Tectonic evolution of the Paleoprotezoic Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny, with reference to hydrothermal alteration at Kutemajärvi
|
|
- Shawn York
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Tectonic evolution of the Paleoprotezoic Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny, with reference to hydrothermal alternation at Kutemajärvi Tectonic evolution of the Paleoprotezoic Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny, with reference to hydrothermal alteration at Kutemajärvi Matti TALIKKA Polar Mining Oy, Käärmesaarentie 3B, Espoo, Finland Summary: The Paleoproterozoic, volcano-sedimentary Tampere Belt lies in the centre of the Svecofennian domain between the Central Finland Granitoid Complex and the Pirkanmaa Belt. The east-west striking greenstone belt is dominated by turbiditic metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks of island-arc type and granitoids. Metamorphic and structural features and age data evidence the rapid tectonic evolution ofthe Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny. The subvolcanic Pukala intrusion, which was emplaced into volcanic sequence of the Tampere Belt before or during the early stages of the main regional deformation, can be linked to the hydrothermal alteration observed at Kutemajärvi. The mineral assemblage ofthe alteration, geometry of the area, isotope data and presence of the comb quartz banding suggest that the hydrothermal system was driven by the Pukala intrusion. Later on, the hydrothermally altered area was subjected to deformation and metamorphism. Key Words: greenstone belts, Tampere Belt, tectonics, Svecofennian Orogeny, intrusions, hydrothermal alteration, gold ores, Paleoproterozoic, Tampere, Orivesi, Pukala, Kutemajärvi, Finland 1. INTRODUCTION Tampere region has been in focus of geological interest since the 19 th century after Sederholm (1897) released his study on the sedimentary rocks of southwestern Finland. The contributions of a number of distinguished researchers have highlighted the Tampere Belt as a first-class example of aproterozoic greenstone belt and an integral part in understanding the tectonic evolution of the Svecofennian domain. The Proterozoic greenstone belts around the world are considered to be highly potential regions for metal exploration and they host avast amount of the Earth s premier ore deposits. Inorogenic belts, intrusives at subvolcanic depths, e.g. magma chambers of volcanoes, often create hydrothermal systems that may carry constituents to and cause mineralisations in the intrusions or their country rocks. The purpose of this extended abstract is to present a simplified tectonic model for the Tampere Belt (TB) during the Svecofennian orogeny that summarises the investigations of numerous researchers. In addition, the model is intimately linked to the hydrothermal alteration phenomena observed at Kutemajärvi in the eastern flank of the Tampere Belt. 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING The bedrock in Finland belongs to the Precambrian Fennoscandian craton. The two major tectonic collisions that led to the formation of the Finnish crystalline bedrock occurred at Ga and Ga ago. Since the Paleoproterozoic, no major tectonic events have taken place, and the bedrock has been subjected to erosion for an extensive period of time. Therefore, mainly Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks are exposed at the current erosional level in Finland. The Tampere Belt (TB) is located inthe middle of the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian domain that formed Ma ago as aresult of orogenic and extensional events (Lahtinen et al., 2005). The bedrock of the domain is mainly composed of metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks of island-arc type and plutonic rocks that cut the supracrustal sequence (Korsman et al., 1997). 71
2 Matti Talikka The east-west striking,volcano-sedimentary TB (Fig. 1) extends over 200 km and lies between the Leveinen, 1994; Nironen, 1989). On the basis of the geochemical data, the metavolcanic rocks of Figure 1.Lithological map ofthe Tampere Belt. Modified from Kähkönen 1999, Kähkönen 2005 and references therein. Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC) and the Pirkanmaa Belt (PB). The CFGC mainly comprises tonalites, granites and granodiorites with minor proportions of supracrustal rocks and mafic plutonic rocks (Korsman et al., 1997). The collision-related intrusions are Ga and the intrusions post-dating the main stage of crustal thickening Ga old (Korsman et al., 1997). The PB is dominated by migmatitic metasedimentary rocks that are intruded by granitoids and mafic plutons (Nironen et al., 2002). 3. TAMPERE BELT (TB) Seitsaari (1951), Ojakangas (1986) and Kähkönen (1989, 1999, 2005) among others have studied the stratigraphy and rock types ofthe TB. Accordingly, the main rock types are turbiditic metasedimentary rocks, felsic-intermediate arctype metavolcanic rocks and granitoids (Ojakangas, 1986; Kähkönen, 1989; Kähkönen & The TB were formed in an island-arc or active continental setting, and the absence of carbonate rocks and iron formations, and the presence of turbidites indicate asteep convergent plate margin (Kähkönen, 1989,1999; Luukkonen, 1994) (Fig. 3). In addition, amantle reflector dipping to the north indicates a norward subduction under a microcontinent (Lahtinen et al., 2005). The zircon U-Pb ages of the metavolcanic rocks of the TB are Ma (Kähkönen et al., 1989; Kähkönen et al., 2004). In comparison, zircons from the metasedimentary rocks are mainly Ga old (Huhma et al., 1991), and the U-Pb ages of the synorogenic granitoids within the TB are 1885± 2 and 1878±3Ma (Nironen, 1989). The zircon U-Pb age for the Pukala subvolcanic intrusion, which is located in the northern flank of the TB, is 1896± 4Ma(Talikka & Mänttäri, 2005). 72
