How To Write A Story

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Jonah Hodges
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1 Nam UALV Priods and Othr End Marks Th thr nd rnarks ar th priod, qustion mark, and xclamation point. Taching {,. \ L_ Priods Us a priod at th nd of a dclarativ sntnc-on that maks a statmnt. Th mayor is th top city official. Us a priod at th nd of almost vry imprativ sntnc. An imprativ sntnc givs a command. lf a command is said with motion, it nds in an xclamation point. Plas transfr m to ft fir dpartrnnt! Us a priod at th nd of an indirct qustion. An indirct qustion rports what a prson askd without using th prson's xact words. I askd who hasth iob of dogcatchr. Us a priod aftr an abbrviation or an initiaf, as in this xampl: Mr. NlSon R. Diaz. Us a priod aftr ach numbr and lttr in an outlin or list. Oustion Marks Us a qustion mark to nd an intrrogativ sntnc, or qqstion. Who is th dogcatchr? Exct&mation Points Us an xclamation point to nd an xlamatory sntnc, a sntnc that xprsss strong fling. Us an xclamation point aftr an intriction as wll. \-v Wow! What an incrdibl victorythat blction gav us! Using Priods and Othr End Marks Add punctuation as ncssary in th following itms. 1. Th lction is in six wks 2. Mrs Joan T Rynolds is running against Mr Robrt J Bachman, Jr 3. lmagin-w hav two candidats with ral crdntials C' 4. Last.tim, nithr candidat had xprinc 5. How difficult this choic will b,s I fl J 6. Polls opn at 6 n,t and clos at 9 p H,t r1 7. Th city will fac svral critical issus during th n>ct four yars 8. I Transportation A v Fo A Rail traffic xtnsions B Bridg rconstructions ll Dlivry of srvics t! A Garbag and sanitation B Polic and fir srvics a1 t\: Gnalru4 Usos, AND lviechamcs Boor v

Plas transfr m to ft fir dpartrnnt! Us a priod at th nd of an indirct qustion. An indirct qustion rports what a prson askd without using th prson's xact words. I askd who hasth iob of dogcatchr.

2 Priods and Othr End Marks A. Using End Marks in TVriting Add priods, qustion marks, and xclamation points whr ncssary in th following paragraph. To add a priod, insrt this symbol O. To add a qustion mark or an'xctamation point, us a cart " and writ th corrct punctuation mark abov it. Hav you vr Sn or hard about an annual Vrmont town mting Evry spring, around mapl sugaring tim, all.th town's citizns mt in th town hall Thr thy vot on any issu ihat concms thm, from rats in th town dump to school issus to intrnationaiproblms Evn though a town has no rsponsibility for intrnational rlations, citizns xprss thir opinions proudly What a way to practic dmocracy Oh, th town mting is a grand social occasion, as wll Popl gt to mt and grt thir nighbors aitr th Application long Vrmont wintr Dat Punctuating Quotations A. Writing Sntncs with Quotation Marks Add quotation marks, commas, and nd marks whr ncssary in ach sntnc. lf th sntnc is corrct as is, circl th numral bfor th sntnc. 1. UFOs Elna statd hav bn sightd sinc ancint tims. 2. Brian rplid I can't bliv popl rally think UFOs ar alin spaccraft. 3. What! xclaimd Brni. Did you know that th air forc usd to invstigat UFOs as thrats to or-ir national scurity?. 4. Elna and Brian admittd that thy did not know'abodt air forc invstigations. 5, Did thy find anything Elna askd that thy could not xplain? 6. Out of 12,618 cass, th air forc couldnl xplain 701 sightings'brni rports. 7. Did h just say Th air forc couldn't xplain 701 sightings? 8. Brni said That count was rportd in In 1997 Brni announcd th CIA admittd that th military had dcivd popt in an ffort to kp high-altitud spying plans s.crt. 10. Wow! Brian xclaimd. I didn't raliz that UFO sightings wr so xciting. Mor Pratic

Hav you vr Sn or hard about an annual Vrmont town mting Evry spring, around mapl sugaring tim, all.

3 Punctuating Quotations A dirct quotation is a rport of a spakr's xact words' th bginning and at th nd of a dirct quotation' 'Movis about alins ar intrsting," Jff said' Dat us commas to st off th xplanatory words usd with a dirct quotation' at th bginning, middl, or nd of th quotation' Jff said, "Movis about alins ar intrsting'". 'Movis about alins," Jff said, "ar intrsting'" Us quotation marks at fthquotationjtslfisaqustionor.xc amation,thqustionmarkor. xclamation point taits insid th nd quotation marks' Commas and priods always go insid th nd quotation marks'.wow!.oliviaxc aimd..didyourad$nwbookaboutufosyt?. Taching lfthquotationispartofaqustionorxclamation,thqustionmarkor "*.iu*.tion point ialls outsid th nd quotation marks' Did th scintist say,'l bliv alins do xist"? A dividd quotation is a dirct quotation that is dividd into two parts by xplanatory words. bo,n p.tt. ai nclosd in quotation marks' Th first word in th scond part is noi..pittritd unlss it bgins a sntnc' Rviw th abov xampls to s how to punctuat and capitaliz a dividd quotation' A dialogu is a convisation btwn two or mor spakrs' In writing a dialogu' indicat a chang in spatcr by using a nw paragraph and nw st 9f quotation marks.,dr. Turnr,. th rportr askd, "do you b iv in th xistnc of alin if?" 'Ys, I bliv it is possibl inillignt lif xists lswhr,- th.scintist rplid' An indirct quotation is a rstatmnt, in somwhat diffrnt words' of what somon said. Do not us quotation marks to st off an indirct quotation. ProfssorRsannouncdthatshdidn,tb ivinufosoralins. J (t, o Using Quotation Marks Add quotation marks whr ncssary in ths sntncs' 1. Alicia askd, Do you know what a UFO is? 2. A UFO, lsablla rplid, is an alin spaccraft' 3. Nol Ray crid. A UFO is any unidntifid flying obict' 4. Ninty prcnt of UFo sightings can atr b idntifid, Ray addd. S.DidRaysaythatg0prcritofUFosightingscanlatrbidntifid? 6. Som sightings, su said, ar idntifid as birds, plans, satllits, or ballgons' 7. How funny! lsablla xclaimd. som of th sightings ar just hoaxs' right? g. You ar right, Ray rplid, but I think it would b xciting to s a ral flying saucr. Gn-mrla& Uslo,.No lviecenics BooK 5

