclase and exhibit relatively high Na 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 - and MgOabundances. In contrast, weathered metapelites have higher K 2 O abundances, with very low Na 2 O. Thin section studies reveal that the mafic volcanics are fine-grained and massive, withmineralogydominated by albite and actinolite, the latter locally replacedby talc. Phyllitic rocks resemble sericite schists, except that in addition they contain biotite. The kaolinization process The mineralogical and chemical attributes of the Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, together with its overall geometry indicate that the kaolin formed by in situ weathering of silicate minerals. The high degree of crystallinity and euhedral habit of the kaolin is also consistent with a primary weathering origin. The presence of muscovite and illite indicate that the process had not proceeded to completion, at least at the present erosion level. It is probably that most of the kaolin formed during decomposition of feldspar and muscovite. Preservation of kaolin At least the lower part of the regolith profile at Vit - tajänkä has survived, despite repeated glaciation and deglaciation events. In general, pre-glacial regolith is moreextensivelypreservedineas ternandnortheastern Lapland than elsewhere in the country. At Vittajänkä the following factors contributed to the preservation of kaolin: 1) Primarycompositionalvariationsintheprotolithsto the kaolin occurrences, in particular more resistant quartz-rich intercalations have protected adjacent weathered material from the effects of erosion 2) The general topographic depression in the area, inherited from bedrock geology, with highly weathered metasediments surrounded by a ring of more resistant, massive and fine-grained tholeiitic metavolcanics (Fig. 1). Beneficiation and exploitation of kaolin At present it is only possible to provide a provisional and speculative estimate of the potential kaolin resource at Vittajänkä, using the dimensions of the gravity anomaly and information from the drilling profiles. Given that the gravity minimum is nearly 2 km in length and that the mean width and depth of the weathered zone are 275 m and 20 m respectively, and assuming a regolith density of 2000 kg/m 3, a total mass of around 22 million tonnes is obtained. Samples 46

48 The Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, Salla, Finnish Lapland analyzed to date have on average 60 % white kaolin, of which the average proportion of kaolinite is about 30 %. Accordingly, the deposit would contain about 13 Mt of white kaolin, which could yield about 4 Mt of kaolinconcentrate.itshould alsobe noted thatalthough the mean depth of the kaolin regolith is only 20 m, kaolinization is extensive to much greater depths. After refinement, the Vittajänkä kaolin product still contained considerable amounts of quartz and muscovite, which is reflected in the higher SiO 2 - and lower Al 2 O 3 - abundances than in commercially available kaolin products. Despite all of the refining processes used, the brightness remained below the acceptable levels for kaolin pigment. One of the main reasons for this is the fine grain size of the protoliths, particularly quartz and muscovite, as a result of which mechanical purification is difficult. Further processing using flotation is planned, which will hopefully be effective in removing not only quartz, but also at least some of the mica, resulting in a product with improved brightness values. REFERENCES Al-Ani, T., lintinen, P. & karhunen, J Mineralogical Description and Preliminary Processing of the Vittajänkä Kaolin Deposit, Salla, Northeastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, unpublished report M19/4621/2004/1/82, 33 p app. Aparicio, P. & Galan, E Mineralogical interference on kaolinite crystallinity index measurements. Clays and Clay Minerals 47 (1), hinckley, d.n Variability in crystallinity values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina. Clays and Clay Minerals 11, lintinen, P Kaoliinitutkimukset Sodankylän Suolakaarkossa GeologicalSurveyofFinland, of unpublished report M19/3732/2000/1/82, 9 p. + 7 app. Manninen, T Sallan alueen vulkaniitit : Lapin vulkaniittiprojektin raportti. Summary: Volcanic rocks in the Salla area, northeastern Finland: Areport of the Lapland Volcanite Project. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation p. + 5 app. Pekkala, y.& Sarapää, O Kaolinexploration infinland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 10, Rask, M. & lintinen, P Kaoliinitutkimukset Sodankylän Siurunmaallavuosina GeologicalSurveyofFinland, unpublished report M19/3713/2001/1/82, 12 p. + 6 app. Sarapää, O Proterozoic primary kaolin deposits at Virtasalmi, southeastern Finland. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. 152 p. + 6 app. 47

49 Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 36 Matti Tyni, Kauko Puustinen, Juha Karhu and Matti Vaasjoki 48

50 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 49 60, GEOPhySiCAl ChARACTERiZiNG OF TAiliNGS impoundment A CASE FROM ThE ClOSEdhAMMASlAhTi Cu-ZN MiNE, EASTERN FiNlANd by Heikki Vanhala 1), Marja Liisa Räisänen 2), Ilkka Suppala 1), Taija Huotari 1), Tuire Valjus 1) and Jukka Lehtimäki 1) 1) Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI Espoo, Finland 2) Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 1237, FI Kuopio, Finland [email protected] Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): geophysical methods, environmental geology, abandoned mines, tailings ponds, tailings, sediments, chemical composition, Hammaslahti, Finland introduction We present here preliminary results of a project in which we test and develop geophysical techniques for mapping sulphide tailings impoundments. Our study site, the small Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine, worked in The tailings impoundmenthav - ing an area of 30 hectares and an average height of 9 metres, has been established on a bog. The interest in developing geophysical techniques for studying tailings impoundments arises from the need of highresolution 3D structural, chemical and hydrological data for modelling and understanding the tailings impoundment systems. Rehabilitation of tailings impoundment for final closure, as well as assessing the risk of old impoundments require relevant data about the structure and composition of the tailings material and the water table and its temporal and spatial variation inside the impoundment. In Finland, tailings impoundments of several metal sulphide mines have been engineered in bog basins or the depressions of small lakes. In both cases, the substrata are organic rich sediments underlying glaciolacustrine silt sediments, which are compressing under load (Sipilä & Salminen 1995, Räisänen 2003). In general, the stratigraphy and characteristics of the impoundment are investigated by drilling, including the profile sampling throughout the tailings and underlying parent sediments. The fact that dense drilling, needed for detailed characterising and 3D modelling of an impoundment, is expensive, led us to start a project to test and develop geophysical techniques for mapping tailings impoundments. Our test site is the closed Hammaslahti mine (Fig. 1). The mine tailings typically exhibit a low electrical resistivity (i.e., high electrical conductivity). Therefore, electrical and electromagnetic (EM) methods are the most commonly used in mine tailings studies (Campbell et al. 1999, Campbell & Fitterman 2000, Watson et al. 2001). At the Geological Survey of Finland, airborne geophysics has been for few years successfully applied to mapping both regional and site-scale environmental impacts of mining in different kind of geological environments. Beamish and Kurimo (2000) used airborne electrical conductivity data to detect acid leaks from active and closed coal mines in the United Kingdom, while Lahti et al. (2000) used airborne radiometric, magnetic and EM (electromagnetic) and ground geophysical data for mapping environmental issues related to uranium mining activities in eastern Germany. Vanhala et al. (2002) studied the environmental, hydrogeological and geological issues around an oil shale mining area in northeast Estonia. Electrical resistivity sounding 49

51 Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala et al. Fig. 1. Location and geology of the study area (Loukola-Ruskeeniemi et al. 1992). results from the Hitura Ni mine tailings have been presented by Heikkinen et al. (2002). The firstgeophysical tests atthe closed Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine were made in 2000 when a few electrical resistivity soundings (ERT), aimed at locating subsurface leakage pathways through the impoundment dam, were measured (Vanhala & Lahti 2001). More ERT data were collected in , but most of the geophysical measurements (refraction seismic, gravity, EM and ERT) are from Drillings and sampling for chemical analysis were made in 2000, 2003 and Petrophysical results are from 2004 (Table 1). The general objective of the ongoing study is to developgroundgeophysicalmethods, gravity,refraction seismic, EM and ERT, for mapping and monitoring tailings impoundment and dam constructions and bedrock and sediment structures under and around theimpoundment. Petrophysicalproperties(electrical conductivity and induced polarization (IP), seismic velocity and density) of the tailing material have been only poorly known and one of the key tasks is to define them. Especially the relationship between the electrical conductivity and IP and the properties of the tailings material is of great importance. The structural features presumed to be suitable for geophysical mapping are the follows (a)water table and the oxidised zone, (b)variation of grain size, mineralogy and chemistry inside the impoundment (c)thickness of the tailings bed and the underlying sediments, (d)bedrock relief and fracture zones (e)internal structures (dams, cavities) In this paper we present the preliminary results of the geophysical studies. Furthermore, we discuss on the relationship between the geochemistry and the geophysical data of tailings and underlying sediments at some reference sites. description of the study site The HammaslahtiCudepositislocated atthe eastern margin of the Early Proterozoic Svecofennian Orogen ( Ga), 12 km west of the exposed Archaean- Proterozoic boundary (Fig. 1). The country rocks are composed of low-grade metamorphosed epiclastic sediments dominated by graded-bedded feldspathic graywackes intercalated with black schist layers and phyllites. Three orebodies (S, N and Z) are located in hydrothermally altered rocks. Major sulphides are pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite in the S and N orebodies, and sphalerite in the zinc ore body. The Hammaslahti Cu-Zn Mine operated in OutokumpuOymined 7million tons of ore grading 1.16 % Cu and minor amounts of Zn and Au. The tailings impoundment is situated north of the flotation plant. Its surface area is about 30 hectares. 50

52 Geophysical characterizing of tailings impoundment... Fig. 2. Topographic map of Hammaslahti before mining (upper left); aerial photograph of the tailings impoundment from 1974 (upper right); map of Quaternary deposits (brown=peat, yellow=sand and fine sand, red=bedrock, grey=till, magenta=tailings, (lower left); airborne electrical conductivity map (AEM), out-of-phase, 3.1 khz, 1991 (lower right). Map area is 1.4 x 1.4 km 2 (Pohjakartta Maanmittauslaitos, lupa nro 13/MYY105). The tailings impoundment is dammed on the bog (Fig 2). The tailings embankment consists of local glacial till strengthened by country rock stones from the open pits (Pelkonen et al. 1973). The average height of the heap is 9 metres above the surface of the bog. The impoundment is recovered by a thin basal meltout till layer (10 60 cm). At present, plants typical for wild meadows (mainly wild grass), and young birches and planted pines grow more or less successfully (Fig. 3, Räisänen et al. 2003). investigation methods of the tailings impoundment Profile drilling and sampling The basement and layer structure of the facility, and its hydrological conditions were studied by drilling with a non-rotated percussion drill equipped with a soil core sampler at 22 sites (Fig. 4). Drilling work was done firstly in November 2000, then in May

53 Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala et al. Fig. 3.Vegetation cover of the tailings in spring 2003 in the old Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine area, eastern Finland. and May In 2000, profile samples from tailings materials and underlying Quaternary sediments were continuously collected into non-contaminated plastic (high dense polyethene, HDPE) tubes with a piston and in 2003 with a special soil core sampler during the drilling. The sampling technique is developed by the GTK. In 2004, the tube sampling was used, since it allows the making of petrophysical core sample measurements. The sampling was done in a set of 1 m sample per tube. After the measurements, sample tubes werehalfopened, andsamplelayers for chemical analysis were separated on the basis of the oxidation degree of the tailings and physical characteristics of the underlying sediments. In all cases, samples for chemical analysis were frozen in the field or immediately after transporting to the Geolaboratory of the GTK. For chemical analysis tailings and underlying peat and silt sediment samples were freeze-dried and then sieved to <2.0 mm fraction. Ammonium acetate (1 M) solution buffered to ph 4.5 for chemically adsorbed elements (exchangeable, surface complexes) and hot (90 o C) aqua regia for mica and clay mineral fraction (including sulphides) (Niskavaara 1995, Räisänen & Carlson 2003, Räisänen et al. 2003). In contrast to mineral sediment samples, the nitric acid leach assisted with microwave (EPA3051) was used for peat samples (Niskavaara 1995). The ICP-AES technique was used for measurements of the element concentrations in the above extracts. The total sulphur was determined using with the Leco-S technique and total concentration of carbon and nitrogen with a CN analyser. The extractions and ICP-AES, S, C and N determinations were made at the FINAS accredited Geolaboratory of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) in Kuopio. Geophysical measurements and interpretation tools The geophysical data used in this study is presented in Table 1. Location of the ground geophysical lines and profile sampling sites are in Figure 4. Two refraction seismic profiles were measured across the impoundment. The seismic measurements enable the interpretation of dry overburden (tailings + natural sediments), saturated overburden and the depth to bedrock. The method also gave information about the type of overburden and the bedrock. The fracture zones in the bedrock can be detected from the low seismic velocity of broken rock. In certain circumstances, layers cannot be detected by seismic refraction. This is usually due to the insufficient thickness or velocity contrast between the layers. If the hidden layer is not taken into account in the interpretation the calculated total thickness of the overburden is too small. In Hammaslahti, the thick pile of dry and saturated tailings covers underlying Quaternary sediments. The underlying natural sediment layer is in most cases undetectable by refraction 52

54 Geophysical characterizing of tailings impoundment... seismic survey. It can only be seen in the middle of upper seismic line (Fig. 4). The second problem in refraction interpretation is called the reversal velocity case the velocity in a layer is lower than in the overlying layer. The low velocity cannot be detected by refraction survey. If there is no information of the low velocity layer the calculated total thickness of overburden is overestimated. A typical reversal velocity case is a sand layer under gravel. Six gravity profiles were measured across the impoundment. Seismic results and the water table interpreted from the seismic data were used as reference data in gravity interpretation. The interpretation of the gravity data was made using a three-layer model bedrock, saturated sediment layer and dry sediment layer. For the sediment material, densities of 1500 kg/m 3 (dry) and 1950 kg/m 3 (saturated) were used. Possible sources of error were the density variation of bedrock and the water table. Ground slingram measurements were carried out using a multi-frequency horizontal loop EM method (HLEM), (APEX MaxMin I+8S system). Eight frequencies (440, 880, 1760, 3520, 7040, 14080, and Hz) were measured. 1Dinversionwasusedtointerpre ttheemdata.first the quality of the HLEM data was assessed with 1D multi-layer inversion using a few layers with varying thickness and conductivity, in order to examine the effects caused by 3D conductivity structures and misalignment of the loops. Then the layered-earth interpretation wa smade withmodel norm-based inver - sion. In the 1D model, the earth is composed of a stack of layers, each having a uniform conductivity. The 1D conductivity structure, i.e., the conductivities of each layer,issoughtbytheregularisedinversion.thegoalis to find for everymeasuring pointa minimum-structure model, which can fitthe measurementdata sufficiently well. The minimisation of the objective function (data misfit + β x model norm ) has been carried out with a damped Gauss-Newton algorithm. In HLEM measurements 20 metre and 40 metre coil spacing were used. The wider c oil spacing means deeper effective depth of investigation. The EM system with the shorter coil spacing has a higher spatial resolution. Because here the conductivity of the tailings bed is high enough the multi-frequency slingram system has frequency-dependent sensitivity to the conductivity variations in that layer. Inversion results of HLEM data measured with coil separation of 20 m and 40 m delineate similar conductivity structures. However in the results measured with wider coil separation more 3D effects could be seen, probably caused by the bedrock conductors. Inaccuracy in loop spacing and alignment of the loops are likely to be the largest sources of error in the horizontal loop EM measurements. A reference cable connects the transmitter and receiver loops and with the help of the cable the keeping of the coil Table 1. Hammaslahti geophysical data. METhOd Time Specifications Airborne data 1991 radiometric, magnetic & EM (3.1 khz), 200 m line spacing, 30 m Gravity 2003, June 6 lines nominal flight altitude Refraction seismic 2003, June 2 lines (& one short line across PP72) HLEM 2003, June slingram (horizontal loop EM) (8 frequencies, 440, 880, 1760, 3520, 7040, and 28160, Hz), 10m/reading: 4 lines, coil spacing 20 m 2 lines, coil spacing 20 m & 40 m TEM 2003, July single loop (50x50 m 2 ), 7 soundings ERT wenner & dipole-dipole, ipole, a=1,2,3 or 5 m, automatic multielectrode system, 28,42 or 56 electrode groundings, most of the drilling sites. IP D wenner, a=2 m, 6 soundings Laboratory resistivity and IP 2004, May Drilling sites N17, N18, N19, N20, N21, N22 (240 samples) 53

55 Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala et al. Fig. 4.Geophysical sounding lines and drilling sites (Pohjakartta Maanmittauslaitos, lupa nro 13/MYY105). separation is attempted at the constant value (in this study 20 or 40 m). The error in coil separation is most evidently seen in the in-phase component caused by the incompletelycompensated primarymagnetic field (e.g. Frischnecht et al. 1991). We have also considered the true coil spacing as an unknown parameter and estimated it carefully from the field data. At least in the case of 1D conductivity structure the used model for the layered ground and for measuring system works better than the inversion assuming constant coil spacing. The first resistivity soundings (ERT, electrical resistivity tomography) at Hammaslahti were made in 2000 (Vanhala & Lahti 2000) and continued annually until All the soundings have been made using AGI/Sting multielectrode system, Wenner or dipole-dipole configuration and electrode spacings of 1, 2, 3 or 5 metres. 2D inversion of the 2D field data has been made using RES2DINVsoftware (Loke & Parker 1996). Presumably because of the dry and high-resistivity top-layer and a low-resistivity deeper sub-surface, the resistivity data were partly too noisy for reliable interpretation. 240 samples for laboratory resistivity and IPmeasurements were collectedin May 2004from sixdrilling sites(n17,n18,n19,n20,n21,n22). Thelaboratory measurements were made within a few hours after the drilling, directly from the original (nearly undisturbed samples) in one-metre long plastic sample tubes by a spectral IPsystem described by Vanhala and Soininen (1995). Small holes were drilled for platinum stick electrodes at both ends and in the middle of the tube so that (for each sample) three resistivity-ip spectra could be measured. Chemical analysis For chemical analysis tailings and underlying peat and silt sediment samples were freeze-dried and then sieved to <2.0 mm fraction. The hot (90 o C) aqua regia digestion method was used to determine element concentrations in sulphides and mica and clay mineral fractions of the tailings (Niskavaara 1995, Räisänen & Carlson 2003, Räisänen et al. 2003). Peat samples were digested with the concentrated nitric acid in the microwave (EPA3051, Niskavaara 1995). The ICP-AES technique was used for measurements of the element concentrations in both extracts. In this context, chemical data is only presented from the reference profiles at site N19 and N20. Totalsulphurwasdetermined usingwiththe Leco-S technique and total concentration of carbon and nitrogenwithacnanalyser. TheextractionsandICP-AES, S, C and N determinations were made at the FINAS accredited Geolaboratory of the Geological Survey of Finland in Kuopio. 54

56 Geophysical characterizing of tailings impoundment... Results and discussion The structure of the tailings impoundment Originally,the tailings impoundment was divided into two ponds by adam, which cannot be visually distinguished from the surface topography (Fig. 2, aerial photo onthe right). The shallow depression is mainlylocated inthecentralpart oftheeasternpond. Theretheelevation ofthesurface increasesabout2m towardsthedikeinthenorthandnortheast,whereasit doesnotchangemuchtowardthesouth. Bycontrast, thesurfaceelevation ofthewesternpondvariesalot. The difference inthe surface topographybetweenthe southernandcentralparts is about 4.5mandbetween the central and northern parts about 1.5 m. Similarly, the base of the eastern pond is more or less flat,whereas in the western pond it descends about 6 m from south tonorth(räisänenetal.2003). Accordingtothedrillingdata,tailingsinbothponds canbe divided intodryoxidised and weaklyoxidised layers,andunderlyingwater-saturatedandnon-oxidised layer. Intheeasternpond, thewatertable(water-saturation zone)hasstayed quite close to the surface, varying atthedepthof0.1 3metresfrom thesurface (lowest at theedges). Inspringandrainya utumns,thedepression of the eastern pond is water covered. In the western pond, the base gradient slants toward the north, and therefore the water table is more changeable than in the eastern pond.the water table dropped in the mid 1990swhenthenortherndikewasfractured.In2000, thewater-saturation zonewasatadepthof5mbelow thesurfaceandinmay2004,ata bout3mfrom surface. Similarlytotheeasternpond, thethickness ofoxidised layer is thin,beingabout 0.7 cmthick.fortunately,the accident had only minor consequen ces. Only asmall amount of tailings flowed out to the bog. Presumably, the waterleakage wasmoderate, s ince no deterioration wasdetected downstreamintheiiksejoki River. Thevariation in thebasegradientbetween thewestern and eastern ponds results from the compression capacityofbottom sediments andunderlyingbedrock topography.the b asement close to the southern dike ofthewestern pondliespartially on outcrops ofcrys - tallinearchean bedrockandpartiallyon thesandytill overlainbyathi npeatlayer. The centraland north ern parts ofthewestern pondlieon thickpeat sediments, which are underlain by silt and clayey silt sediments. The eastern pond lies entirely on peat and silt sedi - ments. According to drilling data, the peat layer an d partially the underlying silt have been compressed. The groundwater table in the bottom sediments lies variably mbelow the tailings. This indicates that thebasement ofthetailingsi swatertight. Geophysical results The airborne data is from The tailings impoundment can be seenas alow-resistivityanomalyin the quadrature (out-of-phase) component map. Today the GTK s airborne system has a dual-frequency (3.1 khz and 14.4 khz) EM-data acquisition and a high accuracy GPS positioning, giving rise to inversion of subsurface conductivity distribution (see for example Suppala et al. 2003, Lintinen et al. 2003). The 1991 EM, radiometric and magnetic data can be used for regional scale mapping of rock units, major fracture zones, overburden thickness and quality estimates, but not for detailed mapping of targets like the Hammaslahti tailings impoundment. Refraction seismic interpretation from line 1 is illustrated in Figure 5 (see also Fig. 4). Dry and saturated overburden as well as the bedrock with fracture zones can be detected from the model. The measured seismic velocity for the dry tailings in the profile was m/s (Fig. 5). For natural sand and gravel formations the seismic velocity is typically m/s dependingon the grain size.the measured seismic Fig. 5. Seismic interpretation, line L_1. 55

57 Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala et al. Fig. 6. 3D bedrock relief model under the tailings inpoundmennt. The model is based on gravity nad seismic data. velocity of water-saturated tailings was m/s. It is clearly lower than the seismic velocity of natural sediments of m/s. The measured seismic velocities of the bedrock under the tailing bed showed that the rock is commonly more or less fractured (< 4500 m/s). The seismic velocity for fresh rock is typically > 5000 m/s. The interpretation results of the six gravity lines together with the seismic results were integrated to a 3D bedrock relief model shown in Figure 6. Together with the seismic results, which indicate the fracture zones, the 3D bedrock relief model (or the depth-tobedrock map) is of great importance in modelling the hydrogeology of the area. Figure 7, which present EM interpretation from line 5, shows that the inverted results are in agreement with the drill core resistivity data. Constraining with the minimum structure model, i.e., minimal spatial derivatives with respect to conductivity, can make the inverted conductivity sections also too smooth. Results from multi-layer inversion using 4 or 5 layers are for the most part equally useful. The smooth inversion is just more robust if we do not know the number of layers. Figure 9 shows two examples of resistivity sections (ERT) and their relationship to the drilling results. The upper section also includes a comparison between laboratory and ground resistivity (2004). The electrical layering seen in the sections reflect the structure and composition of the tailings material and the water table. Figure 10 shows the relationships between the electrical conductivity and chemistry of tailings profiles at drilling site N6 (eastern pond). The chemical data is from samples taken in November 2000 and the electrical resistivity measurement from field data in Fig. 7. Line 5, drill core resistivity data (N19 and N20) embedded to electrical resistivity section based on HLEM, i.e., multi-frequency slingram data (1D inversion, 20m coil spacing). Here slingram measurements with the wider coil spacing bring more frequency-dependent information from the conductivity of the formation. Possibly due the bedrock conductors, the 1D model explains slightly better the results with coil spacing of 20 m than with the coil spacing of 40 m. Since the inversion results with both coil separations seem to be consistent with each other, the resolution of the inverted results could be improved using join inversion of both measurements. 56

58 Geophysical characterizing of tailings impoundment... Fig. 8. Line 5, electrical resistivity (HLEM, 1D inversion, 20m coil spacing), embedded to gravity, seismic and drilling results. The tailings bed can be seen as a low-resistivity layer. The higher-resistivity top-layer refers to dry tailings. Note that the elevation is exaggerated. July The whole resistivity section (July 2001) is presented in Figure 9. The distributions show similarities, especially above the water tables. Obviously, the actualwatertablewasdeeperdur ingthemeasurements in July 2001 than during drilling in November Figure 11 reveals a significant relationship between the electrical conductivity and distribution of Cu and Zn concentrations at drilling sites N19 (western pond) and N20 (eastern pond). Asimilar trend can also be seen for sulphur. The IPdata do not show as detectable a relationship as the conductivity. The electrical resistivity values measured for the tailings in the laboratory and inverted from the field data, 5 20 Ohmm ( ms/m), are lower than the resistivity values of the natural soils and sediments in Finland. In earlier papers (Campbell et al. 1998, Campbell & Fitterman 2000, Campbell & Beanland 2001, Campbell 2001, Anderson et al. 2001) IP has been found to be a promising method of characterising the tailings. The first results in this study (Fig. 11) are not, however, promising. The IPvalues are low and no evident relationship to the chemistry is visible. Fig. 9. Electrical resistivity (ERT) sections from drilling sites N6 and N20. Note the different distance and depth scales. In both sections resistivity reflects the structure of tailings. In the upper section core resistivity data (N20) is also presented. It is very similar to the ERT result. 57

59 Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala et al. Fig. 10. (upper) Comparison between electrical resistivity soundings (ERT, red line) and the distribution of Zn, S and Fe in the tailings and underlying peat and silt sediments at drilling site N6 (Vanhala et al. 2004). discussion and conclusions Up to present the geophysical results have seemed promising. Although the tailings impoundment is a very complicated target consisting of material not having a natural origin, the conventional techniques, gravity and seismic, provided accurate results of the bedrock relief and fracture zones. Seismic velocities differ from those of natural sediments and more work has to done to connect the data to the properties of the tailings material. Electricalconductivityseemsto provide information not only on the thickness of the tailings bed and the moisture content and water table in the impoundment, but also on the chemical composition (metal sulphide content) of the tailings as seen in Figure 11. The fact that the field conductivity data (both the ERTand EM results) are very similar to that of the core sample conductivities, suggests that geophysics will be an effective tool for versatile characterising of tailings impoundments. In general, the geophysical methods provided relevant information on the main structural elements of the tailings impoundment relief and structure zones of the underlying bedrock, thickness of the tailings bed, internal embankments and water table. Electrical conductivity and refraction seismic data refer to lateral and vertical variation in the properties and/or composition of the tailings. Comparison between the chemical and electrical data suggests that at least part of the electrical conductivity variations can be related to the chemical composition of the tailings, especially to variation of metal sulphide content. REFERENCES Anderson, A.l., Campbell, d.l. & beanland, S Laboratory measurements of electrical properties of composite mine dumpsamplesfromcoloradoandnewmexico.u.s.geological Survey, Open-File Report p. +app. beamish,d.&kurimo,m Trialairbornesurveystoassess minewater pollution in the UK. In: 62 nd EAGE Conference and Technical Exhibition,Glasgow, 29 May-2 June 2000 Extended Abstracts. Houten: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. 4 p. Campbell,d.l Spectralinducedpolarizationmeasurements at the main iron incline mine dump near Leadville, Colorado. U.S.GeologicalSurvey,Open-FileReport ,9p. Campbell, d.l., Fitterman, d.v., hein, A.S., & Jones, d.p Spectral induced polarization studies of mine dumps near Silverton, Colorado. Proceedings of SAGEEP(Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems), March 22 26, 1998, Chicago, Illinois, Campbell, d.l., horton, R.J., bisdorf, R.J., Fey, d.l., Powers, M.h., & Fitterman, d.v Some geophysical methods tailings/mine waste work. Tailings and mine waste 99. Proceedings of the sixth international conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, January, 24 27, Campbell,d.l.&Fitterman,d.v GeoelectricalMethods for Investigating Mine Dumps. In: Internation Conference on AdicRockDrainage(ICARD2000),May21 24,2000,Denver, Colorado. Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage 2. Colorado: The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc.,