3 Tectonic evolution of the Paleoprotezoic Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny, with reference to hydrothermal alternation at Kutemajärvi During the Svecofennian orogeny, the supracrustal rocks of the TB were deformed and metamorphosed under low-pressure, greenschist to lower amphibolite facies conditions (Campbell, 1978; Mäkelä, 1980; Kilpeläinen et al., 1994; Kilpeläinen, 1998). According to Mouri et al. (1999), the regional metamorphic peak occurred at ca Ma. 4. PUKALA INTRUSION AND HYDRO- THERMAL ALTERATION AT KUTEMA- JÄRVI The data on the Pukala intrusion isbased on publications by Talikka (2003) and Talikka and Mänttäri (2005). Figure 2. Generalised geological map ofthe Pukala intrusion (Talikka &Mänttäri2005 and references therein). ACWF =arc complex of centraland western Finland, ASF =arc complex of southern Finland. Inset after Korsman et al. (1997). According to Kähkönen (1989) and Nironen (1989), the TB forms a large synform whose northern limb isdominated by metavolcanic rocks and the southern limb bymetasedimentary rocks. On the basis of the recent age data, Kähkönen et al. (2004) suggested a folded early thrust as a more compatible explanation for the large-scale structure of the TB. Several east-west striking faults cut the TB (Kähkönen, 1989). The striking mappable structural feature within the TB is the east-west striking, subvertical foliation that formed during the main deformation phase (Kähkönen, 1989; Nironen, 1989; Kilpeläinen, 1998). Latter deformational features include fracturing, kinkfolding and movement along narrow shear zones (Nironen, 1989; Kilpeläinen, 1998). The Pukala intrusion lies in the eastern side of the TB in the contact region between the TB and the CFGC (Fig. 2). The acid, subvolcanic intrusion extends over 20 km in east-west and 1-2 km in north-south direction. The main rock types are porphyritic granodiorite and trondhjemite. The granodiorite has azircon U-Pb age of 1896± 4 Ma and titanite age of 1851± 4.6 Ma. Geochemically, the intrusion is a peraluminous, volcanic-arc granitoid. The Pukala intrusion was emplaced as asheetlike pluton at subvolcanic depths before or during the early stages of the main regional deformation phase and ca. 15 Ma before the regional metamorphic peak. The main regional foliation is observed in all rock types within the intrusion. On the basis of the stratigraphy observed today, the thickness ofthe volcanic strata above the Pukala intrusion at 1.9 Ga ago was km. During the Svecofennian orogeny, the intrusion tilted slightly 73
4 Matti Talikka to the west and steeply to the south along with the adjoining volcanic rocks. This is evidenced by the grain size variations, the presence of abundant xenoliths near the southern margin, and the evidence of magmatic-hydrothermal activity, e.g. comb quartz banding in the contact between the hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks and the intrusion at Kutemajärvi. Several hydrothermally altered domains are located within the metavolcanic rocks of the TB less than one kilometre south of the Pukala a U-Pb age of 1.88 Ga, and a galena with small crustal component in Pb-composition has amodel age of 1888 Ma (Mänttäri et al., 1997). The intense sericitisation, comb quartz banding, age data and geometry of the area suggest that the pervasive alteration at Kutemajärvi was aresultant of acid hydrothermal fluids of magmatic origin at Ma ago. After the pervasive alteration, the rocks were deformed and metamorphosed during the Svecofennian orogeny. 5. TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE TAMPERE BELT The model for the tectonic evolution of the Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny is based on the lithologic data, age data and structural and metamorphic features. The tectonic evolution is divided into four stages in relation to the collision between island-arcs or an island-arc and continental margin (Figs. 3 & 4). Figure 3. Tectonic setting at ~1.9 Ga. Oceanic crust is subducting under island-arc or active continental margin. The Pukala intrusion may represent a hypabyssal magma chamber. Modified from Talikka (2003). intrusion. The largest of the hydrothermally altered areas, Kutemajärvi, is in contact with the Pukala intrusion and hosts agold deposit, which was mined during by Outokumpu Mining Oy and Polar Mining Oy. The Kutemajärvi area has been studied by Nurmi etal. (1984), Grönholm (1992), Luukkonen (1994), Poutiainen & Grönholm (1996), Kojonen et al. (1999) and Poutiainen et al. (1999) among others. The continuous hydrothermally altered domain is formed by an outer rim of chlorite-sericite±quartz schist and acentre dominated by sericite-quartz schist, which hosts the pipe-shaped ore deposits (Grönholm, 1992). In addition, massive andalusite, quartz and topaz rocks exist in the centre of the altered area. Monazite from the chlorite schist has Pre-collision, 1900 Ma o Deposition of turbiditic sedimentary rocks o Active volcanism o Structural features include primary features e.g. bedding o Steep convergent plate margin o Island-arc or active continental margin Early-collision, Ma o Active volcanism o Compressional deformation foliation, folding o Metamorphism o Emplacement of Pukala intrusion o Pervasive hydrothermal alteration at Kutemajärvi Syn-collision, Ma o Minor volcanism o Compressional deformation main foliation, folding, large shear zones o Main metamorphic phase, metamorphic peak o Emplacement of synorogenic granitoids o Deformation and metamorphism of the Kutemajärvi alteration domain 74