'Movis about alins," Jff said, "ar intrsting'" Us quotation marks at fthquotationjtslfisaqustionor.xc amation,thqustionmarkor.

4 Commas in Sntncs A. Using Commas lnsrt commas.whr ncssary in th following sntncs. 1. Elizabth Knny dvisd nw mor ffctiv mthods of trating infantil paralysis. Mor Prutic 2. Knny an Australian nurs arousd controvrsy du to hr tratmnt mthods. 3. Without any mdicaltraining sh tratd victims of polio in th bush country. 4. A pastor in Grmany bgan an arly nurss'training program Futur Nurss. 5, Early nursing ducation howvr had littl or no classroom prparation. 6. Training was basd on apprnticship and studnts larnd from oldr studnts. 7. Nursing studnts providd hospitals with a ndd low-cost srvic. 8. Hospital-basd programs still xist but thy do not grant an acadmic dgr. 9. Nurss today work at hospitals schools camps homs and workplacs. 10. Aftr complting an associat or baccalaurat dgr program graduats cari us th initials RN (rgistrd nurs) aftr thir nam. B. Using Commas in Writing Rwrit th following paragraph, using commas whr thy ar ndd. Flornc Nightingal rcivd hr nursing training in Egypt and Grmany. Aftr th start of th Criman War soldirs wr dying bcaus of inadquat mdical car and rampant disas. Sh voluntrd hr srvics and th ministr of war appointd hr to had all nursing oprations at th front. Hr tirlss hartflt fforts savd many livs. Hr contributions to nursing thn and latr wr invaluabl. Flornc Nightingal was a nurs hospital rformr and humanitarian. Thanks to hr I bliv nursing bcam a rspctabl important profssion. o I Gnwar, Uscn, nno Mcnar'ncs Boor

A pastor in Grmany bgan an arly nurss'training program Futur Nurss. 5, Early nursing ducation howvr had littl or no classroom prparation. 6.

5 g Commas in Sntncs Us a comma bfor th conjunction that joins th two main clauss of a compound Sntnc. Do not us a omma to Sparat parts of a compound prdicat. Nurss usd to b untraind, but now*ry must finish spcialtraining. ln a sris of thr or mor itms, us a comma aftr vry itm xcpt th last on. Nurss car forth sick, iniurd, and disabld. ' Us commas btwn two or mor adjctivs of qual rank that modify th sam noun. Th adjctivs ar of qual rank if you can substitut th word andfor th comma. Nurss ar wll-traind, caring individuals' Us commas aftr an introductory word or phras' Aftr Europan nursing schools opnd, Amricans opnd similar schools' Us commas to st off on or mor words that intrrupt th flow of thought in a sntnc. Hlping sick popl, I bliv, is a vryworthy profssion'.us commas to st off nouns of dirct addrss' Robrq your mothr and grandmothrwr both nurss' Us commas tb st off nonssntial appositivs. Appositivs ar nonssntial if th maning of th sntnc is clar without thm' on group, th Amrican Nurss',Assobiation, admits only rgistrd nurss' Us a comma whnvr th radr might othrwis b confusd' Bfor th mid-lg00s, nursing was cqnsidrd by many to b an unsuitabl profssion. Tbaching i Using Commas CorrctlY lnsfr commas whr ncssary'in th following sntncs. 1. During th Civil War in Amrica Clara Barton aidd in mdical car for th Union. 2. Sh providd food mdical supplis and nurss for th woundd soldirs. 3. Sh hadd a govrnmnt burau th Missing Soldirs Offic to find information on missing soldirs. 4. Sh vn hlpd by th way to stablish hospitals in Europ' b. With Barton's hlp radrs th Amrican Rd Cross Socity was formd in Aftr studying nursing in London Edith Louisa Cavll bcam had of a training school in Brussls, Blgium. 7. Whn World War I bqan th schooltransformd itslf into a Rd Cross hospital. 8. Ys sh tratd woundd Grman and Allid soldirs alik. 9. Th Grmans took Brussls and thy arrstd hr:for housing Allid soldirs. 10. Sh wa$ xcutd my frind dspit inti'national plas for hr lif' Gn-rrnuan, Us, Al.to lvfctlantcs Boor i

' Us commas btwn two or mor adjctivs of qual rank that modify th sam noun. Th adjctivs ar of qual rank if you can substitut th word andfor th comma.

5 2 index. e e. Prime numbers. Prime factors and factor trees. Powers. worked example 10. base. power

5 2 index. e e. Prime numbers. Prime factors and factor trees. Powers. worked example 10. base. power Prim numbrs W giv spcial nams to numbrs dpnding on how many factors thy hav. A prim numbr has xactly two factors: itslf and 1. A composit numbr has mor than two factors. 1 is a spcial numbr nithr prim