60 Geophysical characterizing of tailings impoundment... (a) (b) Fig. 11. Comparison between drill-core electrical conductivity and IPwith chemical data of the tailings (Zn, Cu and S), N19 (11a) and N20 (11b). Figure 11b also shows a resistivity sounding (ERT) result from Figure 9. Campbell, d. l. & beanland, S Spectral induced polarization measurements at the Carlisle mine dump, New Mexico. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report , 11 p. Frischknecht, F. C., labson, v. F., Spies, b. R. & Anderson, w Profiling methods using small sources. In: Nabighian, M. N. (ed.) Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics 2, Applications, Part A. Tulsa: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, heikkinen, P. M., korkka-niemi, k., lahti, M. & Salonen, v.-p.2002.groundwaterandsurface watercontamination in the area of the Hitura nickel mine, western Finland. Environmental Geology 42 (4), lahti, M., kurimo, M. & vanhala, h Assessment of environmental risks by airborne geophysical techniques. 62nd EAGE Conference & Exhibition SECC, Glasgow, 29 May 2 June Extended Abstracts, Volume 1, D20. Houten: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. 4 p. lintinen,p.,suppala,i.,vanhala,h.&eklund, M Survey of a buried ice-marginal deposit by airborne EM measurements a case from Kyrönjoki valley plain in southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 36, loke, M.h&barker, R.d Rapidleast squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-newton method. Geophysical Prospecting 44, loukola-ruskeeniemi, k Geochemistry of Proterozoic metamorphosed black shales in eastern Finland, with implications for exploration and environmental studies. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 86 p. (dissertation) 59

61 Heikki Vanhala, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Ilkka Suppala et al. Niskavaara, h Acomprehensive scheme of analysis for soils, sediments, humus and plant samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 20, Pelkonen, k., Alopaeus, E., Penttilä, S. & korhonen, O Outokumpu Oy:n Hammaslahden kaivos. Vuoriteollisuus 2, Räisänen,M.l.&Carlson,l Selectiveextractionmethods applied for secondary precipitates in the mining environment. Nordic Society for Clay Research, Newsletter 14, February 2003, 6 7. (Extended abstracts) Räisänen, M. l., Niemelä, k. & Saarelainen, J Rautasulfidipitoisen rikastushiekan läjitysalueen rakenne ja ympäristön pintavesien nykytila. Vuosien 2000 ja 2001 seurantatulokset, Hammaslahden vanha kuparikaivos. Geological Survey of Finland, unpublished report S/44/0000/1/2003, 27 p. (In Finnish) Räisänen,M.l Rehabilitationoptionsfortailingsimpoundments case studies of wet cover and wetland treatment. In: Hebestreit C., Kudełko J. & Kulczycka J. (eds.) Mine Waste management Best Available Techniques. Kraków: CBPM Cuprum, Wroclaw and MEERI PAS, Sipilä, P. & Salminen, R Environmentalimpactofthreeimpact of three sulphide mine tailings in Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 20, Suppala, i., vanhala, h. & lintinen, P Comparison between ground and airborne EM data in mapping acid sulphate soils and sulphide bearing clays in the river Kyrönjoki valley, western Finland. In: Mares, S. & Pospísil, L. (eds.) 9th Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic, August 31st September 4th 2003: proceedings. Prague: Czech Association of the Applied Geophysicists. 4p. vanhala, h. & lahti, M Test ofresistivityandipmethods for mappingminetailings Results from Hammaslahti,aclosed Cu mine in eastern Finland. Proceedings of 7 th EEGS-ES Meeting, Birmingham, England, September 2nd-6th, p. vanhala, h,all, T., huotari, T., kattai, v. & lintinen, P Test of airborne geophysics for mapping oil shale mining area in Kohtla-Järve, NE Estonia. 64th EAGE Conference & Ex - hibition, Florence, Italy, May, Houten: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. 4p. vanhala,h.,räisänen,m.l.,huotari,t.,valjus,t.,lehtimäki, J. & Suppala, i Characterisingtailingsimpoundmentat tailings impoundment at the closed Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine, Finland. In: Near surface 2004:10thEuropeanMeetingofEnvironmentalandEngineering Geophysics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 6 9 September 2004: Extended abstracts book. Houten: EAGE. 4 p. vanhala, h. & lahti, M Sähköisten luotausten käyttö kaivosympäristötutkimuksissa tuloksia Hiturasta, Hammaslahdesta ja Otravaarasta. In: Carlson, L., Kuula-Väisänen, P. & Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. (eds.) Ympäristö, terveys ja turvallisuuskaivannaisteollisuudessa:seminaari Haikon kartanossa: esitysten lyhennelmät. Vuorimiesyhdistys. Sarja B 76, vanhala, h. & Soininen, h Laboratory technique for measurement of spectral induced polarization response of soil samples. Geophysical Prospecting 43 (5), watson, M. i., locke, C. A. & Cassidy, J Imaging of mine tailings leachate using ground penetrating radar and electromagnetic methods at Tui mine, New Zealand. In: 63rd Conference and Technical Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June Houten: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. 4 p. 60

62 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 61 71, GEOPhySiCAlChARACTERiSiNG OFSulPhidE RiCh FiNE-GRAiNEd SEdiMENTS in SEiNÄJOki AREA, western FiNlANd by Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI Espoo, Finland Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): sediments, acid sulphate soils, geophysical methods, airborne methods, ground methods, electromagnetic methods, resistivity, electrical conductivity, Seinäjoki, Finland introduction In the Ostrobothnian region of western Finland extensive parts are covered by sulphide rich clay and silt sediments, which were deposited during a more extensive phase of the Baltic Sea, mainly during the Litorina Sea period years BC. During the deposition of organic rich Litorina sediments in shallow sea anoxic conditions prevailed resulting in sulphate reduction to sulphide. The sulphide-bearing sediments altertoharmfulsulphatesoilswhenexposed to the air. In central Ostrobothnia the present rate of land uplift is 8 9 mm / year (Donner 1995) leading to continuous exposure of new dry land. In addition to natural processes, human activities related to cultivation increase the natural oxidation process. Soils developed on sulphide rich sediments are characterised by ph values as low as 3 4 and they are often called acid sulphate soils (ASS). Steady oxidation of sulphides annually releases significant amounts of Al and other harmful elements, such as Ni and Cd, into river water (Palko & Weppling 1994). Palko (1994) has estimated that in coastal areas of Finland the total extent of ASS is some 3300 km 2. In Sweden the total extent ofass is approximately 1400 km 2 (Öborn 1994). Previous studies related to ASS soils have mainly focused on the surficial soil layers to some 3 m in depth, where oxidising and leaching process operates. The sulphide clays are characterised by an exceptionally high electric conductivity ( ms/m (10 2 Ωm)) compared to other glacial sediments, whichmakesthemespeciallysuitableforemmethods. Peltoniemi (1982) made the first tests of using AEM measurements forthemappingofconductiveoverburden in the Kyrönjoki river valley. He used apparent resistivities and depths and conductive horizontal thin-layer(1d)modelscalculated from one-frequency (3 khz) AEM data. These results were compared with ground geophysics and ground truth. Åström (1996) used AEM maps (the amplitude of response and the ratioofin-phasetoquadraturecomponent) todelineate the fine-grained sulphidic sediments in the Petalax å catchment area. Puranen et al. (1999a, b) demonstrated how onefrequency airborne EM data can be used for mapping the thickness and lateral distribution of the western Finland sulphide clays. These papers also presented new in-situ conductivityprobingmeasurements,which were made in different fine-grained sediment areas 61

63 Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala in Finland. Puranen etal.(1999a,b) (1999a,b)also also pointed out that AEM data should be combined with ground-truth data to get a reliable tool for overburden mapping. In interpretation they used AEM maps of apparent resistivities and the in-phase/quadrature values. Puranen et al. (1999a, 1999b) emphasised the role of soluble chloride as an important component causing the high electrical conductivity of sulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments. InAustraliaBell(20 03) testedgroundem to pre dict acidification risk, but found only poor correlation between the sulphide content and the inverted electrical conductivity. In that test area saline porewaters are probably the main factor controlling the electrical conductivity. His conclusion was that EM is not an effectivetoolfordirectlymappingtheacidsulphatesoil hazard of saline (and conducting) Australian soils. Thepresentstudystartedin2002andthemainobjective was to develop airborne EM method for mapping and delineating the sulphide clay sulphate soil areas (Lintinen et al. 2003, Suppala et al. 2003, Vanhala et al. 2004). As reference data and for detailed studies and developmentofintegrated int erpretation,airborne magnetic and radiometric, ground EM and resistivity, gravityandrefraction seismicmeasurements werealso made. Results are compared to chemical and physical properties analysed from reference profile drilled through clay and silt sediments. Geology of the study area The studyareaissituated inthe Kyrönjoki-Seinäjoki rivervalleyplaininthemunicipalitiesofseinäjoki and Ilmajoki (Fig.1). The landscape is typical of southern Ostrobothnian with low-lying river valleys filled with clay and silt sediments often reaching thickness of 20 m. Bedrock outcrops, partly covered by till, delineate the river valleys. Fine-grained sediments in the river valleys are manly cultivated and they are situated at an altitude of 40 m a.s.l, whereas the adjacent gently undulating hills often reach an altitude of m a.s.l. The surface relief of Kyrönjoki river valley is relatively flat with minor topographical differences mainly caused by recent human activities related to ditching and the prevention of spring flooding. The bedrock in the study area is mostly composed of mica schists (Mäkitie & Lahti 1991, Mäkitie et al. 1991). Previousdrillingresults showthat theglacioaquatic and postglacial organic rich clay and silt sediments in the Kyrönjoki river valley are typically about 20 m in total thickness (Kukkonen 1990a,b) and they were deposited during the earlier, more extensive stages of the Baltic Sea. According to Kukkonen (1983), the lowermost 1 2 m of fine-grained sediment was deposited during the Yoldia Sea period, the middle part during the Ancylus Lake period and the upper part during the Litorina Sea period. The highest shoreline of the Litorina Sea lies at 60 m a.s.l. The uppermost sedimentary unit, usually less than 1 m in thickness, is only found near the Kyrönjoki river, where annual spring flooding has maintained wetland areas. Based on 30 studied soil profiles Österholm (1998) estimated that two-thirds of the soils in the Rintala reclamation area, situated within the survey area of this study, are very acid, having a minimum ph value in the oxidised layer of around 3.5. In soils with very Fig. 1. Location map of the survey area in the Seinäjoki region of Ostrobothnia, western Finland. The highest shoreline, which delineates subaquatic and supraquatic land (3), the isobases (4) of the highest shoreline, and the shoreline of Litorina Sea (2) and the present coast line (1) is marked (after Alalammi 1992). 62

64 Geophysical characterising of sulphide rich fine-grained sediments... Fig. 2. Map of Quaternary deposits in Senäjoki-Ilmajoki region. The ground geophysical lines and sampling/drilling sites are marked. Soil sampling locations of Österholm (1998) are marked with stars (ph 4) and triangles (ph > 4) indicating minimum ph value for individual soil profiles of about 3 m deep (Pohjakartta Maanmittauslaitos, lupa nro 13/MYY105). low ph values the sulphur concentration was typically % in the reduced layer and the carbon content 1 3% in the oxidised layer. Whereas in the rest of the soil profiles the minimum ph was seldom less than 5, the sulphur content in the reduced layer was typically <0.1 % and the carbon content in the oxidised layer >4 %. Sampling and laboratory analyses Drilling was conducted by GM 100 drilling rig applying a piston sampler with a sampling tube 2 m in length and a 45 mm inner diameter. The drilling locations are shown in Figure 4. Standard sedimentological procedures were applied for the logging of drilled samples. Continuous piston core samples of soft sediments, i.e., clay, silt or fine sand were opened in the laboratory. Coarse-grained sediments difficult to penetrate with the piston corer were sampled by flow-through-bit and only studied in 1 m intervals or in intervals related to the changes of the penetration rate indicating consistency differences of the sediment. Flow-through-bit samples were studied in the field and they reveal only scattered information on major sediment units. Resistivity and ph values of core samples were immediately performed after piston cores have been opened in the laboratory. The measurements were performed through the surface as quickly as possible in order to obtain measurement from unoxidised sediment. The laboratory system consists of HP 35665A Signal Analyser and a Wenner-type electrode array with 1 cm long steel electrodes and 1 cm electrode spacing. Measurements were conducted at an interval of 10 cm in drilled cores. The ph of the samples was determined by a portable analyser. After logging, resistivity and ph measurements piston cores were sampled at approximately m intervals. Samples consisted of about 0.1 m sequence of piston core. In all, 75 soil samples were chemically analysed at the Geolaboratory of GTK. Prior chemical analyses the soil samples were lyophilised. Fluoride, chloride, bromide,nitrateandsulphateconcentrations were determined from the water leached samples by ion chromatography (Dionex DX120). Total sulphur concentration was analysed with LECO equipment. Geophysical data and interpretation The airborne data was acquired using the GTK s (Geological Survey of Finland) Twin Otter aircraft equipped with magnetic (horizontal gradiometer 63

65 Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala two magnetometers at the wingtips), radiometric (earth s gamma radiation total count, Th, K, U channels), and dual-frequency EM system (3125 Hz and Hz). The vertical coplanar coils, mounted on the wingtips, have a separation of metres. Adetailed description of the EM system is given by Poikonen etal. (1998).The nominal flight altitude was 30 m and the line spacing 100 m. Altogether, 89 lines were measured. Ground EM measurements were carried out using the multi-frequency horizontal loop slingram method (APEX MaxMin I+8S system). Six frequencies (880, 1760, 3520, 7040, and Hz) were measured. Nominal coil spacing of 40 m was used in all ground EM profiles. Also measurements with terrain conductivity metres (EM-31 & GEM-300) have been made along the slingram profiles. Airbornemagnetics is most usefulfor mappingbedrockgeology(fig.3,upperleft).anomaliesarecaused by magnetic remanence and magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility affects the EM responses, but in this study are there are no signs of that. Conductive overburden dampens the possible contribution of anomalous susceptibility of bedrock. Fig. 3. Airborne geophysical maps of the Seinäjoki study area magnetic map (upper left), Total radiation (upper right), Electromagnetic in-phase component, 3.1 khz (lower left) and the apparent depth, 14.4 khz (lower right). 64

66 Geophysical characterising of sulphide rich fine-grained sediments... The Earth s measured gamma radiation, through airborne radiometrics, is highlighted in the uppermost surface material. Values of K, U and Th channels and their ratios have also been used to assist mapping soil deposits in Finland (Hyvönen et al. 2003). Radiometrics gives a measure of the radioactive mineral content of the surface, but the intensity of radiation is also affected by the moisture/water content of the uppermost part of the surface. Figure 3 (upper right) shows the map of the total count channel. The strongest signal reflects the exposed bedrock. The lowest values show the wetlands and mires. Variation in water or moisture content of surface soils is also observable in areas of fine-grained sediments. AEM and EM expose the sub-surface conductivity structure. Here we are interested in conductive overburden and that conductivity which is related to sulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments. Some of the magnetic anomaly zones are also conductive (Fig. 3 left, magnetic and EM in-phase at 3125 Hz). In AEM interpretation the contribution these zones make could only be seen in areas without conductive overburden. Variation in moisture and water content of surface soils has an effect on the conductivity of the uppermost part of the sediments. This could be seen in ground EM measurement, e.g. in the results of the terrain conductivity metres. The maps of apparent resistivity and depth are useful for first-pass interpretation. These maps are provided together with the measuring quantities. Apparent resistivity and apparent distance mean that the resistivity of a homogeneous half-space and that distance of that half-space from the sensor system, which explain measured in-phase a nd quadrature responses (Fraser 1978; Peltoniemi 1982). Apparent depth is then apparent distance minus measured flight altitude. This transformation is the simplest 1D interpretation method. Resistivity mapping is a proper display method for AEM data, at least in these low resistive clay areas. Here the conducting homogeneous half-space can be quite a valid model toexplain the measured responses. The skin depth is one measure of electrical attenuation (e.g. Peltoniemi 1982). Assuming a resistivity of 7 Ω m, the skin depths are 23.8 and 11.1 m for the low and high frequency, respectively. In the deeper parts of this clay area the apparent resistivities (at high frequency at least) are near the spatial average resistivity of these fine-grained sediments. In this study, 1D layered-earth interpretation of the EM data was made with model norm -based inversion. In the 1D model, the earth is composed of a stack of layers, each having a uniform conductivity. The 1D conductivity structure, i.e., the conductivities of each layer,issoughtbytheregularizedinversion.thegoalis to find for every measuring point a minimum-structure model, which can fitthe measurementdata sufficiently well. The 1D responses and sensitivity matrices have beencalculated bytheairbeoprogram(chen&raiche 1998). The minimization of objective function (data misfit + β x model norm ) has been carried out with Haber s (1997) damped Gauss-Newton algorithm. The EM system of Twin Otter (at 3125 and Hz) is most sensitive to the conductivity of a halfspace in conductivity aperture of ~ S/m (50 1 Ω m). Achange in conductivity will cause clearly noticeable changes in at least 3 measured responses (in both in-phase components and at least in one quadrature component). So with two-frequency AEMdata wecanalsogetreasonable results, and the interpreted variations inconductivityandthickness oftheoverlyingconductingsedimentsdepictthetrueconductivity structureofthesediments. Thevolumeof theearth contributing to theresponse of an AEM system is said to be the illumination footprint of the system. There are different definitions of the footprint; originally Liu and Becker (1990) defined it as a side length of a square surface, centred directly below the transmitter coil that contains the induced currents which accounts for 90% of the observed secondary field. Beamish (2003) has defined a transmitter footprint using only induced current. We have visualized the illumination footprints of used EM systems by using 3D sensitivity functions (distributions) of these coil systems (Suppala et al. 2003). Considering the footprint of the ground EM systems the electromagnetic coupling between the induced current system and the receiver should be takenintoaccount,asintheliu-beckerfootprint(reid & Vrbancich 2004) or in the 3D sensitivity functions approach. The footprint of the EM system is only one qualitative measure of its lateral resolution, and usually these estimates have been calculated using a homogeneous half-space. For the AEM system ofthe Twin Otter the most sensitiveregion isbelowthecoil systemandelongated perpendiculartotheflightdirection.verticalcoilswhose axes are oriented parallel to the flightline means a good spatial resolution along the flightline and an adequate lateral coverage perpendicular to the flight line. For the ground horizontal loop system, the most sensitive region is elongated along the profile between the coils. FortheAEMsystemthefootprintislargerthanforthe APEX MaxMin ground EM system with the coil spacingof40m.thefootprintofthe terrain conductivity metres EM-31 with the coil separations of 3.66 mis less than10m. 65

67 Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala Fig. 4. Airborne electrical conductivity map (apparent resistivity, 14.4 khz), the ground geophysical lines and drilling sites (D-1, D-2). The lines L2 and L5 and AEM lines 42, 43 and 44 are discussed in Figures 5, 6 and 8. Results Figure 3 (lower right) shows the map of apparent depth and Figure 4 shows the map of apparent resistivity,transformed from theaem measurements at14368 khz. With the apparent depths the validity of the 1D homogeneous half-space model can be assessed. In areas where the apparent depth is negative, the cause of the AEM response is most probably a thin low resistive overburden and the apparent resistivity value overestimatestheaverageresistivityoftheoverburden. In Figure 3 these negative apparent depths are shown the bluish colours. The apparent resistivity and depth maps show that the main part of the low resistive clay and silt sediment area seems to be thick enough for this kind of interpretation when theaem data at Hz is used. There the apparent resistivities are spatial averages of true resistivity of these sediments. Small positive apparent depths indicate that the uppermost part of the sediment is more resistive than the deeper part. The apparent depth map delineates the Kyrönjoki riverbank (see the topography in Figure 5), so that there the uppermost more resistive layer seems to be thicker than elsewhere in the cultivated area. One 4 km long gravity profile (L-5) and three short refraction seismic lines (on L-5) were measured in order to get reference data (i.e., the thickness of the Quaternary sediments) for EM interpretation (Fig. 5). Seismics provides information also on the water table as well as the quality of the sediments. Figure 6 shows the inversion result from the profile L-2 (shown in Fig. 4). The slingram profile runs over the low-resistivity sediments and the buried ice-marginal deposits (at D-2) (Lintinen et al. 2003). D-1 and D-2 are drilling sites. In Figure 6 resistivity data from the drilling site D-1 is presented in the separate box. Also shown is the measured and modeled slingram data. Excluding the 3D effect caused by the buried ice-marginal deposits, the 1D model explains the measurements well. In the 1D interpretation also the true coil spacing has been considered as an unknown 66

68 Geophysical characterising of sulphide rich fine-grained sediments... Fig. 5. 2D bedrock relief model based on gravity and refraction seismic data, line L-5. Groundwater table is interpreted from the refraction seismic data. parameter. It has been estimated carefully from the field data. The inverted and measured resistivities are consistent with each other. Figure 7 shows the electrical conductivity of drillcore samples from the drilling site D-1 (the same data asintheboxinfigure6)andtheinversionresultsfrom theaem data and from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The ERT data is 80 m to SE of the drilling site (along the line L-2). The inversion results are in good agreement with the drill-core samples, as well as the results in Figure 6. According to the inverted ERT results, the resistivity of the uppermost surface is lower when moving to SE along the line L-2. This resistivity decrease in the uppermost layer could be seen approximately in Figure 6 and from the inverted AEM results. Figure 8 shows a comparison between airborne and ground EM inversion results. The ground geophysical Fig. 6. An example of 1D inversion of ground EM data, resistivity model (lower) and measured and fitted data. Drillcore resistivity data from drilling site D-1 is presented in the separate box. 67

69 Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala measurements along the line L-5 were carried out in 2003 and the flight in TheAEM lines 42, 43 and 44 (Fig. 4) cross the ground EM line L-5. The slingram inversion results are fairly consistent with the gravity andseismicinterpretation butalso show higher-resistivity layers between the low-resistivity fine-grained sediments and the high-resistivity bedrock. TheAEM system cannot detect the contact between the possible coarse (high-resistivity) sediments and the bedrock, but resolves only the biggest resistivity contrast (i.e., between the low-resistivity fine-grained sediments and the material below it). The inversion results of theaem and slingram data (e.g. from Figs. 6,8,10) show that here the slingram system operating at 6frequencies has a better depth resolution withaslightlydeeperexploration depththan theaemdual-frequencysystem. Drilling at D-1 terminated at a depth of 20.1 m. Neither bedrock nor till was detected. The whole drilled sequence consists of soft clay, silt and sand-sized sediments, which are divided into three lithostratigraphical units. The lowermost unit from a depth of 20.1 m to 17 m is composed of laminated clay and silt/fine sand. In each rhythmite coarser layers are from 2 to 10 cm in thickness and finer layers are from 0.3 to 1.0 cm in thickness. Dropstone structures with pebble-size clasts were observed in this unit. This unit is also characterised by low sulphate, total sulphur and Fig.7.Comparisonbetweentheelectricalconductivityofdrill-coresamples and the inversion results of the AEM data and ground resistivity data. The ground resistivity data is 80 m to SE from the drilling site. chloride concentration (Fig. 9). The lamina thickness gradually decreases and dark sulphide rich laminated clay and silt with 1 3 mm lamina thickness overlies the lowermost unit. In this unit chloride concentration is distinctively elevated compared to the unit below. At a depth of m the laminated sediment unit Fig. 8. Comparison between AEM and ground EM inversion results (see Figure 4). Note that AEM lines 42, 43 and 44 crosses line L-5 and the gravity and seismic data (the inverted bedrock surface) is from line 5. 68

70 Geophysical characterising of sulphide rich fine-grained sediments... Fig. 9. Chemical data from drilling site D-1 (a), Comparison between the electrical conductivity of drill-core samples and chemistry. Note the similarity of the conductivity-depth curve and the sum of the water-soluble chloride and sulphate. gradually changes to the upper weakly laminated or massive sulphide clay and silt unit. This unit is characterised by total sulphur concentrations of %. The Cl 2 concentrations do not correlate with the totalsconcentrations. The resultwasexpected because both results indicate different geochemical regime in a water body. The overall decrease of chloride from deeper layers to the surficial layers possibly indicates the natural decrease of salinity during the Litorina Sea period. Subaerial leaching can not totally be excluded, but its effect may be minimal. This view is supported by the fact that the Rintala area was artificially drained for agricultural purposes by ditching and pumping only few decades ago. Also the low permeability of fine-grained sediment,and the groundwater table atthe depth of about 2 m support the view that the leaching effect has had a minimal effect on the chloride content of the profile studied. discussion and concluding remarks Peltoniemi(1982)validated one-frequencylowaltitudeaem data, which was measured by DC-3 aircraft with a vertical coaxial coils system and showed the usefulness of the simple 1D models in area of lowresistivity fine-grained sediments. He made his test at a distance of less than 10 km from the Rintala area along the lower course of the Kyrönjoki river. The typical layer-structure of the overburden is, according to the results of Peltoniemi (1982): organic soil in the surface ( Ω m), sulphide clay and gyttja (7 21 Ω m), and till (> 340 Ω m). Asimilar resistivity structure is obtained in the Rintala area, where the resistivity of the fine-grained sediment can be still less than 5 Ω m. Puranen etal. (1999a, b) and Åström(1996)showedshowed that by using one-frequency airborne EM data, the occurrenceoflow-resistivitysulphide-bearingsediments can be delineated. With two-frequency AEMdatawe canalso interpretvariationsinthe resistivityand thick - ness oftheoverlyinglowresistivesediments. The slingram system operating at6frequencies has abetterdepthresolution withslightlydeeperexploration depth than theaem dual-frequency system. The groundemhasabetterspatialre solutiontoo.toincrease the depth resolution of theaem system it should be upgraded to operate at more than two frequencies. A frequencyhigher than Hzwould help to resolve subtle resistivity variations near the surface, while afrequency lower than 3125 Hz wo uld increase the exploration depth.togain thebest possibleresolution fromanemsystemthecalibration andlevellingshould be done properly. The thicknesses of the fine-grained deposit, inverted from the AEM data, were in good agreement with other available data. Furthermore, the resistivity distributions based on AEM data were very similar to the drill-core, resistivity soundings and ground EM results.thehigh electricalconductivityof thesulphide clay arises from the salinity and sulphate of the pore water. However, the salinity originates from the same depositional environment as the sulphides, and the results strongly suggest that the AEM data can be an economic tool for regional scale sulphide clay maps 69