5 Tectonic evolution of the Paleoprotezoic Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny, with reference to hydrothermal alternation at Kutemajärvi altered domain that hosts an economic gold deposit. The Kutemajärvi area is located in the northern flank of the TB and is in contact with the subvolcanic Pukala intrusion, which was emplaced within the metavolcanic rocks before or during the early stages of the Svecofennian orogeny. It is suggested that the magmatic fluids from the Pukala intrusion caused the pervasive alteration including sericitisation and silicification observed at Kutemajärvi. The pervasive alteration preceded the main regional deformation and metamorphic processes that led to changes in geometry and mineralogy of the gold deposit. Figure 4. Age data ofthe rock types, metamorphism and deformation ofthe Tampere Belt linked to the stages of the tectonic collision. Lower part of the figure illustrates the tectonic evolution of the Pukala intrusion and the adjoining metavolcanic rocks. (Modified from Talikka, 2003). Post-collision, Ma o Extensional deformation shear zones, kinkfolding, fracturing o Retrograde metamorphism, cooling 6. CONCLUSIONS The volcano-sedimentary Tampere Belt mainly comprises turbiditic sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks of island-arc type and synorogenic granitoids. The range of the isotopic ages of the volcanic rocks and the synorogenic granitoids is ca. 25 Ma, and the main regional metamorphic and deformational phase lasted ca. 10 Ma. Accordingly, the tectonic evolution of the Tampere Belt during the Svecofennian orogeny has been a rapid, continuous process. The expeditious orogenic processes are also evidenced in the Kutemajärvi hydrothermally REFERENCES Cambell, D.S., 1980, Structural and metamorphic development of migmatites in the Svekokarelides, near Tampere, Finland. Transaction of the Royal Society of Edinburg. Earth Sciences 71, Grönholm, P., 1992, Oriveden Kutemajärven kultaesiintymän jasen ympäristön geologia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Helsinki, 115 p. Huhma, H., Claesson, S., Kinny, P.D., Williams, I.S., 1991, The growthofearlyproterozoic crust: New evidence from Svecofennian detrital zircons. Terra Nova 3, Kähkönen, Y., 1989, Geochemistry and petrology of the metavolcanic rocks of the early Proterozoic Tampere Schist Belt, southern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 345, 104 p. Kähkönen, Y., Huhma, H., Aro, K., 1989, U-Pb zircon ages and Rb-Sr whole rock isotope studies of early Proterozoic volcanic and plutonic rocks near Tampere, southern Finland. Precambrian Research 45, Kähkönen, Y., Leveinen, J., 1994, Geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Tampere Schist Belt, southern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special paper 19,
6 Matti Talikka Kähkönen, Y., 1999, Stratigraphy of the central parts ofthe Paleoproterozoic Tampere Schist Belt, southern Finland: review and revision. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 71, Kähkönen, Y., Huhma. H., Mänttäri, I., 2004, TIMS and SIMS U-Pb zircon ages and Rb-Sr whole.rock isotope studies of early Proterozoic volcanic rocks bear Tampere, southern Finland. In: J. Mansfield. Ed., The 26 th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Abstract Volume, GFF 126, 25. Kähkönen, Y., 2005, Svecofennian supracrustal rocks. In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P., Rämö, O.T. eds., Precambrian Geology of Finland Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandia Shield. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Kilpeläinen, T., Korikovski, S., Korsman, K., Nironen, M., 1994, Tectono-metamorphic evolution in the Tampere- Vammala are. Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 37, In: J., Mansfield, ed., The 26 th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Abstract Volume, GFF, 25 p. Kilpeläinen, T., 1998, Evolution and 3D modelling of structural and metamorphic patterns of the Palaeoproterozoic crust in the Tampere-Vammala area, southern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 397, 124 p. Kojonen, K., Sorjonen-Ward, P., Saarnio, H., Himmi, M., 1999, The early Proterozoic Kutema gold deposit, Southern Finland. In: Stanley et al. eds., Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennal SGA Meeting and 10. IAGOD Quadrennial Symposium, London, Korsman, K., Koistinen, T., Kohonen, J., Wennerström, M., Ekdahl, E., Honkamo, M., Idman, H., Pekkala, Y., eds., 1997, Suomen kallioperäkar tta Berggrundskarta över Finland Bedrock Map of Finland. 1: Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo. Lahtinen, R., Korja, A., Nironen, M.,2005, Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield a plate tectonic model. In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P., Rämö, O.T. eds., Precambrian Geology of Finland Key to the Evolution ofthe Fennoscandia Shield. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Luukkonen, A., 1994, Main geological features, metallogeny and hydrothermal alteration phenomena of certain gold and gold-tin-tungsten prospects in southern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 377, 153 p. Mäkelä, K., 1980, Geochemistry and origin ofhaveri and Kiipu, Proterozoic strata-bound volcanogenic gold-copper and zinc mineralizations from southwestern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 310, 79 p. Mänttäri, I., Luukkonen, A., Grönholm, P., 1997, Isotopic studies on the Kutemajärvi gold deposit, Orivesi, Southern Finland. In: S. Autio ed., Geological Survey of Finland, Current Research Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 23, Mouri, H., Korsman, K., Huhma, H., 1999, Tectonometamorphic evolution and timing of the melting processes in the Svecofennian Tonalite-Trondhjemite Migmatite Belt: An example from Luopioinen, Tampere Area, southern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 71, Nironen, M., 1989, Emplacement and structural setting of granitoids in the early Proterozoic Tampere and Savo Schist Belts, Finland implications for contrasting crustal evolution. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 346, 83 p. Nironen, M., Lahtinen, R., Koistinen, T., 2002, Suomen geologiset aluenimet yhtenäisempään nimikäytäntöön!. Summary: Subdivision of Finnish bedrock anattempt to harmonize terminology. Geologi 54, Nurmi, P.A., Front. K., Lampio, E., Nironen, M., 1984, Etelä-Suomen svekokarjalaiset porfyyrityyppiset molybdeeni- ja kupariesiintymät, niiden granitoidiisäntäkivet ja litogeokemiallinen etsintä. Svecokarelian porphyry-type molybdenum and copper occurrences in southern Finland: their granitoid host rocks and lithogeochemical exploration. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigations 67, 88 p. Ojakangas, R.W., 1986, An Early Proterozoic metagaywacke-slate turbidite sequence: The Tampere schist belt, southwestern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological SocietyofFinland 58, Poutiainen, M., Grönholm, P., 1996, Hydrothermal fluid evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Kutemajärvi goldtelluride deposits, SW Finland. Economic Geology 91, Poutiainen, M., Ristolainen, J., Grönholm, P., Luukkonen, A., 1999, Retrograde metamorphic H 2 O-NaCl-CO 2 -CH 4 - N 2 fluid inclusions in orogenic lode-gold deposits of the Paleoproterozoic volcanic-sedimentary Tampere Schist Belt (TSB), southern Finland. In: Cook, N.J. &Sundblad eds., Precambrian gold in the Fennoscandian and Ukrainian Shields and related areas. Gold '99 Trondheim, Norway, 4-6 May Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Seitsaari, J., 1951, The Tampere schist belt northeast of Tampere in Finland. Bulletin de la Commission Geologique de Finlande 153, 120 p. Talikka, M., 2003, Pukalan porfyyri ja sen yhteys hydrotermiseen muuttumiseen Orivedellä. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland, 119 p. Talikka, M., Mänttäri, I., 2005, Pukala intrusion, its age and connection hydrothermal alteration in Orivesi, southwestern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 77,
INSTITUTE OF SEISMOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI REPORT S-62 LITHOSPHERE 2014
INSTITUTE OF SEISMOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI REPORT S-62 LITHOSPHERE 2014 EIGHTH SYMPOSIUM ON STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION AND EVOLUTION OF THE LITHOSPHERE IN FENNOSCANDIA PROGRAMME AND EXTENDED ABSTRACTS
More informationTHE GLOBAL GEOSCIENCE TRANSECTS PROJECT IN FINLAND
THE GLOBAL GEOSCIENCE TRANSECTS PROJECT IN FINLAND K. KORSMÄN and T. KORJA KORSMAN, K. and KORJA, T. 1999. The Global Geoscience Transects Project in Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
More informationSvecofennian crustal evolution in the Uusimaa Belt area, S W Finland
GTK GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND Espoo 2007 Svecofennian crustal evolution in the Uusimaa Belt area, S W Finland Pietari Skyttä ACADEMZC DZSSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty
More informationISOTOPE GEOLOGY AND FENNOSCANDIAN LITHOSPHERE EVOLUTION
Geoscience for Society 125 th Anniversary Volume Edited by Keijo Nenonen and Pekka A. Nurmi Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 49, 35 48, 2011 ISOTOPE GEOLOGY AND FENNOSCANDIAN LITHOSPHERE EVOLUTION
More informationStop 2 hannukainen, kolari. Tero Niiranen Northland Exploration Finland Oy, Rovaniemi, Finland. Pasi Eilu Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland
Stop 2 hannukainen, kolari Tero Niiranen Northland Exploration Finland Oy, Rovaniemi, Finland Pasi Eilu Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland introduction The Kolari region is in the western part
More informationMetamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids.
Metamorphic Rocks, Processes, and Resources Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids. Protolith or parent rock is
More informationHow Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations
More informationEarth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth
Earth Materials: 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth 2 Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals
More informationIgneous Rocks. Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists
Igneous Rocks Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists Magma Compositions Ultramafic - composition of mantle Mafic - composition of basalt, e.g. oceanic crust. 900-1200 o C, 50% SiO 2 Intermediate
More informationRocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate
1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have
More information1. Foliation or schistose textures are easily seen in rocks consisting of. 2. Which of these tectonic settings will be hottest at 20km depth?
2nd Midterm Questions Metamorphic Rocks 1. Foliation or schistose textures are easily seen in rocks consisting of. a. framework silicates (quartz, feldspar) b. platy minerals (micas) c. chain-silicates
More informationDAVID P. HAWKINS Department of Geosciences Wellesley College Wellesley, MA 02481 (781) 283-3554 dhawkins@wellesley.edu
CURRICULUM VITAE DAVID P. HAWKINS Department of Geosciences Wellesley College Wellesley, MA 02481 (781) 283-3554 dhawkins@wellesley.edu EDUCATION 1996 PhD: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
More informationMcLemore, V.T., 2014, Geology and mineral deposits in the Capitan Mountains district: New. Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 65, p. 60-61.
