Biomass gasification for second generation biofuels Bram van der Drift

Transcription

1 Biomass gasification for second generation biofuels Presented at Gasification, the development of gasification as a key technology contributor to future clean coal power generation April 2010, London, UK ECN-L AUGUST 2010

2 2 ECN-L

3 BIOMASS GASIFICATION FOR SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS CONTENT Successes and challenges in biomass gasification Biofuel production To methane or not to methane - Syngas production - Methane production Final remarks 2 1

4 TECHNOLOGY STATUS many suppliers and concepts Biomass Engineering ConocoPhillips Repotec Choren Vølund Foster Wheeler Blaue Turm Lurgi Viking Pyroforce TPS INC Heat pipe reformer LT-CFB AES Entimos Nexterra Carbona Fluidyne Novel Taylor Hitachi SilvaGas MTCI Chemrec Cutec General Electric Xylowatt TKE CCM Siemens Dasagren HoSt Enerkem Shell Page MaCrea Relax Umwelt PRME Ebara Plasco JFE Ortner Anlagebau Compact Power 3 TECHNOLOGY STATUS success of indirect co-firing CFB Metso Varo (Swe), co-firing lime kiln 35 MW th_biomass CFB FW, Lahti (Fin), co-firing PF boiler 45 MW th_biomass Updraft Nexterra, Tolko (Can), boiler 12 MW th_biomass 4 2

5 TECHNOLOGY STATUS success of Vølund 1994: plant started in Harboøre (DK) high tar storable heat since 2006: 8000 hours/year of operation Fuel input [MWh] jan-94 apr-94 jul-94 okt-94 jan-95 apr-95 jul-95 okt-95 jan-96 apr-96 jul-96 okt-96 jan-97 apr-97 jul-97 okt-97 jan-98 apr-98 jul-98 okt-98 jan-99 apr-99 jul-99 okt-99 jan-00 apr-00 jul-00 okt-00 jan-01 apr-01 jul-01 okt-01 jan-02 apr-02 jul-02 okt-02 jan-03 apr-03 jul-03 okt-03 jan-04 apr Power sales [MWh] Month/Year Oil Woodchips Power 5 TECHNOLOGY STATUS success of FICFB in Güssing and Oberwart 2002: started 2005: 6500 hours several slip-stream plants second one ready (Oberwart) gasifier engine hours of operation

6 TECHNOLOGY STATUS success of Buggenum IGCC 2002: start co-gasification trials 2006: biomass facilities ready for 30wt% wood 2008: ~15wt% is normal 7 TECHNOLOGY STATUS main challenges fuel specifications (moisture, contaminants) producer gas cooling (tar fouling) economics (too high expectations) biofuels! 8 4

7 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS biomass fuel 1 st generation biofuels 2 nd generation biofuels vegetable oil vegetable oil fermentable biomass starch/sugar PPO / VGO / VPO FAME (viz. RME) biogas / SNG ethanol / ETBE ethanol FT diesel DME methanol MA SNG gasification based PPO: pure plant oil, VGO: straight vegetable oil, VPO virgin plant oil, FAME: fatty acid methyl ester, RME: rape seed methyl ester, ETBE: ethyl tertiary butyl ester, FT: Fischer- Tropsch, DME: dimethyl ether, MA: mixed alcohols, SNG: substitute natural gas 9 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS biomass fuel 1 st generation biofuels 2 nd generation biofuels vegetable oil vegetable oil fermentable biomass starch/sugar PPO / VGO / VPO FAME (viz. RME) biogas / SNG ethanol / ETBE ethanol FT diesel DME methanol MA SNG H 2 and CO (syngas) CH 4 PPO: pure plant oil, VGO: straight vegetable oil, VPO virgin plant oil, FAME: fatty acid methyl ester, RME: rape seed methyl ester, ETBE: ethyl tertiary butyl ester, FT: Fischer- Tropsch, DME: dimethyl ether, MA: mixed alcohols, SNG: substitute natural gas 10 5