71 Ilkka Suppala, Petri Lintinen and Heikki Vanhala Fig D Model of the electrical resistivity based on 1D inversion of AEM and ground EM data. and acidification predictions. The other geophysical data played invaluable role not only as reference and calibration data for AEM interpretation, but also in characterisation of soil types. The need to resolve conductivity variation near the surface and at depth over a large area suggested an airborne EM system as most appropriate. Here we have usedaem data to complement other information (with higher resolution), ground EM measurements and in-situ conductivities,todelineate the conductivity structure in the area (Fig. 10). We have not constrained one inversion using in-situ or inverted conductivities from other data sets. By comparing the different results we can validate e.g. the calibration of the AEM measurement. Due to topographycontrolled deposition and erosion processes, as well as differences in redox conditions prevailing in the water body and sediment, the results gathered from one area are not directly applicable to another research area without new reference drilling, sampling and chemical analyses. However, when the basin-related relationship between chemistry and EM-results are carefully worked out the applied integrated methodology shows great potential characterising potentially problematic sulphur-rich clay and silt deposits. REFERENCES Alalammi,P.(ed.) AtlasofFinland, Folio Geology. 5 th edition. Helsinki: National Board of Survey and Geographical Society of Finland. 58 p. 3 app. maps, 29 app. pages. Åström, M Geochmistry, chemical reactivity and extent of leaching of sulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments insouthern Ostrobothnia, Western Finland. Åbo Akademi University. 44 p. (dissertation) beamish, d Airborne EM footprints. Geophysical Prospecting, 51, bell, b Can electromagnetics directly map the acid sulphate soil hazard in Australia? Preview, Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists 107, Chen, J. & Raiche, A Inverting AEM data using a damped eigenparameter method. Exploration Geophysics 29, donner, J The Quaternary History of Scandinavia: World and Regional Geology 7: Cambridge, UnitedKingdom: Cambridge University Press. 199 p. Fraser,d. C.,1978. Resistivitymappingwithanairbornemulticoil electromagneticsystem:geophysics,43, haber, E Numerical strategies for the solution of inverse problems. Ph.D. thesis, The University of British Columbia. hyvönen, E., lerssi, J. & väänänen, T Airborne geophysical surveys assessing the general scale Quaternary mapping project in Finland. In: 9thEEGS Meeting,Prague,Czech Republic, August 31st September 4th 2003: proceedings. Prague: Czech Association of the Applied Geophysicists. 4p. kukkonen, M. 1990a. Könni. Geological Map of Finland 1:20 000, Quaternary Deposits, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. kukkonen, M. 1990b. Jouppila. Geological Map of Finland 1:20 000, Quaternary Deposits, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. kukkonen, E., kokko, J. & herola, E Seinäjoki, Geological Map of Finland 1:20 000, Quaternary Deposits, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. lintinen,p.,suppala,i.,vanhala,h.&eklund, M Survey of a buried ice-marginal deposit by airborne EM measurements a case from Kyrönjoki valley plain in southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 36, liu, G. & becker, A Two-dimensional mapping of seaice keels with airborne electromagnetics. Geophysics 55,

72 Geophysical characterising of sulphide rich fine-grained sediments... Mäkitie, h., lahti, S., i., Alviola, R. & huuskonen, M Seinäjoki.GeologicalMapofFinland1:100000,Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet 2222, Geological Survey of Finland. Mäkitie,h.&lahti,S.i Seinäjoenkartta-alueenkallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Seinäjoki map-sheet area. Geological Map of Finland 1: , Explanation to the Maps of Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet Geological Survey of Finland. 60 p. Öborn, i Morphology, chemistry, mineralogy and fertility of some acid sulfate soils in Sweden. Reports and Dissertations 18, Swedish University of Agrocultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Österholm, P Geokemisk studie av svavelhaltiga sediment IRintala torrläggningsområde isyd-österbotten. ÅboAkademi University. Unpublished master s thesis, 57 p. (In Swedish) Palko, J Acid sulphate soils and their agricultural and environmental problems in Finland. ActaUniversitatisOuluensis C p. Palko, J. & weppling, k Lime requirement experiment in acid sulphate soils. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 44, Peltoniemi, M Characteristicsand results of an airborne electromagnetic method of geophysical surveying: Geological SurveyofFinland, Bulletin p. 229p. Poikonen,A., Sulkanen, k., Oksama, M. &Suppala, i Novel dual frequency fixed wing airborne EM system of Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Exploration Geophysics 29 (1 2), Puranen, R., Sahala, l., Säävuori, h. & Suppala, i. 1999a. Airborne electromagnetic surveys of clay areas in Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research, Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 27, Puranen, R., Säävuori, h., Sahala, l., Suppala, i., Mäkilä, M. & lerssi, J. 1999b. Airborneelectromagneticmappingof electromagnetic mapping of surficial deposits in Finland. First Break 17 (5), Reid, J., E. & vrbancich, J Acomparison of the inductive-limitfootprints ofairborne electromagnetic configurations. Geophysics 69, Suppala, i., vanhala, h. & lintinen, P Comparison between ground and airborne EM data in mapping acid sulphate soils and sulphide bearing clays in the Kyrönjoki river valley, westernfinland.in:9theegsmeeting,prague,czechrepublic, August 31st September 4th 2003: proceedings. Prague: Czech Association of the Applied Geophysicists. 4p. vanhala, h., Suppala, i. & lintinen, P Integrated geophysical study of acid sulphate soil area near Seinäjoki, southern Finland [Electronic resource]. In: Sharing the Earth: EAGE 66th Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, 7 10 June 2004E: extended abstracts. Houten: EAGE. 4 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM) 71

73 Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 36 Matti Tyni, Kauko Puustinen, Juha Karhu and Matti Vaasjoki 72

74 Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research , Edited by Sini Autio. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 38, 73 82, EvAluATiON OF PORTAblE X-RAy FluORESCENCE (PXRF) SAMPlE PREPARATiON METhOdS by Jussi V-P. Laiho 1) and Paavo Perämäki 2) 1) Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Geolaboratory, PO Box 96 FIN Espoo, Finland Present address: AEL, Kaarnatie 4, FI Helsinki, Finland 2) University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 3000 FIN Oulu, Finland Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): environmental geology, soils, pollution, heavy metals, X-ray fluorescence, in situ, measurement, sample preparation introduction The performance of four different field-based port - able X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) instruments for the determination ofheavy-metalcontents in contaminated soils were evaluated. Instead of inter-comparison of the instruments, this investigation focused on testing of several different sample preparation methods for the assessment of contaminated soil. The results obtained by PXRF methods were compared with results obtained by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). In this study, the soil moisture and the particle size of the samples were the two factors, which mostly affected the trueness of the results. These effects were observed with all of the tested PXRF instruments. The work highlighted the importance of sample preparation when analysing soil samples at contaminated sites by PXRF instruments. As a conclusion of the study, a list of recommendations was produced for sampling and measurement of contaminated soil samples by PXRF. It is desirable for the PXRF measuring method to be simple, inexpensive and fast, but at the same time capable of producing analytical data of low detection limits and high reliability. This puts several demands on quality control and sample preparation procedures. On the other hand, the greater the requirement for accuracy and precision required, the more difficult the procedure will be to run. Field-based portable X-ray fluorescence analysers operate on the principle of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,wherebythe characteristic X-ray excited spectra are analysed directly taking into account their energy proportional response in an X- ray detector. TraditionallyPXRF analysers have used sealed radioisotope sources to excite samples with gamma rays and X-rays of the appropriate energy. During the last two years, however, a few manufacturers have introduced analysers that utilise a rugged X-ray tube instead of radioactive isotopes. In situations where the precision, accuracy, and detection limits of the XRF technology are consistent withthedataqualityobjectivesofasitecharacterisation project, PXRF provides a fast, powerful, non-destruc - tive, and cost effective technology for multielemental analysis.in recentyears,the PXRF analysers havebeen applied increasinglytoenvironmentalcharacterisation and remediation measurements, particularly in the analysis of heavy metal contaminants in soils. In 1995, the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) supported a study of innovative PXRF technology at two Superfund sites to characterise the 73

75 Jussi V-P. Laiho and Paavo Perämäki performance of the latest models of commercially available PXRF analysers. This study found that the PXRF analysers were effective tools for field-based analysis of soil samples for metal contamination. The data from these trials provided background material for the creation of a draft method (EPA1998). This method provides guidance to users of PXRF for environmental characterisation. It is well known that accuracy of the XRF technique is dependant on the homogeneity of the samples. PXRF should, therefore, be defined as a screening method used together with confirmatory analysis of laboratory methods. Furthermore, the quality and precision of PXRF results are strongly dependent on sample collection and sample preparation methods (including sieving and drying) and calibration of instruments. XRF emission of a particular element is usually stronglydependent on the nature of the sample matrix and interfering elements that might be present. Site-specific reference samples thathave similar matrix characteristics to the samples to be analysed, are used in some procedures to optimise calibrations Several approaches can be used for calibrating XRF analysers(kalnickyandsinghvi2 001).Onemethodis based on the fundamental parameter method, another method is to perform an empirical calibration based on site-specific calibration standards analysed by an appropriate reference method. Measuring soil samples by XRF-based techniques usually requires multi-step sample preparation procedures in order to obtain accurate and precise results. Elements ingeologicalsamples areusuallydetermined by XRF using loose powder samples that have been fused as a glass disk or pressed as powder pellets (Potts 1987). Currently PXRF instruments are used to an increasing extent to provide immediate results at lower costs, than conventional laboratory techniques, in particular in connection with the investigation and remediation ofcontaminatedsoilandgroundwater. On-siteanalysis is thus performed by the field staff using simple equip - mentandnon-standardisedmethodsandwithoutcostly andtime-consumingqualityassurance(qa)schemes. The major disadvantage of any scheme that does not incorporate an appropriate QAprocedure is that the analytical quality of the data is not then known, i.e.: it is not possible to know the precision and the bias associated with the data, or even if the equipment is functioning properly. The primary aim of this study is to recognise and minimise systematic errors related to in homogeneity and matrix effects of the sample, which may be associated with measurements when analysing soil samples contaminated with heavy metals by PXRF and to improve the reliability of results, without creating procedures that are too complicated for routine use. Site descriptions The sites selected for field study represent typical sites contaminated with heavy metals in southern Finland (Table 1). SiteA:The firstsite was a fallowfield atthe outskirts of the city of Lohja about 50 km northwest of Helsinki. Awood impregnation plant had operated at this site, causing slightly raised As, Cu, and Cr concentrations (typically mg kg -1 ). Investigations of this site were focused on an area of 200 m 2 in order to find the hot spots of the site. Site B:An industrial area of about m 2 located in the city of Vantaa near Helsinki. Here, the heavy metal pollution derives from Pb smelting in the 20 th century. Recent I CP-AES analyses (Laiho 2003) revealed Pb concentrations between 100 and mg kg -1 in the top mm soil layer. Site C:Ashooting range in central Finland. Several sand samples were found to be contaminated with Pb. Samples from this area was primarily used for intercomparison of the four PXRF instruments. Experimental Sampling Several persons from different organisations collected soil samples, using different techniques. The uncertainty due to variation in sampling practices is not taken into consideration, and therefore the term sample is used here to note for an untreated fresh sample. Materials Samples were collected by traditional methods usinghandauger(drill)andshovel,afterremoving the surface vegetation from the sampling point. Washing all the equipments by water between the samples eliminated gross contamination. Table 1 describes the sample material used for these investigations. Sampleswerehomogenised manually and stored in thin polypropylene bags (Minigrip, PE-LD04). Non contaminated plasticnylon sieves (<0.5and<2.0mm)wereused forsievingtests and the sieves were cleaned with compressed air and ethanol between the samples. HNO 3 (65%, Baker, ProAnalysis) and HCl (37%, Baker, ProAnalysis) wereused foracidextraction oficp-aesanalyses in the laboratory. 74

76 Evaluation of portable x-ray fluorescence... Table 1. Sample materials used for the investigations. Sample(s) Sampling site Soil type Used for following investigations Note Blank Sand Control of PXRF instruments Unknown Uncontaminated, analysed by ICP-AES Reference sample, GTKREF1 Unknown Sand Control of PXRF instruments Analysed by ICP-AES Reference sample, GTKREF2 Site B Sand Control of PXRF instruments Analysed by ICP-AES Sample A Site A Clay Limit of detection, sample preparation tests Sample B Site B Sand Precision of PXRF on high level concentration of Pb Total amount of samples: 29 from site A Total amount of samples: 21 from site B Eleven C samples (Fig. 5) Site C Sand Inter-comparison of PXRF instruments (Fig. 5) Total amount of samples: 33 from site C NIST CRM 2710 NIST CRM 2711 Montana soil Montana Soil Validation Validation Sample preparation methods The typical size of samples was g. The samples were split into sub-samples of about 100 g. These were used for testing varying parameters, such as grain size (0.5 mm and 2.0 mm), humidity, count time of the measurement (from 30 s to 240 s), and temperature (between 5 C and +25 C). In the study mentioned above, the simplest fieldbased sample preparation method consisted of removing vegetation and other organic material, as well as particles larger than 10 mm. The sample (samples Aand B) was homogenised manually in a plastic bag. Samples were neither dried nor sieved, and the measurement was taken directly through the bag on a small wooden table without replicate measurements, using a 30 s count time. Themostcomplicatedofthetestedfield-basedsample preparation procedures was similar to the sample preparation preceding ICP-AES determination in the laboratory(internationalorganization ofstandardization 1994). In this method, the soil samples (sub-samples from sites Aand B) were dried at a temperature < 70 C for 24 hours and sieved to < 2.0 mm or <0.5 mm fraction. Several tests, with samples prepared as pressed powder pellets, were also performed. Pellet preparation procedure is rather time consuming and requires skilled personnel, which makes it less attractive for quick field-type measurements. Count time for measurement was typically 120 s. The following sampling protocol (GTK protocol) was developed for sampling and measuring contaminated soil samples by PXRF: Remove stones and plant fragments from the sampling point Choose a sample for sample preparation ( g) Pre-homogenise the sample manually (in plastic bag) Dry the sample (water content must be less than 20 % before measuring) Sieve the sample to a pre-defined particle size (grain size < 2.0 mm) Place the sample into a plastic bag Use at least 10 mm thickness of sample for measuring ( g) Usethesamebackgroundplateorstrongtableunder the sample, in order to avoid different background effects between the measurements Flattentheplasticbagcontainingthesampleevenly on the surface 75

77 Jussi V-P. Laiho and Paavo Perämäki Use 120 seconds count time Perform a minimum of three replicate measurements Report all three results, calculate the average Record observations and decisions Confirm at least 5 % of the results by alternative, preferably accredited, analytical methods Measure control samples, a blank sample and a reference sample, before and after every sample set (also after every ten samples or after service of instrument) Clean and/or service the instrument if control sample measurement fall outside approval range Service the instrument if drift control measurement fall outside approval range (if provided by manufacturer) To obtain more reliable PXRF measurements, following should also be considered: Compare in situ results to confirmatory laboratory results to obtain a correlation curve and/or prepare severalcalibration samplestodeterminecorrelation curve Extend the count time to up to 300 seconds Use up to 10 replicate measurements instead of three Prepare duplicate samples Carry out measurements on samples prepared as pressed powder pellets instrumental analysis XRF All the laboratory XRF analyses and measurements were carried out at the Geolaboratory of Geological Survey of Finland in Espoo. The in-house reference material was analysed by Philips PW 1480 XRF spectrometerinthelaboratoryusingpressedpowderpellets. Pellets were prepared by weighting dried and sieved soil samples from site B (Table 1) in to a pulverising swing-mill (Herzog HSM 100P) and pulverised in a carbon steelbowl.forpreparation ofthe pressed pellet, 7.0 g of pulverised (< 75 µm) sample was mixed with 0.4 g of organic binder and pulverised in a tungsten carbide bowl to obtain a grain size of 95 % < 10 µm. The pulverised pulp was pressed into a pellet at 20 tons, using a steel piston press. Pellets were stored in a closed polypropylene bag at room temperature, in order to avoid contamination. ICP-AES All the laboratory ICP-AES analyses and measurements werecarrie doutatthegeol aboratoryofgeol ogi - cal Survey of Finland in Espoo. An ICP-AES Thermo Jarrel Ash IRIS Advantage instrument was used for obtaining reference data to compare with the PXRF results. Sieved soil samples (from sites A, B and C) were analysed by ICP-AES using an internationally accepted method for soil analysis, the ISO standard method The acid leach was performed as follows: 2.00 (±0.10) g of soil sample were digested with 12 ml of aqua regia (9.0 ml HCl ml HNO3) at 90 ºC for 8 hours. After addition of 50 ml H2O, samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 3000 rpm (Jouan C 412).Theclearsolutionwasusedfor(further)analysis. An in-house reference material of pulverised soil was used as a control sample. PXRF Four PXRF analysers were used for the sample preparation study for inter-comparison of Pb-contaminated sand samples (Table 2). The preliminary analyses of the study samples were carried out both in the laboratoryand under field conditions for comparing the PXRF instruments. Samples fortheinter-comparison studywerecollectedfrom site C. The minimum amount of sample for measurement was about 10 g, which formed a layer of about 10 mm in the plastic bag used in the procedure. Further field measurementsandtestsonsamplepreparationmethods were undertaken with the INNOV-X analyser. Calibration and quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) of PXRF s PXRF instruments can be used for several purposes, each requiring different QC and QA procedures. Typically, PXRF instruments have been used for locating contaminated areas, in particular hotspots, when absolute values are not as important as finding a variation of high and low values. In this study internal calibration, using fundamental parameters software chosen by individual, was used. PXRF instruments also require user to make drift correction, for example with a stainless steel plate, before starting the measurements. Asacompromise betweenideaqualityassurance and ease of operation, two control samples, one reference sample and one blank sample of uncontaminated sand 76

78 Evaluation of portable x-ray fluorescence... Table 2. Technical specifications of the PXRF-analysers used for the investigations. MODEL: INNOV-X X-MET 2000 NITON XLi 700 NITON XLt 700 Manufacturer Innov-X-Sys - tems, USA Metorex Inc., Finland Niton Corp., USA Niton Corp., USA Operation principle EDXRF EDXRF EDXRF EDXRF X-ray source X-ray tube, silver anode 55 Fe, 109 Cd, 241 Am-isotopes 55 Fe, 109 Cd, 241 Am-isotopes X-ray tube, silver anode Detector High resolution Si-PIN High resolution Si-PIN High performance Si-PIN High Performance Si-PIN Cooling system Thermo electrical Thermo electrical Thermo electrical Thermo electrical Main components Single unit with integrated PC SIPS-probe and PC-unit Single unit with VGA touch screen Single unit with VGA touch screen Weight 1.8 kg 1.6 kg (5.8 kg with PC) 0.72 kg 1.4 kg Table 3. Results of the reference samples analysed by INNOV-X PXRF instrument and reference values by well-established laboratory methods using the XRF and ICP-AES techniques (mg kg -1 ). Sample name: Elements PXRF (ppm ±SD) XRF ICP-AES Certified Values GTKREF 1 Mn 500±93 * GTKREF 1 Cu 550±41 * GTKREF 1 Zn 570± GTKREF 1 As 54±16 * GTKREF 1 Pb <LOD (±21) GTKREF 2 Zn 450± 19 * GTKREF 2 Pb 170± 18 * NIST CRM 2710 Mn 14700± ±400 NIST CRM 2710 Cu 3450± ±130 NIST CRM 2710 Zn 8200± ±91 NIST CRM 2710 As 910± ±38 NIST CRM 2710 Pb 6200± ±80 NIST CRM 2711 Mn 1260±210 * ±28 NIST CRM 2711 Cu 145±38 * ±2 NIST CRM 2711 Zn 400±29 * ±4.8 NIST CRM 2711 As 138±29 * ±8 NIST CRM 2711 Pb 1360±37 * ±31 *) These values were followed during the investigations 77

79 Jussi V-P. Laiho and Paavo Perämäki Fig. 1. The effect of sieving on final results (average of ten measurements) of the PXRF measurement. Other elements were not detected in the sample (High concentrations of Ti and Fe result divided by 100 an Mn by 10). (Table 1), were measured after each ten samples, as well as at the beginning and in the end of each sample set. The reference materials used in this study were also analysed in the laboratory by XRF using pressed powder pellets and by ICP-AES after acid extraction (Table 3.). An average of 25 replicate measurements by PXRF were used on field to control the sampling and measuring conditions, precision and the bias associated with the data. Only elements described above were determined from the samples (site Aand site B). The reference sample and blank sample were chosen to represent the soil type and elements at the site, even if some of the measurements were close to detection limits. There can be several reasons for lowdetection limits; probablyasilver anode tube does not effectivelyexcite Mn, Cu and Zn. Also the standard deviation (SD) was varying between the different soil types. The low Mn result analysed by ICP-AES is thought to be due to some minerals not completely soluble to acid. Preliminary tests on different (site-characteristic) empirical calibration procedures were run with NIST standard reference materials (Table 3), but those were found to be too complicated for routine use under field conditions.however,sitecharacteristiccalibration can be recommended for minimising the systematic error observed between different analytical methods. Results and discussion Preliminarytestswerecarriedoutunderfieldconditions (sites A, B and C) in order to test the simplest sample preparation method described above.untreated samples (size g) were put in plastic bags and measured by one PXRF analyser from different side of the sample. Relative difference between the highest and the lowest result rose up to 1000% with inhomogeneous samples containing particles of various sizes. Similar results were observed for all PXRF analysers when the test was repeated with the same sample. The relative difference was found the most significant when analysing wet samples, or inhomogeneous samples such as waste material. Another preliminary test, an inter-comparison test between different PXRF analysers, was run on site C. Eleven air dried sand samples were homogenised manually in plastic bags and analysed by four different PXRF analysers (Fig. 5). The yield of the PXRF analysers (ICP-AES = 100%) was measured to be between 65 % and 160 %. Accordingly it was judged that this test showed that PXRF analysers are suitable for analysing Pb from sand samples, as in this case the differences between results from different analysers was not significant. Thesepreliminarytests showed clearlythatsoil type can strongly effect the repeatability of PXRF measurements as well as the comparability of PXRF results to the laboratory analyses. Hence, it was essential to start developing PXRF measurements by evaluation of sample preparation methods. The first investigation, dealing with soil sample preparation procedures, was to evaluate the effect of sieving on the subsequently analysed elemental concentration, since particle size is known to affect the results of XRF analyses (Clark et al.1999). It is clear that the type of sample and the concentration levels also affect the results. The sample chosen for the first sievinginvestigationswasasandyclaysample(sample Afrom site A, Table 1), containing a concentration 78

80 Evaluation of portable x-ray fluorescence... Table 4. Comparison of Zn concentrations (mg kg -1 )in Finnish soil by particle size fraction as determined by PXRF during the sieving tests (n=10). Particle size Mean Lowest Highest Highest / lowest, % Total >2.0 mm <2.0 mm <0.5 mm of heavy metals near the background values found in Finland (Puolanne et al.1994). The sample was very homogeneous and air-dried. Sieving had an effect on the mean concentration measured by PXRF. Figure 1 shows that almost without exception, the highest values (average of 10 replicates) were obtained for the smaller particle size fractions (<0.5 mm or <2.0 mm). This was expected due to enrichment of elements in the smallest particles and the different mineralogy of samples. More significant differences betwe en replicate measurements were observed, for all fractions, when analysing eitherrelativelyhigh concentrations(<1000 mg kg -1 ) or concentration near the detection limit of PXRF measurement (Fig.3). For example, a variation in the low concentration of Zn in different particle size fractions is substantial, when comparing the different grain size fractions, and could lead to errors in decision-making on field (Table 4), if for example remediation level for Zn is based on lower guideline value (150 mg kg -1 ). The study indicated that for the best results, at least three replicate measurements should be made with the PXRF instrument and that the samples should be sieved before the measurements. Relative standard deviation was calculated for ten replicate measurements ofadried sand sample(sample A), after different sample preparation procedures: (1) without sieving, (2) sieving to > 2.0 mm, (3) sieving to < 2.0 mm, and (4) sieving to < 0.5 mm. The results can be seen in Figure 2. The repeatability of the PXRF measurement was generally better for samples of smaller particle size: this effect was observed for all the elements measured. At the second stage of the investigation the effect of sample preparation on the sensitivity of the PXRF measurements was studied. Detection limits were determined by taking ten replicate measurements on soil samples. Based on these measurements, the standarddeviationwascalculated.thedetectionlimits presented in the Figure 3 are defined as 3 times the standard deviation for each analyte. In this studythedetection limits of9 environmentally important elements were determined by four different sample preparation methods. Two EPAmethods (EPA 1998) were compared with two of our own sample preparation protocols, of which one is a field method and the other is the GTK protocol outlined above. EPA1 uses quartz (SiO 2 ) to determine interferencefree detection limits and EPA2 is a field-based method applied to dried soil samples. Sample A(Table 1) was the selected study sample, because it was relatively homogeneous, it did not contain particles larger than 2 mm, which could cause physical interferences in the measurement. It was also observed, that the limit of detection for Cr, Cu and Zn rose considerably when measured after sample preparation by field protocol (EPA2 and GTK1), using relatively dry soil material (moisture content 5 % 10 %). This should be consid- Fig. 2. The effect of sieving on precision of the PXRF measurement (Other elements were not detected in the sample) 79

81 Jussi V-P. Laiho and Paavo Perämäki Fig. 3. Detection limits of some environmentally harmful elements determined by different PXRF methods, present study compared to EPA EPA = Environmental Protection Agency. GTK = Geological Survey of Finland. ered when analysing soil samples by PXRF analysers from relatively unpolluted sites. In Figure 4 the detection limits of 9 environmentally important elements are compared with Finnish guideline values for contaminant concentrations in soil (Puolanne et al. 1994). It was observed that PXRF instruments could easily be applied for determination of low concentration levels of Pb and Zn, whereas there were some problems to detect even relatively high concentrations of Cr or Cd. Similar results were observed with all of the PXRF instruments tested. The effect of moisture content on the accuracy of PXRF measurement was investigated by adding 5 % - 40 % of distilled water to the dried and sieved sample. Water content of the soil sample was determined gravimetrically.the results showed clearlythat overall error was minor when moisture content was small (5 % 15 %), and sample moisture contents above 20 % was leading to significant errors in PXRF measurements of the tested types of materials. Moisture alters the matrix and therefore the penetration depth of the radiation. For example, the concentration of Pb and Zn in a dry sample was about 2.0 times higher than the concentration obtained for samples with moisture contents of 30 %. These results were similar to results of previous investigations (Kalnicky et al. 1992, Laine-Ylijoki et al. 2002). Conclusions In this study it was observed that both different techniques and sample preparation affected the final results. According the results, it can be presumed that sample preparation can lead to more significant errors than the differences between PXRF instruments. Fur - thermore, errors due to sample preparation can easily beminimisedbypropersamplepre parationtechniques. These studiespointed outthatso il moisture and particle size of the samples were the two factors, which mostly affected the trueness of the results. As a conclusion of the study, a list of recommendations was produced for sampling and measurement of contaminated soil samples by PXRF. However, not all the errors can be avoided by more accurate sample preparation, and differences between thepxrfinstrumentsincreaseddramaticallywhensoil samples of high concentration levels (>1000 mg kg -1 ) were analysed without soil-characteristic calibration. This is suspected to be due to different fundamental calibration given by the instrument manufacturers. Therefore, it is always recommended to compare in situ results to confirmatory laboratory results to obtain a correlation curve and/or prepare several calibration samples to determine correlation curve before starting any big projects. During the study it was also observed that further work is needed for the improvement and harmonisation of the PXRF methods as well as quality control of in situ analyses. Various field methods are being developed, to an increasing extent, in order to optimise investigation and remediation of soil and ground water pollution. There is an urgent need to establish a common methodology for assessing the analytical quality of the data obtained, i.e. a set of practical QA schemes. The QAschemes should be a compromise betweenthelaboratoryqa(eniso/iec17025:2000) and the current very limited QAused for most field methods. A guide for environmental administrators should be provided to enable them to evaluate data obtained by these field methods properly. Harmonisa- 80