McLemore, V.T., 2014, Geology and mineral deposits in the Capitan Mountains district: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 65, p. 60-61. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS IN THE CAPITAN MOUNTAINS DISTRICT,
More informationREGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES)
REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES) (See also General Regulations) The Postgraduate Diploma in Earth Sciences is a postgraduate diploma awarded for the satisfactory completion
More informationChalice advances gold exploration initiatives in Australia and Canada
ABN 47 116 648 956 ASX Announcement 4 July 2016 Chalice advances gold exploration initiatives in Australia and Canada Low-cost exploration planned to evaluate opportunities in two world-class gold provinces
More informationAN OVERVIEW OF ANDALUSITE IN SOUHERN AFRICA: GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. B W Botha Imerys South Africa
AN OVERVIEW OF ANDALUSITE IN SOUHERN AFRICA: GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY Imerys South Africa Abstract Andalusite is part of the sillimanite-group minerals, as well as sillimanite and kyanite, which are all
More information:gg:2j@@" U!. - Guide 21 --. i
GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND :gg:2j@@" U!. - Guide 21 --. i +. INTERN ATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CORRELATION PROGRAMME PIROJKT No. 235 "METAMORPHISM AND GEODYNMCS"' >>:,+=
More informationHow To Understand And Understand The Geology Of Finnish Silver Ore
Geological Survey of Finland Current Research 2003-2004 Edited by Sini Autio Geological Survey of Finland Espoo 2005 Geological Survey of Finland Current Research 2003-2004 edited by Sini Autio Geological
More informationMINES AND ENERGY MINISTRY OF COLOMBIA. Geological Survey of Colombia National Mineral Agency of Colombia
MINES AND ENERGY MINISTRY OF COLOMBIA Geological Survey of Colombia National Mineral Agency of Colombia STRATEGIC MINING AREAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO INVEST IN COLOMBIA Toronto, March 2013 AGENDA 1. GEOLOGICAL
More informationMetamorphic Rocks Practice Questions and Answers Revised October 2007
Metamorphic Rocks Practice Questions and Answers Revised October 2007 1. Metamorphism is a that involves no melt phase. 2. The protolith of a metamorphic rock is the (a) sibling (b) brother (c) parent
More informationPlate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007
Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007 1. Please fill in the missing labels. 2. Please fill in the missing labels. 3. How many large plates form the outer shell of the earth?
More informationLeapfrog : new software for faster and better 3D geological modelling
Leapfrog : new software for faster and better 3D geological modelling Paul Hodkiewicz, Principal Consultant (Geology), SRK Consulting, 10 Richardson Street, West Perth WA 6005, Australia, phodkiewicz@srk.com.au
More informationCh6&7 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch6&7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following does NOT change the form of existing rock? a. tremendous pressure c.
More informationA SCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM
OULU 2006 A 461 ACTA Tuomo Korkalo UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS A SCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM GOLD AND COPPER DEPOSITS IN CENTRAL LAPLAND, NORTHERN FINLAND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION
More informationContinental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelines
More informationGeology Laboratory: Metamorphic Rocks
OBJECTIVES Learn to identify metamorphic rocks by structure and mineralogy. Identify major minerals contained within a metamorphic rock. Distinguish between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks.
More informationLe rocce erciniche nella Zona brianzonese ligure
Le rocce erciniche nella Zona brianzonese ligure Matteo Maino Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia Pre-alpine basements of the Ligurian Alps Working group:
More informationUSING RELATIVE DATING AND UNCONFORMITIES TO DETERMINE SEQUENCES OF EVENTS
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT THROUGH TIME LABORATORY- EES 1005 LABORATORY THREE USING RELATIVE DATING AND UNCONFORMITIES TO DETERMINE SEQUENCES OF EVENTS Introduction In order to interpret Earth history from
More informationRocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationZircon geochronology of granitoids from the western Bacajá domain, southeastern Amazonian craton, Brazil: Neoarchean to Orosirian evolution
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Precambrian Research 161 (2008) 279 302 Zircon geochronology of granitoids from the western Bacajá domain, southeastern Amazonian craton, Brazil: Neoarchean to
More informationMorocco, 23-27 March 2015
Morocco, 23-27 March 2015 1/6 Organizers: Comisión de Petrología, Geoquímica y Geocronología de Rocas Ígneas y Metamórficas CPGG-RIM, Sociedad Geologica de España. Laboratoire de Géologie Appliquée, Géomatique
More informationFor personal use only
January, 202 Silver Swan Group Limited December 20 Quarterly Activities Report HIGHLIGHTS STAKEWELL Gold Project: Drilling intersected high and low grade gold mineralisation at Kohinoor, including surface
More informationEarly Archaean Isua supracrustal belt,west Greenland: pilot study of the Isua Multidisciplinary Research Project
Early Archaean Isua supracrustal belt,west Greenland: pilot study of the Isua Multidisciplinary Research Project Peter W. U. Appel, Christopher M. Fedo, Stephen Moorbath and John S. Myers The Isua belt