8 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS the concepts biomass pre-treatment entrained flow gasifier H 2 and CO biomass fluidised bed gasifier catalytic reformer H 2 and CO biomass fluidised bed gasifier tar removal CH 4 11 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS entrained flow for syngas biomass pre-treatment entrained flow gasifier H 2 and CO milling torrefaction pyrolysis slagging fouling conversion 12 6

9 TORREFACTION convert biomass to coal roasting at C biomass becomes brittle and hydrophobic like coal ECN technology for >90% efficiency 100 power consumption [kwe/mwth] wood torrefied wood average particle size after pulverisation [mm] 13 SLAGGING AND FOULING LCS test facility wood, no additive, 1400 C wood with additive 14 7

10 SLAGGING slag as wt% of fuel ash (incl. flux, excl gas phase) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% T [ C] Silica/fuel ash = 0.25 kg/kg Silica/fuel ash = 0.75 kg/kg Silica/fuel ash = 1.25 kg/kg Silica/alumina/fuel ash = 0.5/0.45 kg/kg Original clean wood clean wood 15 SLAGGING AND FOULING 100% 80% wt% 60% 40% gas liquid solid 20% 0% Ca Si Al K Mg P Na Mn Fe Pb Zn clean wood, 1300 C, flux added Ca/Si/Al = 1/1/1 16 8

11 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS catalytic reformer to produce syngas biomass fluidised bed gasifier catalytic reformer H 2 and CO particles sulphur coking 17 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS catalytic reformer to produce syngas biomass fluidised bed gasifier catalytic reformer H 2 and CO TARA 18 9

12 TARA making complete reforming easier: - removing heavy tars - conversion of ethylene, acetylene, - removing most particles ECN technology under development 19 GASIFICATION FOR BIOFUELS tar removal to produce methane OLGA-scrubber RME-scrubber catalytic partial oxydation plasma biomass fluidised bed gasifier tar removal CH

13 OLGA tar removal m 3 /h no methane reduction tar recycle to gasifier 2 m 3 /h 200 m 3 /h m 3 /h m 3 /h 21 SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS from BIOMASS initiatives (1) Göteborg Energi (Sweden) - 20 MW in MW in 2015 E.On (Sweden) MW in MW in *600 MW in

14 SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS from BIOMASS initiatives (2) E.On (Germany) - strategy in progress; possibly multiple MW plants Gaz de France - strategy in progress HVC (Netherlands) - 50 MW in subsequently: ~10 units of MW 23 SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS from BIOMASS ECN developments cheap efficient large scale beyond CO 2 -neutral no excess energy 5 /GJ BioSNG (ex. biomass) 70% BioSNG/biomass MW up to 170% CO 2 reduction <2% power import 24 12

15 EFFICIENCY 75% C. M. van der Meijden et.al., Biomass and Bioenergy 34, pp , % BioSNG BioSNG and net power 70% 67% efficiency 65% 60% 64% 58% 55% 53% 54% 50% Entrained Flow CFB Indirect 25 MILENA indirect gasification raw gas low N 2 in gas no ASU high methane yield complete conversion fuel flexible pyrolysis combustion biomass flue gas air steam or CO

16 MILENA indirect gasification 25 kw 800 kw 27 FINAL REMARKS (1) Biomass gasification is having its renaissance But only limited success stories so far Gasification process itself is usually not the problem But gas cleaning is the real issue Most initiatives start with a gasification technology But it would be wise to first select a gas clean-up 28 14

17 FINAL REMARKS (2) Making syngas to produce biofuels: - Coal-technology, but biomass need to be pre-treated - Biomass-technology, but hydrocarbons need to be reformed - Challenges in both cases Or you might consider methane as the biofuel: - Biomass-technology, but tars need to be removed 29 BIO-MCN Delfzijl, The Netherlands formerly: 900 kton/y methanol from natural gas (two lines) now: 1 line on 40% glycerin: kton/y bio-methanol (5 PJ/y, 1% of fuels in NL) - large-scale second generation biofuel plant 30 15

18 MORE INFORMATION e: PO Box 1 t: NL 1755 ZG Petten w: the Netherlands publications: fuel composition database: tar dew point calculator: IEA bioenergy/gasification: Milena indirect gasifier: OLGA tar removal: SNG: and