82 Evaluation of portable x-ray fluorescence... Fig. 4. Detection limits of some environmentally harmful elements measured in the field and compared with Finnish guideline values for contaminant concentrations in soil (Puolanne et al.1994). Fig. 5. An example of Inter comparison of four PXRF instrument: Pb concentration in sand from shooting range. Laboratory = ICP- AES. tion of methodologies would provide not only more reliable results of field measurements, but also more comparable results between all users. Good planning of the survey is needed before using PXRF for in situ field-based analysis, in order to gain as much information as possible on estimates of both concentration values and uncertainties, and to permit a realistic interpretation of the extent of contamination at the site. REFERENCES Clark,S.,Menrath,w.,Chen,M.,Roda,S.&Succop,P Use of a Field Portable X-rayFluorescence analyser to determine theconcentration ofleadandothermetalsinsoil samples,ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 1999, 6, ENiSO/iEC GeneralRequirementsfortheCompetence oftestingandcalibration Laboratories,CENMarch2000. EPA1998. Method 6200:Field Portable X-rayFluorescence spectrometryforthedetermination ofelementalconcentrationsin soil andsediment.environmentalprotection Agency,USA. 81

83 Jussi V-P. Laiho and Paavo Perämäki international Organisation of Standardisation International Standard ISO kalnicky d.j., Patel J. & Singhvi R Factors affecting comparability of field XRF and laboratory analyses of soil contaminants, in: Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis, Colorado Springs, August kalnicky d.j. & Singhvi R Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples, J. of Hazardous materials 83 (2001) laiho J. v-p Unpublished research data of Geological Survey of Finland. laine-ylijoki,j.,rustad, i.,syrjä,j-j.&wahlström,m Technical report PRO3/23/02: Suitability of XRF methods on on-site testing of waste materials. VTT 42. Potts, P.J Ahandbook of Silicate rock Analysis. Blackie & Son limited, London. Puolanne, J., Pyy, O. & Jeltsch, u Saastuneet maa-alueet ja niiden käsittely Suomessa, final report. The Finnish Ministry of the Environment. 82

84 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in PAPERS PubliShEd bygeologicalsurvey OF FiNlANd STAFF in The following list includes references from the database FIN- GEO (situation at 31th May 2005) to papers published in 2003 and 2004 (or in 2002, if not reported previous Current Research publication) with at least one author from GTK staff. Ahonen, Lasse; Kaija, Juha; Paananen, Markku; Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Hakkarainen, Veikko Palmottu natural analogue:a: a summary of the studies. Tiivistelmä:Palmotunluonnonanalogia- luonnonanalogiatutkimus : yhteenveto tutkimuksista. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset. Tiedonanto YST p. + 1 app. Ahtola, Timo; Reinikainen, Jukka; Seppänen, Hannu Paleoproterozoic marbles in the Svecofennian Domain, Finland. In: Castor, S. B., Papke, K. G. & Meeuwig, R. O. (eds.) Betting on industrial minerals : proceedings of the 39th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, May 18 24, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Special Publication 33, Airo, Meri-Liisa Relation ofmagneticrockpropertiesto to aeromagnetic characteristics of an Archean TTG-migmatite and gneiss area, the northern Fennoscandian Shield. In: IUGG 2003 : XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week B. Sapporo: IUGG, 262. Airo, M.-L.; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K Characterization of sulfide deposits byairborne magnetic and gamma-rayresponses in eastern Finland. In: Coveney, R. M. & Pasava, J. (eds.) Ores and organic matter. Ore Geology Reviews 24 (1 2), Alenius, Teija Siitepölyanalyysi maankäytön ja kasvillisuushistorian tutkimusvälineenä. In: Korpela, J. (author) Viipurin läänin historia. Osa 2: Viipurin linnaläänin synty. Lappeenranta: Karjalan Kirjapaino, Alenius, Teija; Grönlund, Elisabeth; Simola, Heikki; Saksa, Aleksandr Land-usehistoryofRiekkalansaariIslandinthe of in the northern archipelago of Lake Ladoga, Karelian Republic, Russia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13 (1), Alenius, Teija; Haggrén, Georg; Jansson, Henrik; Miettinen, Arto Ulkosaariston asutuksesta autiokyläksi Inkoon Ors poikkitieteellisenä tutkimuskohteena. SKAS (1), Alenius, Teija; Ojala, Antti; Tiljander, Mia Paleomagnetic dating of pollen stratigraphy from lake sediment based on PSV master curve from central Finland. In: 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 3 7 May 2004, Zaragoza, (Spain) : program and abstracts. Zaragoza : Barcelona: University of Zaragoza : University of Barcelona, 37. Andrén, T.; Best, G.; Flodén,T.; Harff, J.; Jensen, J. B.; Korja, A.; Kotilainen, A.; Lemke, W.; Meschede, M.; Puura, V.; Uscinowicz, S.; Vejbæk, O Towards a Baltic Sea IODP. In: Puura, I., Tuuling, I. & Hang, T. (eds.) The Baltic : the Eighth Marine Geological Conference, September 23 28, 2004, Tartu, Estonia : abstracts, excursion guide. Tartu: University of Tartu, Institute of Geology, 7. Antikainen, Merja; Backman, Birgitta; Rusanen, Kaisa; Finér, Leena2003.Vaikuttaakometsänkäsittelypohjavesialueidenveden laatuun?. In: Finér, L., Laurén, A. & Karvinen, L. (eds.) Ajankohtaista metsätalouden ympäristökuormituksesta tutkimustietoa ja työkaluja seminaari Kolin Luontokeskus Ukko Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 886, Antikainen, Merja; Lyytikäinen, Ari; Pihlaja, Jouni Pohjavesien suojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittaminen : loppuraporttioutokummunseudulta.abstract:theharmonization of groundwater protection and aggregate service:final reportfrom the surroundings of Outokumpu. Alueelliset ympäristöjulkaisut p. + 1 app. map. Autio, Sini (ed.) GeologicalSurveyofFinland, of Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper p. Backman, Birgitta Groundwater quality, acidification, and recovery trends between 1969 and 2002 in South Finland. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin p. +8app. 8 Backman, Birgitta;Lahermo, Pertti 2004.Arseenipohjavesissä. Summary: Arsenic in groundwater. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. &Lahermo,P.(eds.)ArseeniSuomenluonnossa,ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Balykin, P.A.;P olyakov, G.V.;H anski, E.;Walker, R. J.;Huhma, H.; Tran, T. H.; Ngô, T. P.; Hoàng, H. T.; Tran, Q. H.; Glotov,A. I.; Petrova, T. E TheLatePermiankomatiite-basaltcomplex in the Sông Dà Rift, northwestern Viêt Nam. Journal of Geology. Series B (23), Barkov, Andrei Y.; Fleet, Michael E.; Martin, Robert F.; Halkoaho, Tapio A. A Apotentially new konderite-like sulfide of Fe, Pb, Cu, Rh, Pd, and Ir from the Penikat layered complex, Finland. In: Mungall, J. E., Meurer, W. P. & Martin, R. F. (eds.) Platinum-group elements : petrology, geochemistry, mineralogy. The Canadian Mineralogist 42 (2), Blyth,Alexander;Frape,Shaun;Ruskeeniemi,Timo;Blomqvist, Runar Origins, closed system formation and preservation of calcites in glaciated crystalline bedrock : evidence from the Palmottu natural analogue site, Finland. Applied Geochemistry 19 (5), Breilin, Olli; Tikkanen, Jaakko; Kesola, Reino; Leveinen, Jussi; Mursu, Juha Groundwater from crystallinebedrock in municipal of Leppävirta in southeast Finland. In: Krásny, J., Zbynek, H. & Bruthans, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the international conference on Groundwater in fractured rocks, September 2003, Prague, Czech Republic : extended abstracts. IHP-VI series on groundwater (7), Breilin, O.; Elhammer, A.; Björk, L.; Edén, P.; Fredén, C.; Kero, L.; Kotilainen, A.; Nenonen, K.; Ojalainen, J.; Ransed, G.; Rodhe, L.; Stén, C.-G.; Sigurdson, O.; Sohlenius, G.; Virransalo, P Geonat Geological information and nature values for the sustainable development of the northern Kvarken area a new co-operation project In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 142. Breilin, Olli; Kotilainen, Aarno; Nenonen, Keijo; Räsänen, Matti; Ollqvist, Sanna The unique moraine morphology, stratotypes and ongoing geological processes at the Kvarken Archipelago on the land uplift area in the western coast of Finland. In:32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence,Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 627. Breilin, Olli; Kotilainen, Aarno; Nenonen, Keijo; Virransalo, Petri; Ojalainen, Jukka; Stén, Carl-Göran Geology of the Kvarken Archipelago. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. 47 p. Britschgi, Ritva; Ahonen, Ismo; Lammila, Jyrki; Lähteenmäki, Pasi; Sahala, Lauri; Vuokko, Jouko Pohjavesien suojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittaminen : Satakunnan loppuraportti. Satakuntaliitto. Sarja A p. +3app. + 3 maps. Brown, D.;Carbonell, R.;Kukkonen, I.;Ayala, C.;Golovanova, I Composition of the Uralide crust from seismic velocity (Vp, Vs), heatflow, gravity, and magnetic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 210 (1 2), Bruneton, M.; Pedersen, H. A.; Farra, V.; Arndt, N.; Kukkonen, I.; Vacher, P Evolution of Precambrian lithosphere in Finland as inferred from seismic surface and mantle xenoliths [Electronic resource]. In: EGU General Assembly 2004, Nice, 83

85 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in France, April Geophysical Research Abstracts 6, 1 p.. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Bruneton, Marianne; Pedersen, Helle A.; Vacher, Pierre; Kuk - konen, Ilmo T.; Arndt, Nicholas T.; Funke, Sigward; Friederich, Wolfgang; Farra,Véronique Layered lithospheric mantle in thecentralbalticshieldfromsurfacewaves andxenolithanalysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226 (1 2), Carlson, Liisa Bentonite mineralogy. Part 1 : Methods of investigation a literature review. Part 2 : Mineralogical research of selected bentonites. Posiva. Working report p. Cermak, V. (ed.); Kukkonen, I. T. (ed.) Heatflowand and the structure of the lithosphere. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28 (9 11), Charman, Dan; Mäkilä, Markku Climatereconstruction from peatlands. PAGES Newsletter 11 (2 3), Chernet, T.; Marmo, J Direct comparison on mechanical and digital size analyses of Kemi chromite, Finland. In: Applied mineralogy : papers presented at Applied mineralogy 03, Helsinki, Finland, March Minerals Engineering 16 (11 Suppl.), Chernet, T.; Marmo, J Direct comparison on mechanical and digital size analyses of Kemi chromite [Electronic resource]. In: Applied mineralogy 03, Helsinki, Finland, March 17 18, 2003, 3 p.. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Chernet, Tegist Effect of mineralogy and texture of sand and hard-rock ilmenite in TiO2 pigment production by the sulphate process, a case study on Australian ilmeniteconcentrate and Tellnes ilmenite concentrate, Norway. In: Duchesne, J.-C. & Korneliussen, A. (eds.) Ilmenite deposits and their geological environment with special reference to the Rogaland Anorthosite Province including a geological map at scale 1:75,000 and a CD with a guide to the province. Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Special publication 9, Chernet, Tegist; Marmo, Jukka Direct comparison on mechanical and digital size analyses of Kemi chromite, Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Chernet, Tegist; Pakkanen, Lassi Estimation of ferric iron, crystal water and calculation of chemical formulae for altered ilmenite from electron microprobe analyses, based on stoichiometric criteria. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Chevrel, S.; Kuosmanen, V.;Grösel, K.;Marsh, S.;Tukiainen, T.; Schäffer, U.; Quental, L.; Vosen, P.; Loudjani, P.; Kuronen, E.; Aastrup, P Remote-sensing monitoring of environmental impacts. Mining Environmental Management 11 (6), Chevrel, Stéphane; Kuosmanen, Viljo; Grösel, Klemens H. J.; Marsh, Stuart; Tukiainen, Tapani; Schäffer, Uwe; Quental, Lidia; Vosen, Peter; Loudjani, Philippe; Aastrup, Peter Hyperspectral remote-sensing assessment of mining-related environmental impacts examples from the MINEO project. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, Ciobanu, Cristiana L.; Cook, Nigel J.; Sundblad, Krister; Kojonen, Kari Tellurides and selenides in Au ores from the Fennoscandian Shield : a status report. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 274. Cosgrove,John; Jokinen,Jarkko; Siivola,Jaakko; Tirén, Sven IMGS 2002 report :the geological and structural characterization of the Olkiluoto site in a critical perspective. STUK- YTO-TR p. Demidov, Igor N.; Houmark-Nielsen, Michael; Kjær, Kurt H.; Larsen, Eiliv; Lyså, Astrid; Funder, Svend; Lunkka, Juha Pekka; Saarnisto,Matti2004.ValdaianglacialmaximaintheArkhangelsk districtofnorthwesternrussia.in:ehlers,j.&gibbard, P.L.(eds.) Quaternary glaciations :extent and chronology.part 1: Europe. DevelopmentsinQuaternaryScience 2, Deutsch, A.;Pesonen, L. J.;Pihlaja, P Nofossil micrometeoritesinthejotniansandstoneoffinland criticalre-assessment of the evidence. In: 66thAnnual Meteoritical Society Meeting, July 28 August 1,2003,M nster,germany:abstracts. Meteoritics& PlanetaryScience supplement38(7),a102. Edfelt, Åsa; Eilu, Pasi; Martinsson, Olof; Niiranen,Tero;Wei - hed, Pär 2004.The northern Fennoscandia IOCG-province. SGA News(18),1,4 9. Ehlers, Carl;Skiöld, Torbjörn;Vaasjoki, Matti Timing of Svecofennian crustal growth and collisional tectonics in Åland, SW Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 76 (1 2), Eilu,Pasi;Niiranen,Tero2003.OnkoSuomessarautaoksidi-kupari-kulta-assosiaation(FeOx-Cu-Au,IOCG)esiintymiä?Summary: ArethereIOCGdeposits infinland?. Geologi55 (1),4 11. Eilu, Pasi; Sorjonen-Ward, Peter; Nurmi, Pekka; Niiranen, Tero 2003.Areview of gold mineralization styles in Finland. In: Sundblad, K. &Cook, N. J. (eds.) Agroupof papers devoted to the metallogeny of gold in the Fennoscandian Shield. Economic Geology98(7), Eilu, Pasi;Lahtinen, Raimo Arseeni kallioperässä jamal- miutuneissavyöhykkeissä.summary:anomalousarsenicinbedrock andoresinfinland.in:loukola-ruskeeniemi,k.&lahermo,p. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo:Geologiantutkimuskeskus, Ekdahl, Elias; Kukkonen, Ilmo Deep seismic reflection surveyin Finland :amajor scientific co-operation between Finland andrussia.europeangeologist (15), Eklund, Olav (ed.) Lapland 2003 : excursion guide to Finnish and Swedish Lapland Geocenter tiedottaa. Report 20.59p. Elminen, T.;Airo, M.-L.;Mertanen, S.;Pajunen, M Multiple reactivations of the Porkkala-Mäntsälä shear zone, southern Finland.In:Deformationmechanisms,rheologyandtectonics,St. Malo, France, 14 16April 2003 : abstractvolume, 53. Elo, Seppo Gravity operations of the Geological Survey of Finland. In: Poutanen, M., Jokela, J. &Ollikainen, M. (eds.) GeodeticoperationsinFinland Helsinki:Geodeettinen laitos, Elo, Seppo;Uusihakala, Mauri GPS-gravityapplications applications at awaste treatment centre [Electronic resource]. In: Sharing the Earth: EAGE 66thConference & Exhibition, Paris, France, 7 10 June 2004:extended abstracts. Houten:EAGE,4p.. Opticaldisc (CD-ROM). Fabbri,Andrea G. (ed.);gaál, Gabor (ed.);mccammon, Richard B.(ed.) Depositandgeoenvironmentalmodelsforresource exploitation and environmental security.nato Science Series. Series2. Environmentalsecurity p. +CD-ROM. Frape, S. K.;Blyth,A.;Blomqvist,R.;McNutt,R.H.;Gascoyne, M Deep fluids in the continents : II. Crystalline rocks. In: Holland, H. D., Turekian, K. K. &Drever, J. I. (ed.) Treatise on geochemistry.vol. 5: Surface andgroundwater, weathering, and soils. Oxford: Elsevier, Frape, Shaun K.; Shouakar-Stash, Orfan; Blomqvist, Runar; Blyth, Alec R.; McNutt, Robert H.; Gascoyne, Mel Information gained from isotope geochemistry on evolution of brines in crystalline rocks. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy,August 20 28,2004:abstracts. Part 1,708. Fredén, Curt; Karis, Lars; Lundqvist, Sven; Ransed, Gunnel; Suominen, Veli; Johansson, Carl Erik GEOSITES in practice trans-national comparison and correlation. In: Parkes, M. (ed.) Naturalandculturallandscapes thegeologicalfoundation : proceedingsofaconference, 9 11 September2002, DublinCastle, Ireland. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy,

86 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Frindt,Stephen;Haapala,Ilmari;Pakkanen, Lassi 2004.Anoro- genic Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock in central western Namibia : Part I. Petrology and geochemistry. American Mineralogist 89 (5 6), Furnes, H.; Banerjee, N. R.; Muehlenbachs, K.; Staudigel, H.; De Wit, M.; Kontinen, A Evidence for bioalteration in pillow lavas of Precambrian ophiolites. In: Geoscience horizons, Seattle 2003 : GSAAnnual Meeting and Exposition, November 2 5, Geological Society of America. Abstracts with Programs 35 (6), 455. Geologian tutkimuskeskus GTK : vuosikertomus Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 51p. Geological Survey of Finland GTK : annual report Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. 51p. Geologian tutkimuskeskus GTK : vuosikertomus Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 55 p. Geological Survey of Finland GTK : annual report Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. 55p. Gervilla, F.; Cabri, L. J.; Kojonen, K. K. R.; Oberthür, T.; Weiser, T.; Johanson, B.; Sie, S. H.; Campbell, J. L.; Teesdale, W. J.; Laflamme, J. H. G Understanding the distribution of platinum-group elements in some mineral deposits : comparison of trace element analyses obtained by electron microprobe and micro-pixe. In: EMAS 2003 : 8th European Workshop on Modern Developments andapplications in MicrobeamAnalysis, 18 to 22 May 2003, Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz), Spain. [S.l.]: European Microbeam Analysis Society, Gervilla, F.; Kojonen, K.; Parkkinen, J.; Välimaa, J Platinum-group element mineralogy, geochemistry and 3-D modeling of the Keivitsa Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, northern Finland. In: Eliopoulos, D. G.... [et al.] (eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGAMeeting,Athens, Greece, 24 28August Vol. 1. Rotterdam: Millpress, Gervilla, Fernando; Cabri, Louis J.; Kojonen, Kari; Oberthür, Thomas; Weiser, Thorolf W.; Johanson, Bo; Sie, Soey H.; Campbell, John L.; Teesdale, Williams J.; Laflamme, J. H. Gilles Platinum-group element distribution in some ore deposits : results of EPMAand micro-pixe analyses. Microchimica Acta 147 (3), Gornostayev, S.; Hiltunen, R.; Mutanen, T.; Härkki, J Mineralogical research on chromitites of the Akanvaara deposit, northern Finland and products of their reduction [Electronic resource]. In: Applied mineralogy 03, Helsinki, Finland, March 17 18, 2003, 2 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Gornostayev, S.; Mutanen, T The platinum-groupmin- minerals in chromitites of the Akanvaara deposit, northern Finland and in their processing products. In: Applied mineralogy : papers presented at Applied mineralogy 03, Helsinki, Finland, March Minerals Engineering 16 (11 Suppl.), Gornostayev, S. S.; Mutanen, T.; Härkki, J The platinumgroup minerals (PGM) in somechromititelayers of theakanvaara deposit, northern Finland [Electronic resource]. In: Vancouver GeologicalAssociation of Canada, MineralogicalAssociation of Canada & Society of Economic Geologists joint annual meeting,vancouver,b.c.,canada,may25 28,2003.Opticaldisc (CD-ROM). GAC-MAC program with abstracts 28, 1 p. Gornostayev, S. S.; Walker, R. J.; Hanski, E. J.; Popovchenko, S. E Evidence for the emplacement of ca. 3.0 Ga mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic bodies in the Ukrainian Shield. Precambrian Research 132 (4), Grinenko, L. N.; Hanski, E.; Grinenko, V. A Usloviâ obrazovaniâ Cu-Ni mestorozdeniâ Keivitsa, severnaâ Finlândiâ, po izotopnym dannym sery i ugleroda. Geohimiâ (2), Grönholm, Sari (ed.); Alviola, Reijo; Kinnunen, KariA.; Kojonen, Kari; Kärkkäinen, Niilo; Mäkitie, Hannu Retkeilijän kiviopas. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 88 p. Gustafsson, Juhani (ed.); Ahonen, Ismo; Lammila, Jyrki; Lähteenmäki, Pasi; Lyytikäinen, Ari; Nurmi, Heikki; Salonen, Vesa Pohjavesien suojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittaminen loppuraportti Loimaan seudulta. Turku: Varsinais-Suomen liitto. 70p. +7app. maps. Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija; Korhonen, Riitta; Mäkilä, Markku Tuovi Kankainen in memoriam. Geologi 56 (7), 165. Häikiö, Jukka; Herranen, Teuvo Merijärvellä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 1. Abstract: The peatlands and peat reserves of Merijärvi. Part 1. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Halkoaho, Tapio The Vaara Kauniinlampi komatiite cumulate complex. In: Niemelä, M. (ed.) Talc-magnesitedeposits in Finland, September 10 15, 2002, Finland : third field correlation, Halmemies, Sakari; Gröndahl, Siri; Arffman, Mika; Nenonen, Keijo; Tuhkanen, Tuula Vacuum extraction based response equipment for recovery of fresh fuel spills from soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 97 (1 3), Hänninen, Pekka; Sutinen, Raimo; Penttinen, Sari Maaperän seuranta-asemat.in: Pietola, L. & Esala, M. (eds.) Maa, josta elämme : II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra 15, Hanski, Eero Nampa. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkartta = Geological map of Finland 1: : pre-quaternary rocks lehti = sheet Hanski, Eero; Walker, Richard J.; Huhma, Hannu; Polyakov, Gleb V.; Balykin, Pavel A.; Tran, Trong Hoa; Ngô, Thi Phuong Origin of the Permian-Triassic komatiites, northwestern Vietnam. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 147 (4), Härmä, Paavo Itä-Uudenmaan rakennuskivivarojenkartoitus, osa I. Itä-Uudenmaan liitto. Julkaisu p. + 4 app. Härmä, Paavo Itä-Uudenmaan rakennuskivivarojen kartoitus, osa II. Itä-Uudenmaan liitto. Julkaisu p. + 6 app. Hartikainen, Aimo; Nikkarinen, Maria Maaperän ja perunan alkuainepitoisuuksien vertailua kahdella kohdealueella Itä-Suomessa. In: Pietola, L. & Esala, M. (eds.) Maa, josta elämme : II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra 15, Hattori, K. H.; Cabri, L. J.; Johanson, B.; Zientek, M. L Origin ofplacerlauritefrom laurite from Borneo:SeandAscontents, : and S isotopic compositions. Mineralogical Magazine 68 (2), Heikkinen, P. M.; Räisänen, M. L Mineralogical and geochemical evidence of nickel mobility and retention in the Hitura sulphide mine tailings [Electronic resource]. In: Applied mineralogy 03, Helsinki, Finland, March 17 18, 2003, 3 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Heldal, Tom; Selonen, Olavi Environmental impact of the natural stone industry. In:Selonen,O.&Suominen,V.(eds.) & Suominen, Nordic stone. Paris: UNESCO : IAEG, Heldal, Tom; Selonen, Olavi History and heritage. In: Selonen, O. & Suominen, V. (eds.) Nordicstone.Paris:UNESCO : IAEG, Hellmuth, Karl-Heinz; Tarvainen, Timo; Backman, Birgitta; Hatakka,Tarja; Vesterbacka, Pia; Savolainen, Heimo IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) The use of selected safety indicators(concentrations, fluxes) in the assessmentof radioactiv e waste disposal. Report 4: Natural geochemical concentrations on the Baltic Shield of Finland for use as indicators of nuclear wasterepositorysafety.geologiantutkimuskeskus.ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset. Tiedonanto YST p. Hellstén, Pasi; Nystén, Taina; Salminen, Jani; Granlund, Kirsti; Huotari, Taija; Vallinkoski, Veli-Matti Kaliumformiaatin hajoaminen maaperässä ja pohjavedessä : MIDAS-loppuraportti. Abstract:Biodegradationofpotassiumformiateinsoilandground- 85