More information1 Exploring Earth s Interior
1 Exploring Earth s Interior Crust Mantle Outer Core Crust-to-Mantle Inner Core Cross Section From Surface to Center SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Earth Science Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2 Evidence for Continental
More information89.215 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGIC TIME AND GEOLOGIC MAPS
NAME 89.215 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGIC TIME AND GEOLOGIC MAPS I. Introduction There are two types of geologic time, relative and absolute. In the case of relative time geologic events are arranged in
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationPlate Tectonics. Introduction. Boundaries between crustal plates
Plate Tectonics KEY WORDS: continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics, mid ocean ridge (MOR) system, spreading center, rise, divergent plate boundary, subduction zone, convergent plate boundary,
More informationUnit 4: The Rock Cycle
Unit 4: The Rock Cycle Objective: E 3.1A Discriminate between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and describe the processes that change one kind of rock into another. E 3.1B Explain the relationship
More informationGeology and zircon geochronology of the Acasta Gneiss Complex, northwestern Canada: New constraints on its tectonothermal history
Precambrian Research 153 (2007) 179 208 Geology and zircon geochronology of the Acasta Gneiss Complex, northwestern Canada: New constraints on its tectonothermal history Tsuyoshi Iizuka a,, Tsuyoshi Komiya
More informationInteractive Plate Tectonics
Interactive Plate Tectonics Directions: Go to the following website and complete the questions below. http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/index.html How do scientists learn about the interior
More informationEARTH SCIENCE 110 INTRODUCTION to GEOLOGY MINERALS & ROCKS LABORATORY
EARTH SCIENCE 110 INTRODUCTION to GEOLOGY DR. WOLTEMADE NAME: SECTION: MINERALS & ROCKS LABORATORY INTRODUCTION The identification of minerals and rocks is an integral part of understanding our physical
More informationThe Geology of the Marginal Way, Ogunquit, Maine
Geologic Site of the Month February, 2002 The Geology of the Marginal Way, Ogunquit, Maine 43 14 23.88 N, 70 35 18.36 W Text by Arthur M. Hussey II, Bowdoin College and Robert G. Marvinney,, Department
More informationFIELD EXCURSION. IOCG and Porphyry-Cu deposits in Northern Finland and Sweden
FIELD EXCURSION IOCG and Porphyry-Cu deposits in Northern Finland and Sweden IOCG and Porphyry-Cu deposits in Northern Finland and Sweden Excursion guide, 27-28 August 2011 25th International Applied
More informationMineral Exploration Report on the Work carried out on Claim Silmäsuo 1, Kaavi
Mining Law 19 1 Mineral Exploration Report on the Work carried out on Claim Silmäsuo 1, Kaavi Mining Register number: 7752/1 Mining Law 19 2 Introduction This report describes diamond exploration work
More informationContents. Information management 67 GIS-services... 67
Contents Bedrock and raw materials 1 Bedrock mapping.................................... 1 Aerogeophysics..................................... 5 Modelling of bedrock in Finland............................
More informationGEL 113 Historical Geology
GEL 113 Historical Geology COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prerequisites: GEL 111 Corequisites: None This course covers the geological history of the earth and its life forms. Emphasis is placed on the study of rock
More informationChalcophile and Key Element Distribution in the Eastern Goldfields: seismic traverse EGF01. Aleks Kalinowski Geoscience Australia, pmdcrc Y2 project
pmd CR C Chalcophile and Key Element Distribution in the Eastern Goldfields: seismic traverse EGF01 predictive mineral discovery Aleks Kalinowski Geoscience Australia, pmdcrc Y2 project Aleks.Kalinowski@ga.gov.au
More informationTSX-V: GLD. Corporate Presentation February 2016
Corporate Presentation February 2016 GoldON Resources Ltd. 2 Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Information Certain of the statements made and information contained herein is forward-looking information
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
More informationCHALICE GOLD MINES AND SUB SAHARA RESOURCES ANNOUNCE PROPOSED MERGER TO CONSOLIDATE AND FUND ERITREAN GOLD PROJECT
3 APRIL 2009 CHALICE GOLD MINES AND SUB SAHARA RESOURCES ANNOUNCE PROPOSED MERGER TO CONSOLIDATE AND FUND ERITREAN GOLD PROJECT Key Points Chalice Gold Mines and Sub Sahara Resources agree to merge by
More informationMineral Exploration Report on the Work carried out on Claims Karhu 1 and Karhu 6, Kaavi
Mining Law 19 1 Mineral Exploration Report on the Work carried out on Claims Karhu 1 and Karhu 6, Kaavi Mining Register numbers: 7791/1 7815/1 Mining Law 19 2 Introduction This report describes diamond
More informationGEOLOGIC MAPPING AND THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CHATHAM COUNTY. Phil Bradley - North Carolina Geological Survey
GEOLOGIC MAPPING AND THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CHATHAM COUNTY Phil Bradley - North Carolina Geological Survey Why Geologic Mapping in Chatham County? NCGS - Our mission is to provide unbiased and technically
More information6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? island
More informationPlate Tectonics: Big Ideas. Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics. The unifying concept of the Earth sciences.
Plate Tectonics: Big Ideas Our understanding of Earth is continuously refined. Earth s systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences from geological, hydrological, physical, chemical,
More informationPALEOLATITUDE AND CAUSE OF THE SVECOKARELIAN OROGENY
PALEOLATITUDE AND CAUSE OF THE SVECOKARELIAN OROGENY K. J. NEUVONEN NEUVONEN, K. J. 1974: Paleolatitude and cause of the Svecokarelian orogeny. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 46, 75 79. Paleomagnetic data suggest
More informationPlate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. The outer portion of the Earth is made up of about 20 distinct plates (~ 100 km thick), which move relative to each other This motion is what
More informationMASTER'S DEGREE EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES. Specialization. Mineral and Petroleum Resources (MPR)
University of Rennes 1 Geosciences Rennes OSUR MASTER'S DEGREE EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Specialization Mineral and Petroleum Resources (MPR) Objectives and rationales of the Master's program Aim:
More informationContinental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
Page 1 of 13 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics This page last updated on 26-Aug-2015 Plate Tectonics is a theory
More informationMagmas and Igneous Rocks
Page 1 of 14 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Magmas and Igneous Rocks This page last updated on 03-Sep-2015 Magma and Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks are formed by crystallization
More informationPICTOU PROPERTY : ATLIN GOLD CAMP
PICTOU PROPERTY : ATLIN GOLD CAMP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Pictou Property in the Atlin Gold Camp ( AGC ) is an example of a Motherlode- Bonanza, lode gold, quartz vein exploration target in the northern
More informationAchtung, Folientest, nicht für den Produktiveinsatz geeignet. Blötberget Iron Ore Project From Resource and Mining History to Present
From Resource and Mining History to Present 30.11.2015 Folie 1 DMT-Präsentation Project Location From Berlin 1100 km by road (13 hours) 1.5 hours by plane to Stockholm plus 2.5 hours by car Introduction
More informationGondwana Research 19 (2011) 735 750. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Gondwana Research. journal homepage: www.elsevier.
Gondwana Research 19 (2011) 735 750 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr The Rio Capim volcanic plutonic sedimentary belt, São Francisco
More informationP1: Rock identification (I)
P1: Rock identification (I) Examine the rocks specimens provided with the aid of these notes. All the rocks come from Ireland, as detailed on the attached map. Answer the short question on each specimen
More informationDip is the vertical angle perpendicular to strike between the imaginary horizontal plane and the inclined planar geological feature.
Geological Visualization Tools and Structural Geology Geologists use several visualization tools to understand rock outcrop relationships, regional patterns and subsurface geology in 3D and 4D. Geological
More informationGTK Geophysics. Deep electromagnetic sounding, Western Greenland, 2013
GTK Geophysics Deep electromagnetic sounding, Western Greenland, 2013 Heikki Vanhala, 2014 Geophysicists in GTK Rovaniemi kokkola Northern Finland Office Kuopio & KP Espoo Academic degree: M.Sc. 25 Dr.
More informationRocks and Minerals Multiple Choice
Rocks and Minerals Multiple Choice 1. The basaltic bedrock of the oceanic crust is classified as (1) felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3 (2) felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3 (3) mafic, with a density
More informationDYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates. Which
More informationIgneous Geochemistry. What is magma? What is polymerization? Average compositions (% by weight) and liquidus temperatures of different magmas
1 Igneous Geochemistry What is magma phases, compositions, properties Major igneous processes Making magma how and where Major-element variations Classification using a whole-rock analysis Fractional crystallization
More informationPacifico set to commence drilling at Borroloola West Project and co-funding secured from NT Government
CORPORATE DIRECTORY Managing Director Simon Noon Directors Richard Monti (Chairman) Peter Harold (Non-exec.) Andrew Parker (Non-exec.) Company Secretary Joshua Ward Patrick Holywell Registered office Level
More informationFIFTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIFTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIFTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Exploring the rocks produced by volcanoes. LAB: Comparing igneous rocks.
More informationTECTONICS ASSESSMENT
Tectonics Assessment / 1 TECTONICS ASSESSMENT 1. Movement along plate boundaries produces A. tides. B. fronts. C. hurricanes. D. earthquakes. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of continents?
More informationTHE COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS. Keywords: petrology, petrography, mineralogy, rock classification, crust
THE COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS Ruth Siddall University College London, UK Keywords: petrology, petrography, mineralogy, rock classification, crust Contents 1. Introduction 2. Minerals 2.1.
More informationRequired Courses in Geology Major
Courses Credits Courses Credits 1. University Requirements (24 credits) 319 Geochemistry 3 A. Courses (12 credits) 350 Sedimentary Petrology 3 101 Arabic Language 3 403 Geology of the Arabian Peninsula
More information1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers.
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? 1) Sediments were
More information4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67)
4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) Seafloor Spreading In the early 1960s, samples of basaltic ocean crust were dredged up from various locations across the ocean basins. The samples were then analyzed to
More informationO.Jagoutz. We know from ~ 20.000 borehole measurements that the Earth continuously emits ~ 44TW
Lecture Notes 12.001 Metamorphic rocks O.Jagoutz Metamorphism Metamorphism describes the changes a rock undergoes with changing P, T and composition (X). For simplistic reasons we will focus here in the
More informationPlate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates.