87 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in water final report of studies on alternative de-icing chemicals. Suomen ympäristö p. Helmens, K. F.; Eskola, K. O.; Johansson, P. W.; Räsänen, M. E TheLast Interglacial/GlacialCyclerecorded recorded inanearly a nearly continuous sediment sequence from the Sokli Basin in Finnish Lapland. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic GeologicalWinter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 135. Holma, M. J.; Keinänen, V. J.; Ojala, V. J.; Eilu, P The Levijärvi Loukinen Au-Ni-Cu occurrence : a Palaeoproterozoic polymetallic orogenic gold mineralisation in the Sirkka Line tectonic structure, northern Finland. In:Eliopoulos,D.G [etal.] (eds.) Mineralex plorationandsus tainabledevelopm ent:proceedingsoftheseventhbiennialsgameeting,athens, Greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Hongisto, H.;Jokinen, J.;Jokinen,T.;Säävuori, H.;Oksama, M Full scale EMmodellingon seaice[electronic resource].in: Sharing the Earth : EAGE 66th Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, 7 10 June 2004 : extended abstracts. Houten: EAGE, 4 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Hongisto, Hannu; Oksama, Matti; Jokinen, Jarkko; Suppala, Ilkka Field test of a transient EM-system onsea ice. In: Puska, L. (ed.) Sähkömagnetiikka 2004, 26. elokuuta Espoo: CSC, 8 9. Hubberten, H. W.; Andreev, A.; Astakhov, V. I.; Demidov, I.; Dowdeswell, J. A.; Henriksen, M.; Hjort, C.; Houmark-Nielsen, M.; Jakobsson, M.; Kuzmina, S.; Larsen, E.; Lunkka, J. P.; Lyså, A.; Mangerud, J.; Möller, P.; Saarnisto, M.; Schirrmeister, L.; Sher, A. V.; Siegert, C.; Siegert, M. J.; Svendsen, J. I The periglacial climate and environment in northern Eurasia during the last glaciation. In: Thiede, J. (ed.) Quaternary environments of the Eurasian North (QUEEN). Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (11 13), Huhma, H.; Mutanen, T.; Whitehouse, M Oldest rocks of the Fennoscandian Shield : the 3.5 Ga Siurua trondhjemite gneiss in the Archaean Pudasjärvi Granulite Belt, Finland. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 10. Huhma, H.; Mutanen, T.;Whitehouse, M Oldestrocks of the Fennoscandian Shield : the 3.5 Ga Siurua trondhjemite gneiss in the Archaean Pudasjärvi Granulite Belt, Finland. In: Abstracts of the 14th Annual V. M. Goldschmidt Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 5 11, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 (11S), A754. Huhta, Pekka Satakunnan kallioperä on vaikuttanut maaperänerityispiirteisiin. Sarka. Satakunnan Museon vuosikirja , Huhta, Pekka; Korhonen, Riitta; Korsman, Kalevi; Vuorela, Irmeli Ainutlaatuinen Satakunnan maankamara tarjoaa haasteita tutkijoille ja soveltajille. Sarka. Satakunnan Museon vuosikirja , Hukka, Juho Lyijyhohde. Vuoriteollisuus 61 (2), Hukka, Juho Maasälvät. Vuoriteollisuus 61 (1), Huotari, T.; Vanhala, H.; Hellstén, P.; Vaittinen, K Monitoring an alternative de-icer in salt contaminated aquifer using ERT. In: Near surface 2004 : 10th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 6 9 September 2004 : extended abstracts book. Houten: EAGE, 4 p. Huotari, Taija; Kukkonen, Ilmo Thermal expansion properties of rocks : literature survey and estimation of thermal expansion coefficient for Olkiluoto mica gneiss. Tiivistelmä: Kivien lämpölaajenemisominaisuudet : kirjallisuustutkimus sekä Olkiluodon kiillegneissin lämpölaajenemiskertoimen estimointi. Posiva. Working report p. Huttunen, Timo;Saarelainen,Jouko;Väänänen, Tapio;Putkinen, Seppo;Ikonen, Jorma;Kohonen, Jarmo;Pekkarinen, Lauri; Vuollo, Jouni;Äikäs, Olli 2003.Koli :geologinenretkeilykartta =geologisk friluftskarta =geological outdoor map 1: Kuopio: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Huttunen, Timo (ed.); Hytönen, Markku; Kejonen, Aimo; Rönty, Hannu; Saarelainen, Jouko; Tervo, Tapani; Väänänen, Tapio; Äikäs, Olli Koli :geologinen retkeilykartta ja opaskirja. Kuopio: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 73p. Huttunen, Timo; Johansson, Peter; Putkinen, Satu; Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija Maaperäkartan sovelluksia yhdyskuntasuunnitteluun. In: Kaakinen, A. (ed.) Geologian 3. tutkijapäivät, , Helsinki. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto, geologian laitos, 73. Hyvönen,Eija;Lerssi, Jouni;Väänänen,Tapio 2003.Airborne geophysical surveys assessing the general scale Quaternary mapping project in Finland. In: Mares, S. &Pospísil, L. (eds.) 9th Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic, August 31st September 4th 2003 : proceedings. Prague: Czech Association ofthe Applied Geophysicists, 3p. Hyvönen, Eija; Pänttäjä, Markku; Sutinen, Marja-Liisa; Sutinen, Raimo Assessing site suitability for Scots pine using airborne and terrestrial gamma-ray measurements in Finnish Lapland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33 (5), Iisalo, Esko Till stratigraphy and geochemical differencesbetweentill bedsinwesternfinland.in:räisänen,m.l. &Nikkarinen, M. (eds.) Complexity of glacial dispersal and hydromorphicprocessesintill geochemistry.geologicalsurvey of Finland. Special Paper 34, Iljina, M The unique Konttijärvi marginal series PGE ore of the Portimo Layered Igneous Complex, Finland [Electronic resource]. In: St. Catharines Geological Association of Canada &Mineralogical Association ofcanada joint annual meeting, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, May 12 14, 2004.GAC-MAC programwithabstracts 29,255.Opticaldisc (CD-ROM). Iljina, Markku J Fennoscandian layered mafic intru- - sionsandrelated Cu-Ni-PGE deposits. In:Iljina,M.&Sullivan, J. (eds.) Fennoscandian seminar, March 5,2004, [Toronto] : agenda, abstracts and biographies, 2p. Iljina, Markku (ed.); Sullivan, John (ed.) Fennoscandian seminar, March 5,2004, [Toronto]:agenda, abstracts and biographies. 15 p. Johansson, Carl Erik;Andersen, Steen; Erikstad, Lars; Suo - minen, Veli Geodiversity in Nordic nature conservation. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 :abstracts. Part 1, 579. Johansson, Peter Aeolian landforms and erosion in northernfinland.in:raukas,a.&kukk,h.(eds.) International symposiumonhumanimpactandgeologicalheritage, May 2003, Tallinn, Estonia :excursion guide and abstracts. Tallinn: Institute of Geology at Tallinn Technical University, Johansson, Peter Eskers and bedrock gorges (tunnel valleys) inthepakasaivoarea,westernfinnishlapland.bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 75 (1 2), Johansson, Peter Kallio ja maaperä. In: Kuusisto, A. (ed.) Ylläs-Aakenuksen alueen luonto. Metsähallituksen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. SarjaA141, Johansson,Peter(ed.) 2003.Pallas-Ounastunturi:geologinen retkeilykartta=geological outdoor map 1: nd rev.ed.. Rovaniemi: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Johansson, Peter(ed.);Mäkinen, Kalevi(ed.) 2003.Koilliskaira :geologinen retkeilykartta=geological outdoor map 1: nd rev.ed. Rovaniemi: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 86

88 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Johansson,Peter2004.EskersystemsofdifferentagesineasternFinnishLapland. In:Zelcs,V.&Seglins,V.(eds.) International field symposiumonquaternarygeologyand modern terrestrial processes,westernlatvia,september12 17,2004:abstracts of papers and posters. Riga: University of Latvia, Johansson,Peter2004.Evidencesofglaciation anddeglaciation inwesternfinnishlapland.in:lappalainen,e.(ed.)vitalityand peace ofmindfrom GreatTeuravuomaaapamire:post congress excursion to Lapland, June, 2004, Johansson,Peter2004.Jäätikköjokimuodostumat.In:Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Johansson, Peter Maaperäkartoituksen keskeiset kehittämistavoitteet. In: Kaakinen,A. (ed.) Geologian 3. tutkijapäivät, ,Helsinki.Helsinki :Helsinginyliopisto, geologian laitos, 10. Johansson, Peter;Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija;Huttunen, Timo; Putkinen, Satu Maaperäkartan sovelluksia maaperän ja pohjavedensuojeluunsiilinjärvellä.abstract:applicationsofthe map of surficial geology tosoil and groundwater conservation insiilinjärvi,centralfinland.in:seppälä,j.&idman,h.(eds.) Maaperänsuojelu :Geologian tutkimuskeskuksen ja Suomen ympäristökeskuksen tutkimusseminaari Suomen ympäristö 726, Johansson, Peter; Koivisto, Marjatta Moreenimuo - dostumat. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Johansson, Peter; Manninen, Tuomo Maankamaran synty ja kehitys. In: Kajala, L. (ed.) Lemmenjoki :Suomen suurin kansallispuisto The largest national park infinland. Ivalo: Metsähallitus, Johansson,Peter;Rainio, Heikki;Kejonen,Aimo Mannerjäätikön reunalla tuulikerrostumatjapölymaat. In:Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Jones, A.P.;Mutanen, T.;Tuisku,P.;Hanski, E.;Price, G. D ThePechengastructure, Russia: :giantni-cumineralisation related to large meteorite impact?. In: McDonald, I.... [et al.] (eds.) Worldclass mineraldeposits andearthevolution,18 21 August 2003.Applied Earth Science 112 (2), B149 B150. Juntunen, Risto;Vartiainen, Sirkka;Pullinen, Arto2004. Ar - seenipirkanmaanporakaivovesissä.summary:arsenicinwater from drilled bedrock wells in Pirkanmaa, southern Finland. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi,K.&Lahermo,P.(eds.)ArseeniSuomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Juvonen,Riitta;Bartha,Andras;Lakomaa,Tuula M.;Soikkeli, Leena A.; Bertalan, Éva; Kallio, Eeva I.; Ballók, Maria Comparison of recoveries by lead fire assay and nickel sulfide fire assayin the determination of gold, platinum, palladiumand rhenium insulfide ore samples. In: Kane, J. S.... [et al.] (eds.) Geoanalysis Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28 (1), Kahelin, Hanna; Kallio, Eeva Arseenin kemiallinen analysointi.summary:determination ofarsenicconcentrations in geological and environmental samples. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. &Lahermo, P.(eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Kaija,Juha;Rasilainen, Kari;Blomqvist,Runar 2003.IAEA Coordinated ResearchProject(CRP) Theuseofselected safety indicators (concentrations, fluxes) in the assessmentof radioactivewastedisposal. Report6:Site-specific natural geochemical concentrations and fluxes at the Palmottu U-Th mineralisation (Finland)foruseasindicators ofnuclearwasterepositorysafety. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset. TiedonantoYST p. Kakkuri,Juhani;Virkki, Hanna Maa nousee. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Kallinen, Riitta-Liisa Kaavilla tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 2.Abstract:The peatlands and peat reserves in Kaavi.Part 2.Geologiantutkimuskeskus.Turvetutkimusraportti p. +3app. Kananoja,Tapio2004.Kallioperänsuojelu-jaopetuskohteita Kainuussa.Abstract:Sitesforgeologicalprotection andeducation in Kainuu. Suomen ympäristö p. Kananoja,Tapio2004.Kallioperänsuojelu-jaopetuskohteita Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla.Abstract:Sitesforgeologicalprotection and education in northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa). Suomen ympäristö p. Kane, JeanS.(ed.);Niskavaara, Heikki(ed.);Hämäläinen,Lea (ed.); Sandström, Harry (ed.); Ramsey,Michael H. (ed.) Geoanalysis Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28 (1), Kankainen, Tuovi; Vuorela, Irmeli Rapolan rantakerrostuman kertomaa kasvillisuuden rakenteesta ja viljelyn historiasta. In: Heikkurinen-Montell, T.&Taskinen, H. (eds.) Sääksmäen Rapolan rautakautinen maisema ja elinkeinot Valkeakoskella. Rapola-tutkimuksia 3, Käpyaho,A.;Mänttäri, I.;Huhma,H EpisodicArchaean crustalgrowthandcrustalrecyclinginkuhmo,easternfinland: U-Pbzircon andsm-ndwhole-rockstudyofplutonicrocks. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26thNordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden :abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 11. Karhu, Eila Suomen Kivikeskus aloitti toimintansa Juuassa. Tietohippu (3 4), 4 6. Karhunen, Ritva Iniön ja Turun kartta-alueiden kallioperä =Berggrunden inom Iniö och Åbo kartblad. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Iniö and Turku map-sheet areas. Suomengeologinenkartta1: :kallioperäkarttojenselitykset lehdet 1041 ja p. +1app. map. Kärkkäinen, Niilo Gabbro-hosted ilmenite deposits in Finland.In:Duchesne, J.-C.&Korneliussen,A.(eds.) Ilmenite deposits andtheirgeologicalenvironmentwithspecialreference totherogalandanorthositeprovince includingageologicalmap atscale1:75,000 andacd withaguide totheprovince.norges geologiske undersøkelse. Special publication 9, Kärkkäinen, Niilo K.; Bornhorst, Theodore J The Svecofennian gabbro-hosted Koivusaarenneva magmatic ilmenite deposit, Kälviä, Finland. Mineralium Deposita 38 (2), Kauniskangas, Esa;Saijos, Henri Geologian tutkimus - keskukselle geologisten karttojen tuotantojärjestelmä. ESRI Finland uutiset (2), 3 5. Kauppila, Tommi; Valpola, Samu E Response of a shallowboreallaketorecentnutrientenrichment implications for diatom-based phosphorus reconstructions. Hydrobiologia 495 (1 3), Keinänen, M. M.;Korhonen, L. K.;Martikainen, P. J.;Varti - ainen, T.;Miettinen, I. T.;Lehtola, M. J.;Nenonen, K.;Pajunen, H.;Kontro, M. H Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection of2-and3-hydroxy fattyacidsasmethylesters from soil, sediment and biofilm. Journal of Chromatography B783 (2), Kejonen,Aimo 2003.Geologienelämänviisauksiajapalindromeja. Geologi 55 (2), Kejonen,Aimo2003.Yhdysvaltojenkadonneetkultakaivokset. Kivi 21 (4), Kejonen, Aimo; Kejonen, Eetu Lahden kivimessut hajaannuksen ja hygienatuotteiden pyörteissä. Geologi 55 (7), Kejonen, Aimo Kansanuskomuksia ja geologiaa. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Kejonen,Aimo 2004.Kiinalaisenkadonnutkultakaivos. Kivi 22 (2),

89 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Kejonen, Aimo Mannerjäätikön reunalla routiva maa. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Kejonen, Aimo On the Finnish pseudokarsts. In: Gaál, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Pseudokarst, Teply Vrch Slovakia, Liptovsky Mikulás: Slovak Caves Administration, Kejonen, Aimo Suomi ennen jääkautta. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Kejonen, Aimo; Johansson, Peter Geologiset maisema-alueet. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Kejonen,Aimo;Kejonen, Eetu Lahden kivimessuilla uusi pitopaikka ja järjestäjä. Geologi 56 (7), Keskitalo, Katriina (ed.); Kurkinen, Ilpo; Malkavaara, Terhi; Liljeqvist, Lasse; Lyytikäinen, Ari; Nurmi, Heikki; Ranta, Panu; Sahala, Lauri; Timperi, Jukka; Tossavainen, Jyrki; Vallinkoski, Veli-Matti; Britschgi, Ritva Pohjavesien suojelun ja kivi - aineshuollon yhteensovittaminen Kymenlaakson loppuraportti. Abstract: The adjustment of groundwater protection with aggregate service final report from Kymenlaakso region. Alueelliset ympäristöjulkaisut p. + 3 app. maps. Kinnunen, Heli; Holopainen, Toini; Räisänen, Marja Liisa; Kärenlampi, Lauri Fluoride inbirchleaves,groundvegeta- vegetation, litter and humus in the surroundings of a fertilizer plant and apatite mine in Siilinjärvi, eastern Finland. Boreal Environment Research 8 (2), Kinnunen,KariA.2003.AidostaL apinkultahipustatakuutuote. Prospäkkäri 27 (4), Kinnunen, Kari A Hurrikkaan tutkimustulokset. Lapin Kullankaivaja (17), Kinnunen, Kari A Jaspista Susiluolassa : viime kesän kaivauksilta taltioitu piikiven veroista kivimateriaalia. Karijoen joulu 2003, Kinnunen, Kari A Korukivien tunnistaminen on yhteistyötä. Kivi 21 (4), Kinnunen, Kari A Mercury-rich coating on some gold nuggets from Ivalojoki placers, northern Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.)geologicalsurveyoffinland,currentresearch Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Kinnunen, Kari A Santorinin kivet. Kivi 21 (1), 33. Kinnunen, Kari A Hohtokordieriitti, uusi kotimainen korukivi. Kivi 22 (1), Kinnunen, Kari A Karijoen Susiluolasta tunnistettu jaspista. Kivi 22 (3), Kinnunen, Kari A Kulta kiteytyi kvartsijuoneen. Prospäkkäri 28 (4), Kinnunen, KariA Kultaa ja kalsedonia samassa hipussa. Kivi 22 (2), Kinnunen, Kari A Puskuojalta kultapitoista kalsedonia. Prospäkkäri 28 (2), Kinnunen, Kari A Tapio-kultahipun tutkimus. Prospäkkäri 28 (1), Koistinen, Tapio; Stephens, Michael; Bogatchev, Vladimir; Nordgulen, Oystein; Wennerström, Marit; Korhonen, Juha Ville GeologicalmapoftheFennoscandianShield1:2000 of 000. In:32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence,Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 565. Koivisto, Marjatta (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY. 233 p. Koivisto,Marjatta2004.Jäätikkökuljetus.In:Koivisto,M.(ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto, Marjatta Jäätikön jäljet. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto, Marjatta Moreeni. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto, Marjatta Moreenin tutkimus. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto, Marjatta Rantakerrostumat. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto, Marjatta Suomen maaperän mineraalit. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto,Marjatta2004.UuttatietoaLappajärvestä.In:Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Koivisto, Marjatta;Kejonen,Aimo Maalajit. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Kojonen, K.; Isomäki, O.-P.; Knauf, V Platinum group minerals and an undefined (Re, Mo, Cu, Os, Fe, Ni, Co)1.93S3 from the Proterozoic Hitura Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, western Finland. In: 18th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association : mineralogy for the new millennium, 1 6 September 2002,Edinburgh,Scotland:programmewithabstracts.Edinburgh: International Mineralogical Association, 285. Kojonen, K.; Isomäki, O.-P.; Pulkkinen, K.; Knauf, V Mineral processing of base metal sulphides and platinum group minerals (PGM) at the Proterozoic Hitura Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, western Finland [Electronic resource]. In: Applied mineralogy 03, Helsinki, Finland, March 17 18, 2003, 4 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Kojonen, K.; Zaccarini, F.; Garuti, G Platinum-group elements and gold geochemistry and mineralogy in the Ray-Iz ophiolitic chromitites, Polar Urals. In: Eliopoulos, D. G... [etal.] (eds.) Mineralexploration andsustainabledevelopment:proceedingsoftheseventhbiennialsgameeting,athens, Greece, August Vol. 1. Rotterdam: Millpress, Kojonen, Kari Tarkianiitti(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 uusi sulfidimineraali Hituran kaivoksesta Nivalasta. Kivi 22 (3), Kojonen, Kari; Isomäki, Olli-Pekka Tarkianiitti (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 uusi mineraali Hiturankaivoksesta.Materia 61 (3), Kojonen,Kari;Välimaa,Jukka;Gervilla,Fernando;Parkkinen, Jyrki Platinum-group element mineralization pipes of the early Proterozoic Keivitsa mafic-ultramafic intrusion, Sodankylä, northernfinland.in:32ndintern ationalgeologicalcongress,flor - ence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part2, Kojonen, Kari K.; Roberts, Andrew C.; Isomäki, Olli-Pekka; Knauf, Vladimir V.; Johanson, Bo; Pakkanen, Lassi 2004.Tarki- anite, (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8, a new mineral species from the Hitura mine, Nivala, Finland. In: Mungall, J. E., Meurer, W. P. & Martin, R. F. (eds.) Platinum-group elements : petrology, geochemistry, mineralogy. The Canadian Mineralogist 42 (2), Konishi, Hiromi; Alviola, Reijo; Buseck, Peter R biopyriboleintermediatebetween pyroxeneandamphibole:artifact or natural product?. American Mineralogist 89 (1), Kontinen,Asko Jormua Ophiolite Complex. In:Niemelä, M. (ed.) Talc-magnesite deposits in Finland, September 10 15, 2002, Finland : third field correlation, Kontinen, Asko; Meriläinen, Kauko Paltaniemi. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkartta = Geological map of Finland 1: : pre-quaternary rocks lehti = sheet Korhonen, J. V. (comp.); Aaro, S. (comp.); All, T. (comp.); Elo, S.(comp.);Haller, L. Å.(comp.);Kääriäinen,J.(comp.);Kulinich, A.(comp.);Skilbrei, J. R.(comp.);Solheim, D.(comp.);Säävuori, H. (comp.); Vaher, R. (comp.); Zhdanova, L. (comp.); Koistinen, T. (comp.) Bouguer anomaly map of the Fennoscandian Shield : IGSN 71 gravity system, GRS80 normal gravity formula. Bouguer density 2670 kg/m³, terrain correction applied. Anomaly continued upwards to 500 m above ground : scale 1 : Espoo : Trondheim : Uppsala : Moscow: Geological Survey of Finland : Geological Survey of Norway : Geological Survey of Sweden : Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. Korhonen, J. V. (comp.); Aaro, S. (comp.); All, T. (comp.); Nevanlinna, H. (comp.); Skilbrei, J. R. (comp.); Säävuori, H. (comp.); Vaher, R. (comp.); Zhdanova, L. (comp.); Koistinen, T. (comp.) 2002.MagneticanomalymapoftheFennoscandianShield 88

90 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in : DGRF-65 anomaly of total field. Anomaly continued upwards to 500 m above ground : scale 1 : Espoo : Trondheim : Uppsala : Moscow: Geological Survey of Finland : Geological Survey of Norway : Geological Survey of Sweden : Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. Korhonen, Juha Ville; Aaro, Sven; All, Tarmo; Elo, Seppo; Koistinen, Tapio; Kulinich, Anatoli; Kääriäinen, Jussi; Skilbrei, Jan Reidar; Solheim, Dag; Vaher, Rein; Zhdanova, Ludmila Correlation of potential field anomalies, petrophysical properties and evolution ofthe Fennoscandian Shield. In:IUGG 2003:XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week B. Sapporo : IUGG, 35. Korhonen, JuhaVille;Säävuori,Heikki;Koistinen,Tapio Lithospheric sources of magnetic and gravity anomalies of the Fennoscandian Shield. In: IUGG 2003 : XXIII GeneralAssembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week B. Sapporo : IUGG, 28. Korhonen, Juha Ville; Aaro, Sven; All, Tarmo; Elo, Seppo; Kulinich, Anatoly; Skilbrei, Jan Reidar; Säävuori, Heikki; Vaher, Rein; Zhdanova, Ludmila; Koistinen, Tapio Bouguer anomaly map of the Fennoscandian Shield 1: In: 32nd InternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence,Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 565. Korhonen, Juha Ville; Aaro, Sven; All, Tarmo; Nevanlinna, Heikki; Skilbrei, Jan Reidar; Säävuori, Heikki; Zhdanova, Ludmila; Koistinen, Tapio Magnetic anomaly map of the Fennoscandian Shield 1: In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 565. Korhonen, Juha Ville; Lahtinen, Raimo Magnetization components of Precambrian rocks in Finland, central FennoscandianShield.In:32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, Korhonen, Juha Ville; Reeves, Colin; Ghidella, Marta; Maus, Stefan; McClean, Susan; Ravat, Dhananjay World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 779. Korhonen, JuhaVille;Säävuori,Heikki;Koistinen,Tapio Bulk density and magnetic properties of central Fennoscandian Shield in time and space. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, Korhonen, Riitta Kalliomme ja maaperämme. In: Sarlund, S. (ed.) TavinsalmenKuninkaankartanostaKäärmelahteen Käärmelahteen : kotiseutukirja ja historiikki Maaningalta Haapamäen, Kinnulanlahden, Käärmelahden ja Tavinsalmen kylistä. Maaninka: Sinikivi-työryhmä, Korhonen, Riitta Satakunnan soiden käyttömahdollisuudet. Sarka. Satakunnan Museon vuosikirja , Korhonen, Riitta; Suomi, Timo Jalasjärvellä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa2.Abstract:Themiresandpeatreserves and reserves of Jalasjärvi. Part 2.Geologiantutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 5 app. Korja, Annakaisa; Lahtinen, Raimo; Nironen, Mikko; Heikkinen, Pekka;Kukkonen, IlmoT ThegrowthofFennoscandia of by Paleoproterozoic accretionary orogenies results from FIRE and BABEL reflection profiles. In: 32nd Internatioal Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, Kortelainen, N. M.;Karhu,J.A.2003.Tracingthedecomposi- tion of dissolved organic carbon in artificial recharge by carbon isotoperatios. In:Internationalsymposiumonisotopehydrology andintegratedwaterresourcesmanagement,vienna,austria,19 23 May2003 :book of extended synopses. Vienna: IAEA, Kortelainen, Nina M.;Karhu, JuhaA.;Lallukka, Heli;Lindqvist, Kristian Compositional and isotopic evolution of groundwater in a carbonate-bearing glacigenic aquifer, SWFinland. In: Batts, B. D. & Batts, J. E. (eds.) 5th International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry, Heron Island, Queensland, Australia, May 26 30, 2003 : program and abstracts, Kortelainen, N. M.; Karhu, J. A Tracing the decomposition of dissolved organic carbon in artificial recharge by carbon isotoperatios.in:isotopehydrologyandintegratedwaterresources management:internationalsymposiumheldinvienna,19 23May 2003 : unedited proceedings. IAEA Conference & Symposium Papers 23/P, Kortelainen, N. M.; Karhu, J. A.; Lallukka, H.; Lindqvist, K Evolutionof ofgroundwaterin acarbonate-bearingglacigenic aquifer, SW Finland : hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. In: International conference on isotopes in environmental studies aquaticforum2004,monte-carlo,monaco,25 29October2004 : book of extended synopses. Vienna:IAEA, Kortelainen, Nina; Gustavsson, Nils Virttaankankaan pohjavedenjakokemäenjoenjokivedenhapenjavedynisotooppikoostumusseuranta:seossuhteidenvirhetarkastelusimuloinneilla. Summary: The oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratioinvirttaankangas groundwater and Kokemäenjoki river water monitoring program. TurunSeudunVesi Oy:n julkaisu1/ p. Kortelainen, Nina M.; Karhu, Juha A Regional and seasonal trends in the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of Finnish groundwaters : a key for mean annual precipitation. Journal of Hydrology 285 (1 4), Kortelainen, P.; Pajunen,H.; Rantakari,M.; Saarnisto, M Carbon pool in boreal Holocene lake sediments. In: SIL XXIX Congress, Lahti, Finland, 8 14 August 2004 : book of abstracts. Lahti: Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL), 241. Kortelainen, Pirkko; Pajunen, Hannu; Rantakari, Miitta; Saarnisto, Matti Alarge carbon pool and small sink in boreal Holocene lake sediments. Global Change Biology 10 (10), Kotilainen, A. T.; Alvi, K.; Hämäläinen, J. M. S.; Kotilainen, M. M.; Rantataro, J TheNorthAtlanticOscillationand and the Baltic Sea during the past 8000 years. In: Puura, I., Tuuling, I. & Hang, T. (eds.) The Baltic : the Eighth Marine Geological Conference, September23 28,2004,Tartu,Estonia:abstracts,excursion guide. Tartu: University of Tartu, Institute of Geology, 26. Kotilainen, Aarno; Hutri, Kaisa-Leena Submarine Holocene sedimentary disturbances in the Olkiluoto area of the GulfofBothnia,BalticSea:ac aseofpostglacialpalaeoseismici ty. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (9 10), Kotilainen,Aarno; Hämäläinen, Jyrki; Kohonen, Jarmo; Korja, Annakaisa; Mertanen, Satu; Ojala, Juhani; Rämö, Tapani; Sundblad, Krister; Vaarma, Markus Syväkairausta Itämerellä haaveista totta tällä vuosituhannella?. Summary:Ageological drilling programme for the Baltic Sea Basin will the dreams come true in this millennium? Geologi 56 (9 10), Kousa, Anne; Nikkarinen, Maria Geochemistryofof local ground water in relation to the incidence of chronic diseases. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Kousa, A.; Moltchanova, E.; Taskinen, O.; Nikkarinen, M.; Tuomilehto, J.; Karvonen, M Chemistryof well water and the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence in Finland. In: Törrönen, R. & Gylling, H. (eds.) The 20th Anniversary Symposium of the Department of Clinical Nutrition, March 18 19, 2004, Kuopio, Finland : abstracts. Kuopio University Publications D. Medical Sciences 325, 44. Kousa, A.; Moltchanova, E.; Viik-Kajander, M.; Rytkönen, M.; Tuomilehto, J.; Tarvainen, T.; Karvonen, M Geochemistry of ground water and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction 89

91 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in in Finland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58 (2), Kousa, Anne; Moltchanova, Elena; Taskinen, Olli; Nikkarinen, Maria; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Karvonen, Marjatta Geochemistry of local ground water in relation to the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Finland. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, Kousa, Jukka;Luukas, Jouni2002. Piippola. Suomengeologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkartta = Geological map of Finland 1: : pre-quaternary rocks lehti = sheet Kozlovskaya, E.; Elo, S.; Hjelt, S.-E.; Yliniemi, J.; Pirttijärvi, M Ddensitymodelofthecrust of the ofsouthernandcentral Finland obtained from joint interpretation of the SVEKALAPKO crustal P-wave velocity models and gravity data. Geophysical Journal International 158 (3), Kozlovskaya, E.; Hjelt, S.-E.;Yliniemi, J.; Ushakov,A.; Elo, S.; Pirttijärvi, M Dinversion ofp-ands-wavearrivalsfrom arrivals from local events recorded during the SVEKALAPKO deep seismic experiment [Electronic resource]. In: EGU General Assembly 2004, Nice, France, April Geophysical Research Abstracts 6, 2 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Kozlovskaya, Elena; Korhonen, Juha Ville; Elo, Seppo; Hjelt, Sven-Erik; Yliniemi, Jukka; Pirttijärvi, Markku Crustal model for southern and central Finland (Fennoscandian Shield). In: IUGG 2003 : XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week B. Sapporo: IUGG, 35. Kukkonen, I. T.; Kinnunen, K. A.; Peltonen, P Mantle xenoliths and thick lithosphere in the Fennoscandian Shield. In: Cermak, V. & Kukkonen, I. T. (eds.) Heat flow and the structure of the lithosphere. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28 (9 11), Kukkonen, Ilmo T.; Jõeleht,Argo Weichselian temperatures from geothermal heat flow data. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B3), 11 p. Kukkonen, Ilmo T.; Jõeleht,Argo Weichselian temperatures from geothermal heat flow data. In: IUGG 2003 : XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week A. Sapporo: IUGG, 199. Kukkonen, IlmoT.;Peltonen, Petr i;kinnunen, Kari2003. Mantle xenoliths and thick lithosphere in the Fennoscandian Shield. In: IUGG 2003 : XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week A. Sapporo: IUGG, 175. Kukkonen, I. T.; Kinnunen, K.; Peltonen, P Mantle xenoliths and thick lithosphere in the Fennoscandian Shield geophysical implications. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 12. Kukkonen, Ilmo Suomen kallioperän seismiset heijastusluotaukset päätökseen. Materia 61 (1), Kukkonen, Ilmo Suomen syvimmän reiän kairaus käynnissä Outokummussa. Vuorityö ja -tekniikka, Kukkonen, Ilmo; Korja, Annakaisa; Lahtinen, Raimo; Heikkinen, Pekka Thermal modelling of crustal stacking and exhumation during the Palaeoproterozoic orogenic growth of the central Fennoscandian Shield. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, Kultti, Seija; Väliranta, Minna; Sarmaja-Korjonen, Kaarina; Solovieva, Nadia; Virtanen, Tarmo; Kauppila, Tommi; Eronen, Matti2003.Palaeoecologicalevidenceofchangesinvegetationand ofchangesinvegetationand climate during the Holocene in the pre-polar Urals, northeast European Russia. Journal of Quaternary Science 18 (6), Kunzendorf, Helmar; Vallius, Henry Rare earth elements (REE) in deep basin sediments of the Baltic Sea. Baltica 17 (2), Kuosmanen, V. V.;Arkimaa, H.A.; Kuosmanen, E. L.; Laitinen, J. L Combined use of AISA, HyMap and ultraspectral image data for detection of environmental features, a case history from Elijärvi chromium mine, Finland. In: Benes, T. (ed.) Geoinformation for European-wide integration : proceedings of the 22nd Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, Prague, Czech Republic, 4 6 June Rotterdam: Millpress, Kuusisto, Erna Arseeni kasveissa. Summary: Arsenic in plants. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Lahti, Seppo I Mineraalien värien syntymekanismeista. Osa 3. Kivi 21 (1), Lahtinen, Raimo (ed.); Korja, Annakaisa (ed.); Arhe, Katriina (ed.); Eklund, Olav (ed.); Hjelt, Sven-Erik (ed.); Pesonen, Lauri J. (ed.) 2002.Lithosphere2002:secondsymposiumonthestructure, composition and evolution of the lithosphere in Finland, Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Otaniemi, November 12 13, 2002 : programme and extended abstracts. Institute of Seismology. University of Helsinki. Report S p. Lahtinen, R.; Nironen, M.; Korja, A Palaeoproterozoic orogenic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield at Ga with notes on the metallogeny of FeOx-Cu-Au, VMS, and orogenic gold deposits. In: Eliopoulos, D. G.... [et al.] (eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGA Meeting, Athens, Greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Lahtinen, Raimo; Korja, Annakaisa; Nironen, Mikko Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield. In:32ndInternationalGeological Congress,Florence,Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 563. Laiho, Jussi V.-P Ympäristötutkimuksissa käytettävien kenttämittareiden luotettavuutta voidaan helposti parantaa, esimerkkinä kannettavat XRF-kenttämittarit. Geologi 55 (4 5), Lambie, Katherine; Frape, Shaun; Stotler, Randy; Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Hobbs, Monique Site characterization techniques using fracture minerals for radioactive waste disposal. In: Geoscience inachangingworld:gsa AnnualMeetingandExposition, Denver, Colorado, November 7 10, Geological Society of America. Abstracts with Programs 36 (5), Lappalainen, Eino (comp.); Luukkanen, Ari (ed.) Suo - seura ry:n opintoretki Kolarin Suur-Teuravuomalle Helsinki : Kuopio: Suoseura Ry : Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 104 p. Laurén, Ari; Koivusalo, Harri; Kokkonen, Teemu; Pentti - nen, Sari; Nenonen, Keijo; Hänninen, Pekka; Finér, Leena; Mannerkoski, Hannu Uusia työvälineitä metsätalouden ympäristökuormituksen hallintaan Femma. In: Finér, L., Laurén, A. & Karvinen, L. (eds.) Ajankohtaista metsätalouden ympäristökuormituksesta tutkimustietoajatyökaluja seminaari Kolin Luontokeskus Ukko Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 886, Lauri, Laura S.; Karinen, Tuomo; Räsänen, Jorma The earliestpaleoproterozoicsupracrustalrocksinkoillismaa,northe rn Finland their petrographic and geochemical characteristics and lithostratigraphy. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 75 (1 2), Lehtonen, M. L.; O Brien, H. E.; Peltonen, P.; Johanson, B. S.; Pakkanen,L.K.2004.Layeredlithosphericmantleattheedgeofthe Layeredlithosphericmantleattheedgeofthe Karelian Craton : P-Tand compositions of kimberlitic xenocrysts and xenoliths from Kaavi-Kuopio, Finland. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1),

92 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Lehtonen, M. L.; O Brien, H. E.; Peltonen, P.; Johanson, B. S.; Pakkanen, L. K Layeredmantleatthe at the Karelian Craton margin:p-tofmantlexenocrysts andxenolithsfrom thekaavi- Kuopiokimberlites,Finland.In:Mitchell,R.H... [etal.](eds.) Selected papers from the8thinternationalkimberliteconference, Victoria, BC, Canada, June Vol. 2: The J. Barry Hawthorne volume. Lithos 77 (1 4), Lehtonen, Marja Kaavin Lahtojoen sekä Kuhmon Seitaperän kimberliittien indikaatiot pohjamoreenissa. Summary: Glacialdispersion studiesoftwoeasternfinlandkimberlitesin Quaternary till. Geologi 56(4 5), Leino,Jukka2004.Tohmajärvenkunnassatutkitutsuotjaniiden turvevarat. Osa 1.Abstract: The peatlands and peat reserves of Tohmajärvi.Part1.Geologiantutkimuskeskus.Turvetutkimus- raportti p. +4app. Leinonen,Seppo2002.TheJuurikkaniemisoapstonedeposit. In: Niemelä, M. (ed.) Talc-magnesite deposits in Finland, September 10 15, 2002, Finland :third field correlation, Leinonen, Seppo 2002.The Kivikangas and Haaponen soapstone deposits. In: Niemelä, M. (ed.) Talc-magnesite deposits in Finland, September 10 15, 2002, Finland :third field correlation, Leinonen, Seppo Kivilajien synty. In: Vuorjoki, K. (author) Kivimatka. Helsinki: Sarmala, Leivuori, Mirja; Vallius, Henry Arseeni merisedimenteissä. Summary: Arsenic in marine sediments. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. &Lahermo, P.(eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Leveinen, Jussi;Harlin,Ali;Nou siainen, Pertti2003. Functional fibre materials in passivetreatmentof polluted groundwater.in: EuroNanoForum European and international forum on nanotechnology,trieste(italy), 9 12December2003:catalogue of posters, 1p. Leveinen, Jussi; Lintinen, Petri Flow model of an industrial site in Pori, W-Finlan d asimple approximation of acomplex drainage system. In: Poeter, E.... [et al.] (orgs.) MODFLOWandmore2003:understandingthrough modeling: proceedings, September 16 19, 2003,Colorado School of Mines. Vol. 1. Golden, CO :Colorado School of Mines, Lindholm, Tapio;Heikkilä, Raimo;Kuznetsov,Oleg;Mäkilä, Markku 2004.Ypäyssuo, ahuge East Fennoscandian proposed RAMSAR mire site in Russian Karelia. In: Barry, M. (comp.) IMCG Scientific Symposium, September 2004, [Paarl, SouthAfrica]:managementchalle ngesforwetlands,miresand peatlands in the 21st century,1p. Lintinen, P.;Savolainen, H.; Jarva, J Suggested new guidelinevaluesforcu,cr,niandznandcomparison withconcentrationsinsoilparentmaterialinfinland[electronicresource]. In: ConSoil th International FZK/TNO Conference on Contaminated Soil,12 16May2003,Gent,Belgium:conference proceedings. Gent: ICC, 2p.. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Lintinen, P.;Suppala,I.;Vanhala, H.;Eklund, M Survey ofaburied ice-marginaldepositbyairborneemmeasurements acase from Kyrönjoki valley plain in southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. In:Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, CurrentResearch GeologicalSurveyofFinland.Special Special Paper 36, Lintinen, Petri; Tarvainen, Timo Luontaiset metallipitoisuudet pilaantuneessa maaperässä. Kuntatekniikka 59 (2), Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K.;Kantola, M.;Halonen, T.;Seppänen, K.; Henttonen, P.;Kallio, E.; Kurki, P.; Savolainen, H Mercury-bearing black shales and human Hg intake in eastern Finland :impact and mechanisms. In: Mercury.Environmental Geology 43 (3), Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K.; Tanskanen, H.; Lahermo, P.; Backman, B.; Juntunen, R.; Pullinen, A.; Vartiainen, S Naturally high arsenic contents in groundwater in areas with abundantgoldoccurrences,finland.in:gobran,g.r.&lepp, N.(eds.) 7thInternationalConference on thebiogeochemistryof Trace Elements,Uppsala,Sweden,June15 19,2003:conference proceedings. Vol.2:Symposia.Uppsala:SwedishUniversityof Agricultural Sciences, 86. Lukkarinen, Heikki Kuopio. Suomen geologinen kartta1: :kallioperäkartta=geological map of Finland 1: :pre-quaternary rocks lehti =sheet Lunkka,Juha Pekka; Johansson,Peter;Saarnisto, Matti; Sallasmaa,Olli 2004.GlaciationofFinland.In:Ehlers,J.&Gibbard, offinland.in:ehlers,j.&gibbard, P.L.(eds.) Quaternaryglaciations:extentandchronology.Part 1: Europe. Developments in Quaternary Science 2, Luodes, Hannu; Selonen, Olavi2003.GTK:n luonnonkivikartoituksella uusia kivilaatuja. Suomalainen kivi (4), Luukkanen, Ari Kiuruvedellä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa4.Abstract:ThemiresandpeatreservesofKiuruvesi.Part 4.Geologiantutkimuskeskus.Turvetutkimusraportti p.+3app. Luukkanen, Ari Kiuruvedellä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa5.Abstract:ThemiresandpeatreservesofKiuruvesi.Part 5.Geologiantutkimuskeskus.Turvetutkimusraportti p.+4app. Luukkanen, Ari Kiuruvedellä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 6.Abstract: The peatlands and peat reserves of Kiuruvesi. Part6.Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. +4app. Luukkanen, Ari Lapinlahdella tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 1.Abstract: The peatlands and dpeat reserves of Lapinlahti. Part 1. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. +3app. Luukkonen, Erkki Nurmes. Suomen geologinen kartta1: :kallioperäkartta=geological map of Finland 1: :pre-quaternary rocks lehti =sheet Maier, W.D.; Peltonen, P.;Grant ham, G.; Mänttäri, I Anew 1.9 Ga age for the Trompsburg intrusion, SouthAfrica. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 212 (3 4), Makarikhin, Vladimir; Suominen, V eli; Systra, Ylo Unique objects of the Early Precambrian in the eastern FennoscandianShield.In:32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress, Florence, Italy,August 20 28, :abstracts. Part 1, 580. Mäkelä-Kurtto, Ritva;Louekari, Kimmo;Nummivuori, Sari; Sippola,Jouko;Kaasalainen, Marika;Kuusisto,Erna;Virtanen, Virpi; Salminen, Reijo; Tarvainen, Timo; Malm, Jukka Kadmium Suomen peltoekosysteemeissä :pitoisuuksia, taseita ja riskejä. Abstract: Cadmium in Finnish agro-ecosystems : concentrations, balances and risks. Maa- jaelintarviketalous p. +app. Mäkilä, Markku Electric conductivity within araised boginsoutheasternfinland:implicationsforbogdevelopment. In: 7th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 2004 :book of abstracts. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Mäkilä, Markku; Saarnisto, Matti2004.Anaapamireinnorth- in northern Finland as acarbon sink and source during the Holocene. In: 7th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 2004 :book of abstracts. Utrecht: Utrecht University,191. Mäkinen,Jari2003.Amathematicalmodeltoexplaintheeffect of comminution, resedimentation and outwashing on the finest fractionsoftill infourtest areasincentralfinland.in:räisänen, M. L. &Nikkarinen, M. (eds.) Complexity of glacial dispersal and hydromorphic processes in till geochemistry. Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 34, Mäkinen, Jari Arseeni järvisedimenteissä.summary: Arsenic in lake sediments. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. &La- 91

93 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in hermo,p.(eds.)arseenisuomenluonnossa,ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Mäkinen, Jari; Makkonen, Hannu V Petrology and structureofthepalaeoproterozoic(1.9ga)rytkynickelsulphide deposit,centralfinland:acomparison withthekotalahtinickel deposit. Mineralium Deposita 39 (4), Mäkinen, Jari; Pajunen, Hannu Two opposite composition trends in boreal lake sediment columns. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 :abstracts. Part 2, Mäkinen, Kalevi;Pihlaja, Jouni 2003.Landuseon drumlins infinland.in:raukas,a.&kukk,h.(eds.) InternationalsymposiumonHumanImpactandGeologicalHeritage, 12 17May 2003,Tallinn,Estonia:excursion guide andabstracts. Tallinn: Institute of Geology at Tallinn Technical University, Mäkitie, Hannu; Lahti, Seppo I Jalasjärven kart - ta-alueen kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Jalasjärvi map-sheet area. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: :kallioperäkarttojen selitykset lehti p. + 1app., 1app. map. Makkonen, HannuVeli;Mäkinen, Jari ThePalaeoproterozoic(1.9Ga)Rytkynickelsulphide deposit:discoveryand geology.in:32ndinternationalgeologicalcongress,florence, Italy,August 20 28, 2004 :abstracts. Part 1, 474. Mangerud, J.; Jakobsson, M.; Alexanderson, H.; Astakhov, V.;Clarke, G. K. C.; Henriksen, M.; Hjort, C.; Krinner, G.; Lunkka, J. P.;Möller, P.;Murray,A.;Nikolskaya, O.;Saarnisto, M.; Svendsen, J. I Ice-dammed lakes and rerouting of the drainage of northern Eurasia during the last glaciation. In: Thiede, J. (ed.) Quaternary environments of the Eurasian North (QUEEN). Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (11 13), Manninen, Tuomo Pokka. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkartta = Geological map of Finland 1: :pre-quaternary rocks lehti =sheet Mänttäri, Irmeli; Kohonen, Jarmo; Kujala, Hannu; Pihlaja, Pekka2004.Arevised ageforthesääksjärvimeteoriteimpact, south-westernfinland:theconnexion withacaledonianforelandbasin.in:32ndinternationalgeologicalcongress,florence, Italy,August 20 28, 2004 :abstracts. Part 2, Marmo, J.; Vareikiene, O Development of standard procedures for multidisciplinary approach using physical, chemical and mineralogical methods for explanation of geochemical anomalies in soil, Lithuania [Electronic resource]. In: EGU General Assembly 2004, Nice, France, April Geophysical Research Abstracts 6, 2p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Marmo,Jukka2004.Kolinalueenkallioperäntutkimukset. In: Lovén, L. (ed.)tutkittujatuntematon tuntematon Koli :Kolinkansallispuiston tutkimusseminaari Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 915, Middleton, M.; Hyvönen, E.; Arkimaa, H.; Helminen, T.; Laitinen, J.; Kuosmanen, V.; Räisänen, M. L.; Timonen, M.; Sutinen, R Analysis of hyperspectral airborne HyMap data for vegetation mapping around Lahnaslampi talc mine, Finland.In:Habermeyer,M.,M ller,a.&holzwarth,s.(eds.) 3rdEARSeLWorkshopon ImagingSpectroscopy,Herrsching, Germany, May 2003 :proceedings. Paris: EARSeL, Moisanen, Markku Vegetation development in the Teuravuomamirecomplexandits environmentasrevealed by apollen diagram. In: Lappalainen, E. (ed.) Vitality and peace of mind from Great Teuravuoma aapa mire :post congress excursion to Lapland, June, 2004, Moore, Tim; Blodau, Christian; Turunen, Jukka Pat - terns of Nand Saccumulation and retention in bogs, eastern Canada.In:7thINTECOL InternationalWetlandsConference, Utrecht,TheNetherlands,25 30July2004:bookofabstracts. Utrecht: Utrecht University, 212. Moore, Tim R.; Turunen, Jukka Carbon accumulation and storage in mineral subsoil beneath peat. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68 (2), Mutanen, Tapani; Huhma, Hannu The 3.5 Ga Siurua trondhjemite gneiss in the Archaean Pudasjärvi Granulite Belt, northern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 75 (1 2), Mutanen, T.; Väänänen, J PGE-Au-Cu-Ni potential of postkinematicappinitic(1.79ga)intrusionsinfinland.in:mcphie, J. & McGoldrick, P. (eds.) Dynamic earth : past, present and future : 17th Australian Geological Convention, 8 13 February 2004, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia : abstracts and program. Geological Society of Australia. Abstracts 73, 104. Muurinen, Tapio; Aro, Ilkka Tutkimus Haukiputaan soista ja turvevarojen käyttökelpoisuudesta. Abstract:Themires and peat reserves and their usefulness in the municipality of Haukipudas. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 2 app. Muurinen, Tapio; Aro, Ilkka Kiimingin suot, turvevarat ja niiden käyttökelpoisuus. Osa 2. Abstract: The peatlands of Kiiminki, peat reserves and their potential use. Part 2.Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 2 app. Negrel, Philippe; Casanova, Joël; Blomqvist, Runar; Kaija, Juha; Frape, Shaun Strontium isotopic characterization of the Palmottu hydrosystem (Finland) : water-rock interaction and geochemistry of groundwaters. Geofluids 3(3), Nenonen, Jari; Peronius, Antti Placer gold-digging and its impact on soil erosion in Finnish Lapland. In: Raukas,A. & Kukk, H. (eds.) InternationalsymposiumonHumanImpactand Impact and Geological Heritage, May 2003, Tallinn, Estonia : excursion guide and abstracts. Tallinn: Institute of Geology at Tallinn Technical University, Nenonen, Jari Till stratigraphy and problems with concrete-like till in the Haukipudas area, North of Oulu city. In: Zelcs, V. & Seglins, V. (eds.) International field symposium on Quaternary geology and modern terrestrial processes, western Latvia, September 12 17, 2004 : abstracts of papers and posters. Riga: University of Latvia, 44. Nenonen,Keijo2003.PyhäsalmenjaRuotasenalueenmaaperä. In: Tulkku, J. (ed.) Ruotasen savut : kylä ja kaivos. Ruotanen: Ruotasen Maamiesseura, Nenonen, Keijo Kvartäärikausi ja jääkausiaika. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo Maapallo jäähtyy. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo Maapallon ikivanhat jäätiköitymiset. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo Mikä on jääkausi. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo; Eriksson, Brita Muinaiset jääkaudet ja interglasiaalit Suomessa. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo; Eriksson, Brita Veiksel-jääkausi. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo; Hotakainen, Markus Jäätiköitymisten syyt ja ilmastonmuutokset. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Nenonen, Keijo; Määttä, Matti; Lovén, Lasse; Flander, Jukka- Pekka2004.Saimaa-PielinenLakeSystemasanexampleofmajor glaciations and earth s crust development. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 141. Nevalainen, Raimo; Hyvönen, Eija; Lerssi, Jouni; Liwata, Pauliina; Middleton, Maarit; Palmu, Jukka-Pekka;Virkki, Hanna; Väänänen, Tapio Maaperän yleiskartoitus paikkatietoai- 92

94 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in neistojen ja -analyysien avulla uuden alueellisesti kattavan tietovaraston kerääminen. In: Pietola, L. & Esala, M. (eds.) Maa, josta elämme : II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra 15, Nevalainen, Raimo Geologiset tiedot verkossa Geokarttapaikka ja muut verkkopalvelut. Ajankohtaista ympäristöstä Pohjois-Savossa 9 (1), Niiranen, Tero;Eilu, Pasi Ironoxide-copper-golddeposits oxide-copper-gold deposits in northern Finland. In:Eliopoulos,D.G [etal.](eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGAMeeting, Athens, Greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Niiranen, Tero; Hanski, Eero; Eilu, Pasi General geology, alteration, and iron deposits in the Palaeoproterozoic Misi region, northern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 75 (1 2), Nikkarinen, Maria;Lestinen, Pekka2003.Sulphurinsoilvertical profiles in Pirkanmaa region, southern Finland. In: Räisänen, M. L. & Nikkarinen, M. (eds.) Complexity of glacial dispersal and hydromorphic processes in till geochemistry. Geological Survey of Finland. SpecialPaper34, Nikkarinen, Maria;Hartikainen,Aimo;Kousa,Anne;Mertanen, Enni Trace element composition of potatoes and edible mushrooms according to the geographical origin. In: Törrönen, R. & Gylling, H. (eds.) The 20th Anniversary Symposium of the Department of Clinical Nutrition, March 18 19, 2004, Kuopio, Finland : abstracts. Kuopio University Publications D. Medical Sciences 325, 52. Nikkarinen, Maria; Mertanen, Enni Impactof geological origin ontrace elementcompositi on ofedible mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 17 (3 4), Nironen, Mikko; Kuosmanen, Eira; Wasenius, Pekka Keski-Suomen granitoidikompleksi = Central Finland Granitoid Complex : kallioperäkartta = bedrock map 1: Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Nironen, Mikko Keski-Suomen granitoidikompleksi : karttaselitys. Summary:CentralFinlandGranitoidComplex ex- Complex explanation to a map. Geologian tutkimuskeskus.tutkimusraportti p. +1app. 1 map. Nironen, Mikko; Mänttäri, Irmeli Structural evolution of the Vuotso area, Finnish Lapland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 75 (1 2), Nurmi, Pekka; Kuivamäki, Aimo; Lampio, Eero; Airo, Meri- Liisa; Wennerström, Marit AnewInternetA based information system for land use planning in the Helsinki capital region, Finland. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 233. Nyström,Annika;Selonen, Olavi Rapakivien rapautumisprosessissa liukenevat aineet. Geologi 56 (9 10), O Brien, H. E.; Lehtonen, M. L Karelian craton 250km thick lithospheric mantle, eastern Finland. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 13. Oberthür, Thomas; Weiser, Thorolf W.; Kojonen, Kari Local variatons and regional trends in PGE geochemistry and mineralogyinthemainsulfidezoneofthegreatdyke, Zimbabwe. In: Boudreau, A. (ed.) 9th International Platinum Symposium, July, 2002, Billings, Montana, USA: extended abstracts. Billings, MT: Duke University, Oberthür, Thomas; Weiser,Thorolf W.; Gast, Lothar; Kojonen, Kari Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements at Hartley Platinum Mine, Zimbabwe. Part 1 : Primary distribution patterns in pristine ores of the Main Sulfide Zone of the Great Dyke. Mineralium Deposita 38 (3), Oberthür, Thomas; Weiser,Thorolf W.; Gast, Lothar; Kojonen, Kari Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements at Hartley Platinum Mine, Zimbabwe. Part 2 : Supergene redistribution in the oxidized Main Sulfide Zone of the Great Dyke, andalluvialplatinum-groupminerals. MineraliumDeposita 38 (3), Öhman, T.; Pesonen, L. J.; Elo, S.; Uutela,A.; Tuisku, P.; Raitala, J The origin and evolution of the Saarijärvi impact structure. In: 66th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, July 28 August 1, 2003, M nster, Germany : abstracts. Meteoritics & Planetary Science supplement 38 (7), A52. Ojala, Antti; Tiljander, Mia;Alenius, Teija Sedimenttien paleomagneettinenajoittaminen:esimerkkinämikkelinorijärven rautakautisen asuinpaikan siitepölystratigrafinen tutkimus. Summary: Paleomagnetic dating of sediments. Geologi 55 (9 10), Ojala, Antti E. K.; Saarnisto, Matti; Snowball, Ian F Climate and environmental reconstructions from Scandinavian varved lake sediments. PAGES Newsletter 11 (2 3), Ojala, Antti E. K.; Tiljander, Mia Testing the fidelity of sediment chronology : comparison of varve and paleomagnetic results from Holocene lake sediments from central Finland. Quaternary Science Reviews 22 (15 17), Ojala, Antti E. K Application of X-ray radiography and densitometry in varve analysis. In: Francus, P. (ed.) Image analysis, sediments and paleoenvironments. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research 7, Ojala, V. Juhani GoldmetallogenyoftheFennoscandian of the Shield. In:Iljina,M.&Sullivan,J.(eds.)Fennoscandianseminar, Iljina, & seminar, March5,2004,[Toronto]:agenda,abstracts andbiographies,1p. Oja la, V. Juhani; Kuivamäki, Aimo; Vuorela, Paavo Postglacial deformation of bedrock in Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Ydinjätteiden sijoit ustutkimukset. Tiedonanto YST p. Ollila, Kaija; Lindqvist, Kristian Air-oxidation tests with Gd-doped UO2 : preliminary dissolution experiments with pre-oxidized Gd-doped UO2+x. Tiivistelmä: Gd-UO2:n hapetuskokeita ilmassa : alustavat liukenemiskokeet ennalta hapetetulla Gd-UO2+x:lla. Posiva-raportti p. Pääkkönen, Kari Stone research in Finland. Roc Maquina (51), 18. Paama, Lilli; Rönkkömäki, Hannu; Parvinen, Pekka; Kuokkanen, Toivo Determination ofleadin contaminated soilsby graphitefurnaceatomicabsorptionspectrometryforenvironmental riskassessment.proceedingsoft heestonianacademyofsciences. Chemistry 53 (4), Paananen, Markku; Ruskeeniemi, Timo Permafrost at Lupin : interpretation of SAMPO electromagnetic soundings at Lupin.Tiivistelmä:Lupininikirouta:Lupininsähkömagneettisten SAMPO-luotaustentulkinta.Geologiantutkimuskeskus.Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset. Tiedonanto YST p. + 4 app. Paananen, M.; Lehtimäki, J.; Ruskeeniemi, T.; Degnan, P.; Frape, S.; Lehto, K.; Moren, L Electromagnetic soundings in deep permafrost, Lupin Mine, northern Canada [Electronic resource]. In: EGU General Assembly 2004, Nice, France, April Geophysical Research Abstracts 6, 2 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Paavola, Jorma Vieremän kartta-alueen kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Vieremä map-sheet area. Suomengeologinenkartta1:100000:kallioperäkarttojenselitykset lehti p. +2app. 2 maps. Pajunen, Hannu Ylikiimingissä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 8. Abstract: The mires and peat reserves of Ylikiiminki, central Finland. Part 8. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 3 app. Pajunen, Hannu; Mäkinen, Jari Iron, phosphorus and nitrogen in Finnish lake sediments : their store and long-term accumulation. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36,