Notes on Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates. These plates move around the mantle. Plates are composed of the crust and
More informationAtoms and Elements. Atoms: Learning Goals. Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks. Clicker 1. Chemistry Background?
Chapter 3 Atoms Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks A Review of Chemistry: What geochemistry tells us Clicker 1 Chemistry Background? A. No HS or College Chemistry B. High School
More informationChapter 8: Plate Tectonics -- Multi-format Test
Name: Class: Date: ID: A Chapter 8: Plate Tectonics -- Multi-format Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
More informationWhat is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does the texture of a rock reveal about how it was formed?
CHAPTER 4 1 The Rock Cycle SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does
More informationPre-Symposium Excursion Guidebook
Pre-Symposium Excursion Guidebook Keuruu Jormua Taivalkoski Siurua Tervola Sept. 21-25, 2012 Edited by Lauri J. Pesonen, Satu Mertanen, Pathamawan Sangchan and Ella Koljonen Pesonen, L. J., Mertanen, S.,
More informationBrasiliano (Pan-African) granitic magmatism in the Pajeú-Paraíba belt, Northeast Brazil: an isotopic and geochronological approach
Precambrian Research 135 (2004) 23 53 Brasiliano (Pan-African) granitic magmatism in the Pajeú-Paraíba belt, Northeast Brazil: an isotopic and geochronological approach Ignez P. Guimarães a,, Adejardo
More informationO.F. Baltazar, M. Zucchetti. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com. Abstract
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Ore Geology Reviews 32 (2007) 471 499 www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev Lithofacies associations and structural evolution of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone
More informationGrade 9 Geography - Unit 3 Lesson 3 The Rock Cycle
Grade 9 Geography - Unit 3 Lesson 3 The Rock Cycle What is the difference between a Rock and a Mineral? Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solids. Each mineral has a definite chemical
More informationThe Nature of Gold in the Aitik Cu-Au Deposit
LICENTIATE T H E S I S The Nature of Gold in the Aitik Cu-Au Deposit Implications for Mineral Processing and Mine Planning Monika Sammelin The nature of gold in the Aitik Cu-Au deposit - implications
More informationGeologic History Review
1. The climate that existed in an area during the early Paleozoic Era can best be determined by studying (1) the present climate of the area (2) recorded climate data of the area since 1700 (3) present
More informationRegents Questions: Plate Tectonics
Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense and
More informationEXTENSIVE GOLD IN SOILS TARGET IDENTIFIED AT MOMBUCA GOLD PROJECT, SE BRAZIL
9 July 2015 EXTENSIVE GOLD IN SOILS TARGET IDENTIFIED AT MOMBUCA GOLD PROJECT, SE BRAZIL Open ended target zone up to 1.5km long identified Key Points Prospectivity of Centaurus recently secured Mombuca
More informationSCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION THE SIIPYY GRANITE A NEW RAPAKIVI OCCURRENCE IN FINLAND
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION THE SIIPYY GRANITE A NEW RAPAKIVI OCCURRENCE IN FINLAND HANNU IDMAN Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 61, Part I, 123 127, 1989. Key words: radiometric age, zircon, Svecofennian, Proterozoic,
More informationGeological Maps 1: Horizontal and Inclined Strata
Geological Maps 1: Horizontal and Inclined Strata A well-rounded geologist must be familiar with the processes that shape the Earth as well as the rocks and minerals that comprise it. These processes cover
More informationFor personal use only
Quarterly Activities Report For For the the 33 months ending 3130 st December September 2015 ASX: WIN DATE: 27 January DATE 2016 Quarterly Activities Report December 2015 CORPORATE DIRECTORY Executive
More informationII. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013)
EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) 1. Interior of the Earth Learning objectives: Understand the structure of the Earth s interior crust,
More informationMaster of Science in Geochemistry
Master of Science in Geochemistry Programme Requirements MSc: Taught Element: 90 credits: From ES3008 1 (or ES3011 by agreement), ES4031, ES5005, ES5010, ES5050, ES5051, CH3721 2 30 credits: chosen from
More informationWhat are the controls for calcium carbonate distribution in marine sediments?
Lecture 14 Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at which no carbonate secreting organisms can live (b) the depth at which seawater is supersaturated with respect to calcite (c) the depth at which
More informationPasi Eilu FINGOLD - A PUBLIC DATABASE ON GOLD DEPOSITS IN FINLAND. Tiivistelmä: FINGOLD - julkinen tietokanta Suomen kultaesiintymistä
Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Tutkimusraportti Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 128, 1995 Julkaisun nimi GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND Tutkimusraportti 146 Report
More informationPresents the. Rock Test Study Resource
Presents the Rock Test Study Resource Created by Simone Markus Published by EngLinks 1 Preface This is a free resource provided by EngLinks for students in APSC 151. This presentation is a supplementary
More informationName: Rocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a, substance which has a What would be the opposite of this? KEY CONCEPT #2: What causes minerals to have different physical properties?
More informationThere are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift There are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth Questions and Topics 1. What are the theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift? 2. What is the evidence
More information