95 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Pajunen,H.2004.Lakesediments as asinkofcarbon long-term accumulation data from Finland. In: SIL XXIX Congress, Lahti, Finland, 8 14 August 2004 : book of abstracts. Lahti: Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL), 293. Pajunen, Hannu Järvisedimentit kuiva-aineen ja hiilen varastona. Summary: Lake sediments as astore of dry matter and carbon. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Tutkimusraportti p. + 1 app. Pajunen, Hannu Ylikiimingissä tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 9. Abstract: The mires and peat reserves of Ylikiiminki, central Finland. Part 9. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 3 app. Pankka, Heikki;Vanhanen, Erkki2004.Au-Bi-Se-Temineralsin the Fe-Co-Au-U deposits in the Kuusamo Paleoproterozoic schist belt,northernfinland.in:32ndinternationalgeologicalcongress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 274. Partridge, Tim C.; Lowe, John J.; Barker, Philip; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Magri, Donatella; Saarnisto, Matti; Vandenberghe, Jef; Street-Perrott, F. Alayne; Gasse, Françoise Climate variability in Europe and Africa : a PAGES-PEP III time stream II synthesis. In: Battarbee, R. W., Gasse, F. & Stickley, C. E. (eds.) PastclimatevariabilitythroughEuropeandAfrica.Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research 6, Pekkala, Yrjö; Seppänen, Hannu Perspectives of the Finnish industrial minerals industry. In: Scott, P. W. & Bristow, C. M. (eds.) Industrial minerals and extractive industry geology : based on papers presented at the combined 36th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals and 11thExtractiveIndustry Geology Conference, Bath, England, 7th 12th May, London: The Geological Society, Peltonen, P.; Kontinen,A.2004.The JormuaOphiolite:ama- : a mafic-ultramafic complex from an ancient ocean-continent transition zone. In: Kusky, T. M. (ed.)precambrian ophiolites and related rocks. Developments in Precambrian geology 13, Peltonen, P.;Kukkonen, I. T.;Kinnunen, K.A.;Huhma, H Composition and structure of the 250-km-thick Fennoscandian cratonic root. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 13. Peltonen, Petri; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Huhma, Hannu; Kontinen, Asko 2002.Archean zirconsfrom themantle:thejormuaophiolite revisited. Geology31(7), Peltonen, Petri2003. Geokemistit vastaan seismologit. Geologi 55 (8), 219. Peltonen, Petri; Mänttäri, Irmeli Zircons from the mantle : timing the mantle veining and metasomatism in the passive margin type Jormua Ophiolite (Finland). In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 596. Penttinen, Sari; Finér, Leena; Hänninen, Pekka; Laurén, Ari 2002.Puustoparametrienarvioiminensähkönjohtavuudenavulla. In: Pietola, L. & Esala, M. (eds.) Maa, josta elämme : II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra 15, Penttinen, Sari; Finér, Leena; Hänninen, Pekka Electrical conductivity and dielectric coefficient a useful tool to estimate nutrient status of forest. In: Decision support for multiple purpose forestry : a transdisciplinary conference on the development and application of decision support tools for forest management, Vienna, April 23 25, 2003 : book of abstracts, 62. Penttinen, Sari; Finér, Leena; Hänninen, Pekka; Mannerkoski, Hannu; Kauppi, Susanne; Koivusalo, Harri; Kokkonen, Teemu; Kujala, Kauko; Laurén, Ari; Nenonen, Keijo Maaperän kosteuden ja sähkönjohtavuuden mittaukset Kangasvaaran ja Korsukorvenvaluma-alueella. In: Finér, L., Laurén,A.& Karvinen, L. (eds.) Ajankohtaista metsätalouden ympäristökuormituksesta tutkimustietoa ja työkaluja seminaari Kolin Luontokeskus Ukko Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 886, Penttinen, Sari;Hänninen, Pekka;Sutinen, Raimo 2003.Electri- cal conductivity measurements for cultivated soils. In: Lindén, B. & Olesen, S. E. (eds.) Implementation of precision farming in practical agriculture : proceedings of seminar no 336, Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists, June 10 12, 2002 Skara, Sweden. DIAS report. Plant production 100, Penttinen, Sari; Alakukku, Laura; Hänninen, Pekka; Jaakkola, Antti; Ristolainen, Antti Soil electrical conductivity and fertilization.in:32ndinternationalgeologicalcongress,florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 36. Penttinen, Sari; Finér, Leena; Hänninen, Pekka; Mannerkoski, Hannu; Koivusalo, Harri; Kokkonen, Teemu;Laurén,Ari;Nenonen, Keijo Monitoringofbehaviorof offorestforest soils. In: 32nd InternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence,Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, Perttilä, M. (ed.); Albrecht, H.; Carman, R.; Jensen, A.; Jonsson, P.; Kankaanpää,H.; Larsen,B.; Leivuori,M.; Niemistö,L.; Uscinowicz,S.;Winterhalter, B Contaminantsinthe the Baltic Sea sediments : results of the 1993 ICES/HELCOM Sediment Baseline Study. Meri. Report series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research p. Perttilä, Matti; Jonsson, Per; Larsen, Birger; Niemistö, Lauri; Winterhalter, Boris;Axelsson, Walter 2003.The 1993 HELCOM/ ICES Baltic Sea Sediment Baseline Study conduct of the study and conclusions. In:Perttilä,M.(ed.) Contaminants inthebaltic Sea sediments : results of the 1993 ICES/HELCOM Sediment Baseline Study. Meri. Report series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research 50, Perttunen, Vesa Koivu. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkartta = Ge ological map of Finland 1: : pre-quaternary rocks lehti = sheet Perttunen, Vesa; Hanski, Eero Törmäsjärven ja Koivun kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Törmäsjärvi and Koivu map-sheet areas. Suomen geologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkarttojen selitykset lehdet p. Pesonen, L. J.; Elming, S.-Å.; Mertanen, S.; Pisarevsky, S.; D Agrella-Filho, M. S.; Meert, J. G.; Schmidt, P. W.;Abrahamsen, N.; Bylund, G Palaeomagnetic configuration of continents during the Proterozoic. In: Sircombe, K. N. & McElhinny, M. W. (eds.) Orogenic belts, regional and global tectonics : a memorial volume to Chris McAulay Powell. Tectonophysics 375 (1 4), Pesonen, Lauri J.; Mader, Dieter; Gurov, Eugene P.; Koeberl, Christian; Kinnunen, Kari A.; Donadini, Fabio; Handler, Robert Paleomagnetism and Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations of impactites from the Ilyinets structure, Ukraine. In: Dypvik, H., Burchell, M. & Claeys, P. (eds.) Cratering in marine environments and on ice. Berlin:Springer, Peuraniemi, Vesa Juhani; Roman, Seija; Lahermo, Pertti Groundwater ponds acidified by natural weathering processes in the northern Ostrobothnia, northern Finland. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 358. Pihlaja, Jouni MappingofQuaternarygeologyinFinland geology at 1:20,000 and 1:50,000. In: Zelcs, V. & Seglins, V. (eds.) International field symposium on Quaternary geology and modern terrestrial processes, western Latvia, September 12 17, 2004 : abstracts of papers and posters. Riga: University of Latvia, Pirttijärvi, M.; Kozlovskaya, E.; Elo, S.; Hjelt, S.-E.; Yliniemi, J D potential field modeling using a block model [Electronic resource]. In: EGU General Assembly 2004, Nice, France, April Geophysical Research Abstracts 6, 1 p.. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Plant, J. A.; Reeder, S.; Salminen, R.; Smith, D. B.; Tarvainen, T.;DeVivo, B.;Petterson, M. G The distribution of uranium over Europe : geological and environmental significance.applied Earth Science 112 (3), B221 B

96 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Pomiès, C.; Hamelin, B.; Lancelot, J.; Blomqvist, R Pb-207/Pb-206 and U-238/Th-230 dating of uranium migration in carbonate fractures from the Palmottu uranium ore (southern Finland). Applied Geochemistry 19 (3), Puura, Väino; Konsa, Mare; Flodén, Tom; Henkel, Herbert; Kärki, Aulis; Pihlaja, Pekka; Suuroja, Kalle Structural settings of estolites in meteorite craters. In: Dalwigk, I. von (ed.) 8th workshop of the European Science Foundation program IM- PACT: impact tectonism, Mora, Sweden, May 31 June 3, 2002 : program, abstracts & guide to Siljan and Uppland, 52. Puura, Väino; Kärki, Aulis; Konsa, Mare; Juvonen, Riitta; Karhu, Juha; Kirs, Juho; Kleesment, Anne; Flodén, Tom;Pihlaja, Pekka; Suuroja, Kalle Extremely high, moderate and low temperature mineral phases in estolites products of a cooling impact plume. In: 9th ESF-IMPACTWorkshop Impacts : a geological and astronomical perspective, Prague (Czech Republic), October 12 16, 2002 : abstract book, Puura,Väino; Hints, Rutt; Huhma, Hannu; Klein,Vello; Konsa, Mare; Kuldkepp, Reedik; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Soesoo, Alvar Svecofennian metamorphic zones in the basement of Estonia. In: Soesoo, A. (ed.) Special issue on the Precambrian basement of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 53 (3), Raiche, Art; Sugeng, Fred; Soininen, Heikki Using the Loki 3D edge-finite-element program to model EM dipole-dipole drill-hole data [Electronic resource]. In: ASEG 16th Geophysical Conference & Exhibition, Adelaide, South Australia, February, 2003 : extended abstracts. Adelaide: Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 4 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Raiche, Art; Sugeng, Fred; Soininen, Heikki Using the Loki 3D edge-finite-element program to model EM dipole-dipole drill-hole data. In:ASEG 16th Geophysical Conference & Exhibition,Adelaide, SouthAustralia, February, 2003: conference handbook. Preview 102, Rainio, Heikki Rakennusgeologisiamuisteluja.Geologi 55 (4 5), Rainio, Heikki; Lahermo, Pertti2003.Terveisiä Kiitehenjärven rannoilta. Karjalan heimo 88 (1 2), Rainio, Heikki J. W. Snellman geologian asiamiehenä. Snellmanien tiedotuslehti Domus Nostra 2004, Rainio, Heikki Mahtavat Salpausselät. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Rainio, Heikki Uskomattoman suurenmoisia ajatuksia Suomen maaperän synnystä. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Rainio, Heikki; Johansson, Peter Jäätikkö sulaa. In: Koivisto, M. (ed.) Jääkaudet. Helsinki: WSOY, Räisänen, Marja L Rehabilitation options for tailings impoundments case studies of wet cover and wetland treatment. In:Hebestreit,C.,Kudelko,J.&Kulczycka,J.(eds.) & Kulczycka, Mine waste management : best available techniques. Kraków: Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Räisänen, Marja Liisa Rehabilitation optionsfortailings tailings impoundments case studies of wet cover and wetland treatment. In: International conference Mine waste management BAT project application, 2 3 June, 2003, Wroclaw, Poland : proceedings, Räisänen, Marja Liisa; Carlson, Liisa Selective extraction methods applied for secondary precipitates in the mining environment. Nordiska föreningen för lerforskning. Meddelande (14), 6 7. Räisänen, Marja Liisa; Nikkarinen, Maria; Lehto, Olli; Aatos, Soile Liukoisuustesteistä riskienhallintaan kaivosympäristössä. Vesitalous 44 (1), Räisänen, Marja Liisa (ed.); Nikkarinen, Maria (ed.) Complexity of glacial dispersal and hydromorphic processes in till geochemistry. Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper p. + 1 app. Räisänen, Marja Liisa After-careplansoftheoldLuikon- the old lahticu-zn-comine and tailingsfacilitypreviouslyused inatalc operation, eastern Finland. In: SPILM 2004 :the international conference Sustainable Post-Industrial Land Management, 4 6 November,2004,Kraków,Poland:conference proceedings,28. Räisänen,MarjaLiisa2004.Kosteikotkaivosympäristön vesien puhdistajana. Geologi 56(2), Räisänen, Marja Liisa;Juntunen, Petri Decommissioning oftheoldpyritictailingsfacilitypreviouslyusedinatalcoperation, easternfinland.in:jarvis,a.p.,dudgeon,b.a.&younger,p.l. (eds.)minewater2004:process,policyandprogress:proceedings ofthesymposium,newcastleupon Tyne, UK,19 23 September Vol. 1. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Räisänen,Mika2004.Fromoutcrops todust mapping,testing, andqualityassessmentofaggregates. PublicationsofthedepartmentofgeologyD1.80p. Rämö, O. T.;Karinen, T.;Iljina, M.;Lauri, L. S Ndand Sr isotope composition and origin of a2.44 Ga layered mafic intru - sion in Koillismaa, Finland. In:Abstracts of the 14thAnnual V. M.GoldschmidtConference, Copenhagen, Denmark, June5 11, Geochimica etcosmochimica Acta68(11S), A593. Rämö, O. T.;Upton, B. G. J.;Kohonen, J.;Mänttäri, I.;Vaasjoki, M.;Sviridenko, L. P OriginofMesoproterozoicCFB-type magmatism in southeastern Fennoscandian Shield [Electronic resource]. In: IAVCEI General Assembly 2004, Pucón, Chile : abstractvolume, 1p. Opticaldis c(cd-rom). Räsänen, Johanna;Kauppila,Tommi;Salonen,Veli-Pekka2004. Paleolimnologisetmenetelmätvesipuitedirektiivintoimeenpanon valmistelussa esimerkkinäluont aisestirehevätjärvet. Summary: Useofpaleolimnologicalmethodsinpreparingforimplementation oftheeuwaterframeworkdirective theexampleofnaturally eutrophic lakes. Geologi56(8), Räsänen, Jorma; Iljina, Markku; Karinen, Tuomo; Lauri, Laura; Salmirinne, Heikki; Vuollo, Jouni Geologic map of the Koillismaa area, northeastern Fin land, 1: Rovaniemi: GeologicalSurveyofFinland. Rasilainen, Kalevi;Gaál, Gabor NuPulse:anon-destruc- : a tive pulse neutron multiple detector tool for environmental log - ging and monitoring. In: 3rd SENSPOL workshop :monitoring in polluted environments for integrated water-soil management, Kraków,Poland, 3 6June, 2003,1p. Rasilainen, Kalevi;Gaál, Gabor;Baker, James;Buckup, Klaus; Meijer, Robertde;Maucec, Marko;Marwick, David;Williamson, Mark;Sideris, George;Sotiropoulos, Pavlos 2003.Anon-destruc - tivepulseneutron multipledetectortoolforusein environmental, hydrocarbon andmineralexploration work.in:eliopoulos,d.g.... [etal.](eds.) Mineralexploration andsustainabledevelopment: proceedingsoftheseventhbiennialsgameeting,athens,greece, 24 28August 2003.Vol.2.Rotterdam:Millpress, Rasilainen, Kalevi;Puustjärvi, Heikki;Kousa, Jukka;Luukas, Jouni;Mäki,Timo 2003.ThePaleoproterozoicPyhäsalmivolcanic Pyhäsalmi complex,centralfinland bimodalvolcanismandassociatedvms deposits. In:Eliopoulos,D. G... [etal.](eds.) Mineralexploration andsustainabledevelopment:proceedingsoftheseventhbiennial SGAMeeting,Athens, Greece, 24 28August Vol. 2. Rotterdam:Millpress, Rasilainen, Kari;Suksi, Juhani;Ruskeeniemi, Timo;Pitkänen, Petteri; Poteri, Antti Release of uranium from rock matrix arecordofglacialmeltwaterintrusions? JournalofContaminant Hydrology61(1 4), Rasilainen, Kari;Suksi, Juhani;Ruskeeniemi, Timo;Pitkänen, Petteri The feasibility of USD method in tracking past hydrogeochemical changes in the Fennoscandian Shield. In: Oversby, V. M.& Werme, L. O. (eds.) Scientific Basis for Nu - clear Waste Management XXVII. Symposium held June 15 19, 2003, Kalmar, Sweden. Materials Research Society symposium proceedings 807,

97 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Rask, Markku Graniittia vai valkobetonia Carrara-marmorin tilalle? Suomalainen kivi (4), Rask, Markku Sapokan rakennuskivipuisto on valmis. Suomalainen kivi (3), Ravat, D.; Ghidella, M.; Korhonen, J.; Maus, S.; McLean, S.; Reeves, C Toward the World Digital MagneticAnomaly Map (WDMAM). In: AGU 2003 Fall Meeting, 8 12 December 2003, San Francisco, California. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Supplement 84 (46), F Read, David; Hellmuth, Karl-Heinz; Kaija, Juha; Ahonen, Lasse Natural uranium fluxes and their use in repository safety assessment. In: Merkel, B. J., Planer-Friedrich, B. & Wolkersdorfer, C. (eds.) Uranium in the aquatic environment : proceedings of the International Conference Uranium Mining and Hydrogeology III and the International Mine Water Association Symposium, Freiberg, Germany, September Berlin: Springer, Read, David; Siitari-Kauppi, Marja; Kelokaski, Maarit; Black, Stuart; Buckby, Tracy; Marcos, Nuria; Kaija, Juha; Hellmuth, Karl-Heinz Natural geochemical fluxes in Finland as indicators of nuclear repository safety. Teknillinenkorkeakoulu. korkeakoulu. Kalliotekniikan laboratorio. A. Tutkimusraportti p. Reimann, Clemens; Koller, Friedrich; Frengstad, Bjørn; Kashulina, Galina; Niskavaara, Heikki; Englmaier, Peter Total sulphur in leaves of several plant species from nine catchments within a km² area in northern Europe : local vs. regional variability. Geochemistry : exploration, environment, analysis 3 (2), Reimann, Clemens; Siewers, Ulrich; Tarvainen, Timo; Bi - tyukova, Liidia; Eriksson, Jan; Gilucis, Aivars; Gregorauskiene, Virgilija; Lukashev, Valentin K.; Matinian, Natalia N.; Pasieczna, Anna AgriculturalsoilsinnorthernEurope:ageochemical in northern : a geochemical atlas. Geologisches Jahrbuch. Sonderhefte. Reihe D SD p. + CD-ROM Rissanen, Kristina; Kostiainen, Eila; Ylipieti, Jarkko; Salminen, Reijo; Chekushin, Victor The first Chernobyl fallout plume still visible in humus in the Arctic and subarctic regions of north-eastern Europe. In: The Second AMAP International Symposium onenvironmentalpollution ofthearctic, Rovaniemi, Finland, October 1 4, 2002 : extended abstracts. AMAPReport 2002:2, 3 p. Ristolainen, Antti; Jaakkola, Antti; Hänninen, Pekka; Alakuk - ku, Laura Maaperäfysiikka ja sato (MaSa)-viljelymaan fysikaalisten ja kemiallisten ominaisuuksien hallinta maaperä- ja satokarttojen avulla. In: Pietola, L. & Esala, M. (eds.) Maa, josta elämme : II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra 15, Roberts, M. D.; Oliver, N. H. S.; Lahtinen, R Reconstructing the architecture of highly deformed and metamorphosed Zn-Cumassivesulphidedeposits inthevihanti-pyhäsalmidistrict, central Finland. In: Eliopoulos, D. G.... [et al.] (eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGAMeeting, Athens, Greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Roberts, Michael D.; Oliver, Nicholas H. S.; Fairclough, Martin C.; Hölttä, Pentti S.; Lahtinen, Raimo Geochemical and oxygen isotope signature of sea-floor alteration associated with a polydeformed and highly metamorphosed massive sulfide deposit, Ruostesuo, central Finland. Economic Geology 98 (3), Roberts, Michael D.; Oliver, Nicholas H. S.; Lahtinen, Raimo Geology, lithogeochemistry and paleotectonic setting of the host sequence to the Kangasjärvi Zn-Cu deposit, central Finland : implications for volcanogenic massive sulphide exploration in the Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi district. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 76 (1 2), Ruotoistenmäki,Tapio2003.Ruotasengeofysikaalinenhistoria ja nykypäivä. In:Tulkku, J. (ed.) Ruotasen savut : kylä ja kaivos. Ruotanen: Ruotasen Maamiesseura, Ruotoistenmäki, Tapio Geophysical and tectonic characteristic of ore potential : Outokumpu area in South-East Finland. In:32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence,Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, Rusanen, Kaisa; Finér, Leena;Antikainen, Merja; Korkka-Niemi, Kirsti; Backman, Birgitta; Britschgi, Ritva The effect of forest cutting on the quality of groundwater in large aquifers in Finland. Boreal Environment Research 9 (3), Ruskeeniemi, T.; Ahonen, L.; Paananen, M.; Blomqvist, R.; Degnan, P.; Frape, S. K.; Jensen, M.; Lehto, K.; Wikström, L.; Morén, L.; Puigdomenech, I.; Snellman, M Groundwater under deep permafrost conditions. In: Haeberli, W. & Brandová, D. (eds.) 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, Switzerland, July 2003 : extended abstracts reporting current reserch and new information. Zurich: University of Zurich, Ruskeeniemi,Timo;Ahonen, Lasse; Paananen, Markku; Frape, Shaun; Stotler, Randy; Hobbs, Monique; Kaija, Juha; Degnan, Paul; Blomqvist, Runar; Jensen, Mark; Lehto, Kimmo; Morén, Lena; Puigdomenech, Ignasi; Snellman, Margit Permafrost at Lupin : report of phase 2. Tiivistelmä:Lupininikirouta:raportti ikirouta : raportti 2 tutkimusvaiheesta. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset. Tiedonanto YST p. Saarnisto,Matti2003.Karjalangeologia:Karjalanluonnonmaiseman synty. In:Saarnisto,M.(ed.)Viipurinlääninhistoria. Osa 1: Karjalan synty. Lappeenranta: Karjalan kirjapaino, Saarnisto, Matti Tutkimusretki Hiitolan Kilpolansaarelle 1992 ja Valamoon In: Saarnisto, M.(ed.) Viipurin läänin historia. Osa 1: Karjalan synty. Lappeenranta: Karjalan kirjapaino, Saarnisto, Matti (ed.) Viipurin läänin historia. Osa 1: Karjalan synty. Lappeenranta: Karjalan kirjapaino. 560 p. + app. map. Saarnisto, Matti Karjalan maanviljelyn pitkä esihistoria : siitepöly ja siemenet paljastavat maanviljelyn salat. Joulukannel. Ajankohtaista karjalaista asiaa (4), Saarnisto, Matti Muinainen Kymijoki. In:Uino,P.(ed.) AmmoinAnkkapurhassa:Kymenlaaksossakivikaudella.Helsinki: Museovirasto, Saarnisto, Matti; Karhu, Juha The lastmammoths palaeoenvironment of the Holocene mammoth on Wrangel Island. Quaternary Perspectives 14 (1), Saarnisto, Matti; Lunkka, Juha P Climate variability dur - ing the last interglacial-glacial cycle in NWEurasia. In: Battarbee, R. W., Gasse, F. & Stickley, C. E. (eds.) Past climate variability through Europe andafrica. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research 6, Saarnisto, Matti; Saksa, Alexander Radiocarbon dates from archaeological excavations in Viipuri the corner site of former Uudenportinkatu and Etelävalli. Fennoscandiaarchaeolo- archaeologica 21, Saarnisto, Matti; Saksa, Aleksandr Radiohiiliajoituksia Viipurinarkeologisiltakaivauksilta. In:Korpela,J.(author) Viipurinlääninhistoria.Osa2:Viipurinlinnalääninsynty.Lappeenranta: Karjalan Kirjapaino, Saksa, Aleksander; Saarnisto, Matti; Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka luvun lopun radiohiiliajoitus Viipurista. SKAS (3), Salminen, R GeochemicalatlasofEurope dothenew atlas of the maps reveal risky areas. In: Angelelli, A., Barchiesi, P. & Forni, S. (eds.) 4th European Congress on Regional Geoscientific Cartography and Information Systems : geoscientific information for spatial planning, Bologna, Italy, June 17th 20th 2003 : proceedings. Vol. 2. Bologna: Servizio geologico, sismico e dei suoli, Salminen, R.; Bogatyrev, I.; Chekushin, V.; Glavatskikh, S. P.; Gregorauskiene, V.; Niskavaara, H.; Selenok, L.; Tenhola, M.; Tomilina, O Barents Ecogeochemistry alargegeochemi- a geochemical baseline study of heavy metals and other elements in surficial 96

98 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in deposits, NW-Russia and Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Salminen, R.; Bogatyrev, I.; Chekushin, V.; Glavatskikh, S. P.; Gregorauskiene,V.; Selenok,L.;Tenhola, M.; Tomilina,O Barents Ecogeochemistry projekti raskasmetallien ja muiden alkuaineiden perustilan kartoitus Luoteis-Venäjällä ja Suomessa. Summary:BarentsEcogeochemistry alargegeochemicalbaseline study of heavy metals and other elements in surficial deposits, NW-Russia and Finland. Geologi55 (2), Salminen, R.; Bogatyrev, I.; Chekushin, V.; Tomilina, O.; Tenhola, M Barents Ecogeochemistry project alarge a geochemical baseline study in NE Europe. In: Angelelli, A., Barchiesi, P. & Forni, S. (eds.) 4th European Congress on Regional Geoscientific Cartographyand Information Systems:geoscientific information for spatial planning, Bologna, Italy, June 17th 20th 2003 : proceedings. Vol. 2. Bologna: Servizio geologico, sismico e dei suoli, Salminen, R.; Chekushin, V.;Tenhola, M.; Bogatyrev, I.; Glavatskikh, S. P.; Fedotova, E.; Gregorauskiene, V.; Kashulina, G.; Niskavaara, H.; Polischuok, A.; Rissanen, K.; Selenok, L.; Tomilina, O.; Zhdanova, L Geochemical atlas of the eastern Barents region. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 83 (1 3), Salminen, R.; Chekushin, V.;Tenhola, M.; Bogatyrev, I.; Glavatskikh, S. P.; Fedotova, E.; Gregorauskiene, V.; Kashulina, G.; Niskavaara, H.; Polischuok, A.; Rissanen, K.; Selenok, L.; Tomilina, O.;Zhdanova, L Geochemicalatlasoftheeasternatlas of the eastern Barents region. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 548 p. Salminen, Reijo; Bogatyrev, Igor; Chekushin, Victor; Glavat - skikh, Sergey P.; Gregorauskiene, Virgilija; Niskavaara, Heikki; Selenok, Lubov; Tenhola, Markku; Tomilina, Olga Geochemical baselines of nickel and chromium in various surficial materials in the Barents Region, NW Russia and Finland. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28 (2), Salminen, Reijo; Gilucis, Aivars; Gregorauskiene, Virgilija; Petersell,Valter;Tomilina, Olga2004. Influenceofhumanactivities in the geochemical baselines in the Baltic countries, Finland and NW-Russia.In:32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress,Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 2, 850. Salmirinne, H.; Iljina, M D gravity modeling of unexposed feeder intrusion connecting western and eastern part of the Koillismaa Layered Igneous Complex, Finland [Electronic resource]. In:St. Catharines2004. GeologicalAssociation ofcanada & Mineralogical Association of Canada joint annual meeting, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, May 12 14, GAC-MAC program with abstracts 29, 258. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Saltikoff, Boris (comp.); Tontti, Mikko (comp.); Puustinen, Kauko (comp.) 2002.MetallogenicmapofFinland1:1000 of 1 : Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. Sarala, Pertti Ribbed-moreenit jäätikön liikesuunnan poikittaiset indikaattorit. Summary: Ribbed moraines trans- verse indicators of the ice flow direction. Geologi 55 (9 10), Sarala, Pertti Deglaciation pattern and glacial dynamics of the southern Finnish Lapland. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, January 6th 9th 2004, Uppsala, Sweden : abstract volume. GFF 126 (1), 124. Sarala, Pertti Glasiaalimorfologia ja moreenistratigrafia glasiaalidynamiikanilmentäjinä. In:Kaakinen,A.(ed.) Geologian 3. tutkijapäivät, , Helsinki. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto, geologian laitos, Sarapää, Olli; Ahtola, Timo; Reinikainen, Jukka; Seppänen, Hannu IndustrialmineralpotentialinFinland.In:Autio,S. in In: (ed.)geologicalsurveyoffinland,currentresearch Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Satkunas, Jonas; Ransed, Gunnel; Suominen, Veli;Taht, Krista; Raudsep, Rein; Mikulenas, Vidas; Vdovets, Marina; Makarikhin, Vladimir; Cleal, Chris; Erikstad, Lars Geosites listings for northern Europe a status report. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy,August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 581. Schellschmidt, R.; Popov, Y.; Kukkonen, I.; Nover, G.; Milanovsky, S.; Borevsky, L.; Mottaghy, D.; Clauser, C Heat transfer processes in the upper crust a case study for the region around the Kola superdeep borehole, Russia. In: IUGG 2003 : XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, June 30 July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan : abstracts. Week A. Sapporo : IUGG, 174. Schmidt-Thomé, P.; Lahti, M.; Gaál, G Application of airborne radiometric surveys in the mapping of areas with high natural or anthropogenic ionizing radiation. In: Bølviken, B. (ed.) Natural ionizing radiation and health : proceedings from a symposium held at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo 6 7 June Oslo: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp; Greiving, Stefan; Kallio, Hilkka; Fleischhauer, Mark; Jarva, Jaana Natural hazard and risk maps for European regions. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, 589. Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp; Kallio, Hilkka; Staudt, Michael Gerhard Developing tools for planners concerning spatial impacts of sea level rise in the Baltic Sea Region. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part 1, Schultz, Eija; Joutti, Anneli; Räisänen, Marja Liisa; Lintinen, Petri;Martikainen, Esko;Lehto, Olli Extractabilityofmetals and ecotoxicity of soils from two old wood impregnation sites in Finland. Science of the Total Environment 326 (1 3), Selonen,Olavi2003.GraniittejaSuomenkeskeltä.Suomalainen kivi (3), Selonen, Olavi Kaakkois-Suomen graniittien tie vie ulkomaille. Suomalainen kivi (2), Selonen, Olavi Lounais-Suomesta globaaleja kivibrandeja. Suomalainen kivi (1), Selonen, Olavi Requisitesfornaturalstone.In: stone. In:Selonen, O. & Suominen, V. (eds.) Nordicstone. Paris: UNESCO: : IAEG, Selonen, Olavi; Heldal, Tom Technologies. In: Selonen, O. & Suominen, V. (eds.) Nordicstone.Paris:UNESCO:IAEG, : Selonen, Olavi; Härmä, Paavo Stone resources and distribution : Finland. In:Selonen,O.&Suominen,V.(eds.) & Suominen, Nordic stone. Paris: UNESCO : IAEG, Selonen, Olavi; Luodes, Hannu; Ehlers, Carl Natural stone in Finland production and development. Vuoriteollisuus 61 (3), Selonen, Olavi (ed.); Suominen, Veli (ed.) Nordicstone. Paris: UNESCO : IAEG. 64 p. Selonen, Olavi GTK kartoittaa laajasti Suomen kallioperää. Suomalainen kivi (3), Selonen,Olavi2004.Kivialaesimerkkikestävästäkehityksestä. Suomalainen kivi (4), Selonen, Olavi Liuskekiviä käytetään verhouksissa ja ympäristörakentamisessa. Suomalainen kivi (1), Selonen, Olavi;Ehlers, Carl NaturstensindustriniFinland i en bransch i uppsving. Geologiskt forum 11 (42), Selonen, Olavi; Johansson, Kurt Hållbarutveckling inom stenbranschen. STEN 66 (4), 37. Skyttä,Pietari2004.Rakennegeologisiatutkimuksiaeteläisessä Suomessa Inkoon-Kiskon alueella. Summary:Structuralgeology Structural investigations in the Inkoo-Kisko area, southern Finland. Geologi 56 (3), Sorjonen-Ward, Peter Geological setting of the Nunnanlahti soapstone deposits. In:Niemelä,M.(ed.)Talc-magnesite deposits in Finland, September 10 15, 2002, Finland : third field correlation,

99 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Systra, Y. J Tectonics and deep structure of the southeastern Fennoscandian Shield and its marginal zone. In: Sahrov, N. V.... [et al.] (eds.) Glubinnoe stroenie i geodinamika Fennoskandii, okrainnyh i vnutriplatformennyh tranzitnyh zon : materialy vos moj mezdunarodnoj konferencii, sentjabrja 2002 g., Petrozavodsk. Petrozavodsk: Karel skij naucnyj centr RAN, Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Ojala, V. J.; Airo, M.-L Structural modelling and magnetic expression of hydrothermal alteration in the Paleoproterozoic Lapland greenstone belt, northern Fennoscandian Shield. In:Eliopoulos,D. G... [etal.](eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGAMeeting, Athens, Greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Starr, Michael; Lindroos, Antti-Jussi; Ukonmaanaho, Liisa; Tarvainen, Timo; Tanskanen, Heikki Weathering release of heavy metals from soil in comparison to deposition, litterfall and leaching fluxes in a remote, boreal coniferous forest. Applied Geochemistry 18 (4), Stotler, RandyL.;Frape, ShaunK.;Ruskeeniemi,Timo;Ahonen, Lasse; Blomqvist, Runar; Degnan, Paul; Jensen, Mark; Lehto, Kimmo; Morén, Lena; Snellman, Margit Hydrogeochemistry of crystalline bedrock under deep permafrost conditions. In: Geoscience horizons, Seattle 2003 : GSAAnnual Meeting and Exposition, November 2 5,2003.GeologicalSocietyofAmerica. Abstracts with Programs 35 (6 ), 573. Suksi, Urho J.; Rasilainen, Kari; Ruskeeniemi, Timo;Marcos, Nuria; Hellmuth, Karl-Heinz Natural UoccurrencesU as a palaeo-hydrogeologicalindicator observationsfromthepalmottu natural analogue site, Finland. In: Merkel, B. J., Planer-Friedrich, B. &Wolkersdorfer, C. (eds.) Uranium in the aquatic environment :proceedingsofthe Internationa lconference UraniumMiningand Hydrogeology III and the International Mine Water Association Symposium, Freiberg, Germany, September Berlin: Springer, Suomi, Timo; Korhonen, Riitta Karviassa tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat.osa2.abstract:thepeatlandsandpeatreserves andpeatreserves of Karvia. Part 2. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Suominen, Meeri; Kontas, Esko; Niskavaara, Heikki Comparison of silver and gold inquarting in the fire assay determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium in geological samples. In: Kane, J. S.... [et al.] (eds.) Geoanalysis Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28 (1), Suominen, Veli Ballastproduktionen i Finland. Nordenskiöld-samfundets tidskrift (62), Suppala, I.;Vanhala, H.;Lintinen, P Comparison between ground and airborne EM data in mapping acid sulphate soils and sulphide bearing clays in the river Kyrönjoki valley, western Finland. In: Mares, S. & Pospísil, L. (eds.) 9th Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic, August 31st September 4th 2003 : proceedings. Prague: Czech Association of the Applied Geophysicists, 4 p. Suppala, I.; Hongisto, H.; Oksama, M Effectof the conducting aircraft to fixed-wing airborne electromagnetic measurements [Electronic resource]. In: Sharing the Earth : EAGE 66th Conference&Exhibition,Paris,France,7 10June 2004:extended abstracts. Houten: EAGE, 4 p. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Sutinen, R.; Teirilä, A.; Pänttäjä, M.; Sutinen, M.-L Distribution and diversity of tree species with respect to soil electrical characteristics in Finnish Lapland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32 (7), Sutinen, R.; Teirilä, A.; Pänttäjä, M.; Sutinen, M.-L Survival of artificially regenerated Scots pine on till soils with respecttovaryingdielectricproperties.canadianjournalofforest Research 32 (7), Svendsen, J. I.; Alexanderson, H.; Astakhov, V. I.; Demidov, I.; Dowdeswell, J. A.; Funder, S.; Gataullin, V.; Henriksen, M.; Hjort, C.; Houmark-Nielsen, M.; Hubberten, H. W.; Ingólfsson, Ó.; Jakobsson, M.; Kjær, K. H.; Larsen, E.; Lokrantz, H.; Lunkka, J. P.; Lyså, A.; Mangerud, J.; Matiouchkov, A.; Murray, A.; Möller, P.; Niessen, F.; Nikolskaya, O.; Polyak, L.; Saarnisto, M.; Siegert, C.; Siegert, M. J.; Spielhagen, R. F.; Stein, R Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. In: Thiede, J.(ed.)QuaternaryenvironmentsoftheEurasianNorth(QUEEN). Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (11 13), Svetov, S. A.; Huhma, H.; Svetova, A. I.; Nazarova, T. N Theoldest adakitesofthefennoscandianshield. the Doklady Earth Sciences 397A (6), Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Sepänmaa, Timo; Miettinen, Mirja; Storå, Jan; Saarnisto, Matti Hietamäki injämsä amulti-perioddwellingsiteincentral a multi-period dwelling siteincentral Finland. Fennoscandiaarchaeologica21, archaeologica Taipale, Kalle Maa kivimiesten näkemänä : Geologian tutkimuskeskuksen arkistot kertovat. Raito 21 (1), Taipale, Kalle Särkyvää! Suomen Luonto 62 (4), Talkkari, Ari; Nevalainen, Raimo Georeferenced 1: soil database for Finland an approach based on multisource geological and soil data. In: Angelelli, A., Barchiesi, P. & Forni, S. (eds.) 4th European Congress on Regional Geoscientific Cartography and Information Systems : geoscientific information for spatial planning, Bologna, Italy, June 17th 20th 2003 : proceedings. Vol. 1. Bologna: Servizio geologico, sismico e dei suoli, Tanskanen, Heikki; Lahermo, Pertti; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, Kirsti Arseeni Kittilän pohjavesissä Keski-Lapissa.Summary: Arsenic in groundwater in Kittilä, Finnish Lapland. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset j a riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Tarvainen, Timo Heavy metal accumulation in soils and mobility. Indicator development using the FOREGS and Baltic Soil Survey databases. In: Expert meeting on indicators for soil contamination, Sevilla, Spain, May Copenhagen: European Environment Agency, 2 4. Tarvainen, Timo; Backman, Birgitta; Hellmuth, Karl-Heinz; Hatakka, Tarja; Savolainen, Heimo IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) The use of selected safety indicators (concentrations, fluxes) in the assessment of radioactive waste disposal. Report 5:Chemicalweatheringrateson thebalticshield of Finland for use as indicators of nuclear waste repository safety. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset. Tiedonanto YST p. Tarvainen, Timo; Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp Heavy metal enrichment factors for different analytical methods. In: Autio, S. (ed.)geologicalsurveyoffinland,currentresearch Geological Survey of Finland. Special Paper 36, Tarvainen, Timo Arseeni maaperässä.summary:arsenic in soils. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Tarvainen, Timo; Mannio, Jaakko Arseeni pintavesissä ja purosedimenteissä. Summary: Arsenic in surface waters and stream sediments. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. &Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Tenhola, Markku; Lahermo, Pertti; Väänänen, Pauli; Lehto, Olli Alueellisessa geokemiallisessa purovesikartoituksessa todettujen fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien ja alkuainepitoisuuksien vertailu Suomessa vuosina 1990, 1995 ja Summary:Com- parison of physical properties and element concentrations in the regional geochemical mapping of stream water in Finland during 1990, 1995, and Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Tutkimusraportti p. 98

100 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Tervo,Tapani2003. Vuolukiven synty. In:Vuorjoki, K. (author) Kivimatka. Helsinki: Sarmala, Tiljander, Mia; Saarnisto, Matti; Ojala, Antti E. K.; Saarinen, Timo A3000-year palaeoenvironmental record from annually laminated sediment of Lake Korttajärvi, central Finland. Boreas 32 (4), Toivonen, Tapio Honkajoella tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Abstract: The mires and peat reserves of Honkajoki. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Toivonen, Tapio Multialla tutkitut suot ja niiden käyttökelpoisuus. Osa2.Abstract:ThemiresofMultiaandtheiruseful- and their usefulness. Part 2. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Toivonen, Tapio Pernajassa tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Abstract:ThemiresandpeatreservesofPernaja.Geologian and reserves tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Tukiainen, Tapani; Krebs, Johan Ditlev; Kuosmanen, Viljo; Laitinen, Jukka; Schäffer, Uwe Field and laboratoryreflect- reflect - ance spectra of kimberlitic rocks, µm, West Greenland. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse. Rapport 2003/ p. Turunen, Jukka Past and present carbon accumulation in undisturbed boreal and subarctic mires : a review. Tiivistelmä: Luonnontilaistensoidenpitkänajan-janykykertymätboreaalisella ja subarktisella kasvillisuusvyöhykkeellä : katsaus. Suo 54 (1), Turunen, Pertti OntheuseoftheVLFmethodinmineral mineral exploration experiences from the northern Finland. In: VLF Workshop 2004, Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, 27th September 1st October 2004 : abstracts. Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory publications 96, 25. Tyni, Matti; Puustinen, Kauko; Karhu, Juha; Vaasjoki, Matti ThePetäiskoski carbonateveinsatjuuka,easternfinland. at eastern In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland. SpecialPaper 36, Uski, Marja; Hyvönen, Tellervo;Korja,Annakaisa;Airo, Meri- Liisa Focal mechanisms of three earthquakes in Finland and their relation to surface faults. Tectonophysics 363 (1 2), Väänänen, Jukka Sieppijärven ja Pasmajärven karttaalueiden kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Sieppijärvi and Pasmajärvi map-sheet areas.suomen geologinen kartta 1: : kallioperäkarttojen selitykset lehdet 2624 ja p. +1app., + 1 2app. 2 maps. Väänänen,Tapio;Kokkonen, Jyrki2003. GEOKARTTAInternet map service a new perspective of delivering maps on Internet by Geological Survey of Finland. In:Angelelli,A., Barchiesi, P. & Forni, S. (eds.) 4th European Congress on Regional Geoscientific Cartography and Information Systems : geoscientific information for spatial planning, Bologna, Italy, June 17th 20th 2003 : proceedings. Vol. 2. Bologna: Servizio geologico, sismico e dei suoli, Vaarma, Markus;Pipping, Fredrik2003. Kyyjärvi Perhokarttaalueenkallioperä.Summary:Pre-QuaternaryrocksoftheKyyjärvi and Perho map-sheet areas. Suomengeologinenkartta1: : kallioperäkarttojen selitykset lehdet 2331 ja p. Vaasjoki, Matti Aktualismi, paradigmat ja talonpoikaisjärki. Geologi 55 (6 ), Vaasjoki, Matti; Huhma, Hannu; Lahtinen, Raimo; Vestin, Jessica Sources of Svecofennian granitoids in the light of ion probe U-Pb measurements on their zircons. Precambrian Research 121 (3 4), Väisänen, Markku; Mänttäri, Irmeli Ga arc and back-arc basin in the Orijärvi area, SWFinland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 74 (1 2), Väisänen, Ulpu Groundwater and factors affecting its quality:examplesfrom therovaniemidistrictofnorthernfinland and western Nicaragua. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin p. + 5 app. Väisänen, Ulpu Mirja Groundwaterandfactors and affecting its quality : examples from northern Finland and Nicaragua. In: 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20 28, 2004 : abstracts. Part1, 638. Valjus, T.; Breilin, O.; Vanhala, H.; Lehtimäki, J Detailed geophysical study of glaciofluvial aquifer at Kempele, western Finland. In: Near surface 2004 : 10th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 6 9 September 2004 : extended abstracts book. Houten: EAGE, 4 p. Valli, Tuire;Jokinen, Tarmo;Lehtimäki, Jukka;Vanhala, Heikki Sampo frequency domain wide-band EM system for deep hydrogeological and environmental studies. In: Mares, S. & Pospísil, L. (eds.) 9th Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic, August 31st September 4th 2003 : proceedings. Prague: CzechAssociation of theapplied Geophysicists, 4 p. Vallius, Henry; Leivuori, Mirja Classification of heavy metal contaminated sediments of the Gulf of Finland. Baltica 16, Vanhala, H.; Räisänen, M. L.; Huotari, T.;Valjus,T.; Lehtimäki, J.; Suppala, I Characterizing tailings impoundment at the closed Hammaslahti Cu-Zn mine, Finland. In: Near surface 2004 : 10th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 6 9 September 2004 : extended abstracts book. Houten: EAGE, 4 p. Vanhala, H.; Suppala, I.; Lintinen, P.; Lehtimäki, J Mapping buried glaciofluvial aquifer by airborne EM measurements a case from Kyrönjoki valley in southern Finland. In: Mares, S. & Pospísil, L. (eds.) 9th Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic, August 31st September 4th 2003 : proceedings. Prague: Czech Association of the Applied Geophysicists, 4 p. Vanhala, H.; Suppala, I.; Lintinen, P Integrated geophysical study of acid sulphate soil area near Seinäjoki, southern Finland [Electronic resource]. In: Sharing the Earth : EAGE 66th Conference&Exhibition,Paris,France,7 10June 2004:extended abstracts. Houten: EAGE, 4 p.. Optical disc (CD-ROM). Vareikiene, O.;Lindqvist,K.;Marmo,J Selectedelements and their mineral carriers in the fine fraction of the Ahorizon in soil of Asmena Highlands, Lithuania. Nordiska föreningen för lerforskning. Meddelande (14),8 12. Vareikiene, Olga; Marmo, Jukka; Kadunas, Valentinas; Lindqvist, Kristian Mineral mode of occurrence of selected elements in the fine fraction of soil (horizon A1) of Asmena Highlands, Lithuania. Geologija(42),9 18. Vareikiene, Olga; Lehtonen, Marja Heavy minerals in the study of soil : techniques, their limitations and advantages. Geologija (46), 1 7. Veski, Siim; Seppä, Heikki; Ojala, Antti E. K Cold event at 8200 yr B.P. recorded in annually laminated lake sediments in eastern Europe. Geology32(8), Vesterbacka, P.; Mäkeläinen, I.; Tarvainen, T.; Hatakka, T.; Arvela,H.2004.Kaivovedenluonnollinenradioaktiivisuus otantatutkimus2001.abstract:naturalradioactivityinprivatewellsin Finland a representative survey STUK-A p. Viana, R. R.; Mänttäri, I.; Kunst, H.; Jordt-Evangelista, H Ageofpegmatitesfrom from easternbrazil andimplicationsof of mica intergrowths on cooling rates and age calculations. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 16 (6), Virtanen, Kimmo; Herranen, Teuvo Piippolassa tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 2. Abstract: The mires and peat reserves in the municipality of Piippola, central Finland. Part 99

101 Papers published by Geological survey of Finland staff in Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Virtanen, Kimmo; Hänninen, Pekka; Kallinen, Riitta-Liisa; Vartiainen, Sirkka; Herranen, Teuvo; Jokisaari, Ritva Suomen turvevarat Summary: The peat reserves of Finland in Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Tutkimusraportti p. + 7 app. Virtanen, Kimmo; Kallinen, Riitta-Liisa; Herranen, Teuvo Alavieskassa tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Abstract: The mires and peat reserves in the municipality of Alavieska, western Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti p. + 4 app. Virtanen, Kimmo Arseeni Pohjois-Pohjanmaan soiden turvekerrostumissa.summary:arsenicinpeatintheostrobothnian area, northern Finland. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi,K.&Lahermo, & Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Virtanen, Kimmo Peat geological surveys and peat resources in Finland. Peatlands International (2), Virtanen, Kimmo;Lerssi, Jouni2004.Airbornegammaradiation data : use of peat thickness estimation. In: Lappalainen, E. (ed.) Vitality and peace of mind from Great Teuravuoma aapa mire : post congress excursion to Lapland, June, 2004, Virtasalo, Joonas;Kotilainen,Aarno 2004.Trackingpost-glacial environmentalchange in thearchipelago Sea using biogenic sediment structures. In: Puura, I., Tuuling, I. & Hang, T. (eds.) The Baltic : the Eighth Marine Geological Conference, September 23 28, 2004, Tartu, Estonia : abstracts, excursion guide. Tartu: University of Tartu, Institute of Geology, 59. Vuollo, J. I.; Huhma, H.; Stepanov, V.; Fedotov, G Geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotope studies of a 2.45 Ga dyke swarm : hints at parental magma composition and PGE potential to Fennoscandian layered intrusions. In: Boudreau, A. (ed.) 9th International Platinum Symposium, July, 2002, Billings, Montana, USA: extended abstracts. Billings, MT: Duke University, Vuori, Saku K PetrogenesisoftheJurassicgabbroicin- of the gabbroic intrusions of Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 102 p. Weihed, Pär; Bergman Weihed, Jeanette; Sorjonen-Ward, Peter Structural evolution of the Björkdal gold deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden : implications for early Proterozoic mesothermal gold in the late stage of the Svecokarelian orogen. In: Sundblad, K. & Cook, N. J. (eds.) Agroup of papers devoted to the metallogeny of gold in the Fennoscandian Shield. Economic Geology 98 (7), Weihed, Pär; Eilu, Pasi Gold, Fe oxide-cu-au and VMS metallogeny of the Fennoscandian Shield. In:Eliopoulos,D.G [et al.] (eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedingsoftheseventhbiennialsgameeting,athens,greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Weihed, Pär (ed.); Eilu, Pasi (ed.) FeOx-Cu-Au, VMS, and orogenic gold deposits in light of the tectonic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. In:Eliopoulos,D.G [etal.](eds.) Mineral exploration and sustainable development : proceedings of the Seventh Biennial SGA Meeting, Athens, Greece, August Vol. 2. Rotterdam: Millpress, Werme, Lars; King, Fraser; Ahonen, Lasse; Taxén, Claes; Vuo - rinen, Ulla KBS-TR-90 twenty-five years on progress in the understanding of the long-term corrosion behaviour of copper canisters. In: Oversby, V. M. & Werme, L. O. (eds.) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXVII. Symposium held June 15 19, 2003, Kalmar, Sweden. Materials Research Society symposium proceedings 807, Werner, S. C.; Plado, J.; Pesonen, L. J.; Janle, P.; Elo, S Potential fields and subsurface models of Suvasvesi North impact structure, Finland. In: Aubourg, C.... [et al.] (eds.) Rock magnetism and its applications. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 27 (25 31), Yakhnin, E.Ya.;Tomilina, O. V.; Chekushin, V.A.; Salminen, R Sravnitel nyj analiz dannyh o sostave atmosfernyh osadkov i sneznogo pokrova na territorii Leningradskoj oblasti i Ûgo-vostocnoj Finlândii i utocnenie parametrov atmosfernogo vypadeniâ tâzelyh metallov. Ekologiceskaâ himiâ 12 (1), Yli-Halla, Markku; Talkkari, Ari; Nyholm, Rainer; Nevalainen, Raimo; Lerssi, Jouni; Väänänen, Tapio; Tamminen, Pekka; Starr, Michael Numeerinen Suomen maannostietokanta mittakaavassa 1: pilottihanke. Abstract:Georeferenced soil database of Finland at scale 1:250,000 pilot project. MTT:n selvityksiä p. + 1 app. 100

102 Tätä julkaisua myy Denna publikation säljes av This publication can be obtained from GEOLOGIAN GEOLOGISKA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TUTKIMUSKESKUS (GTK) FORSKNINGSCENTRALEN (GTK) OF FINLAND (GTK) Julkaisumyynti Publikationsförsäljning Publication sales PL 96 PB 96 P.O. Box Espoo Esbo FI Espoo, Finland ( ( ( Telekopio: Telefax: Telefax: GTK, Kuopion yksikkö GTK, Kuopio enhet GTK, Kuopio Unit Kirjasto Biblioteket Library PL 1237 PB 1237 P.O. Box Kuopio Kuopio FI Kuopio, Finland ( ( ( Telekopio: Telefax: Telefax: GTK, Rovaniemen yksikkö GTK, Rovaniemi enhet GTK, Rovaniemi Unit Kirjasto Biblioteket Library PL 77 PB 77 P.O. Box Rovaniemi Rovaniemi FI Rovaniemi, Finland ( ( ( Telekopio: Telefax: Telefax: [email protected] ISBN WWW-address: ISSN