4.1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell. See page 122
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1 4.1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell See page 122
2 4.1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell Animal Cells Animal cells are equipped with many structures that allow the cell to perform a variety of functions. See page 122
3 Cell Parts and Organelles Animal Cell Parts (also found in plant cells) cell membrane - thin covering that controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell. cytoplasm - jelly-like substance contains the organelles (specialized cell parts) mitochondria membrane-bound, provide energy for cells ribosomes proteins that are manufacturing factories for proteins endoplasmic reticulum - membrane-covered channels that act as a transport system for materials made in the cell vesicles - membrane-covered sacs formed by the endoplasmic reticulum. Vesicles transport new proteins to the Golgi body. Golgi body membrane-bound, sorts and packages proteins for transport nucleus - controls all cell activities nucleolus - membrane-free organelle that makes ribosomes nuclear membrane - protects the contents of the nucleus Nuclear pores - openings in the nuclear membrane that allow only certain materials to pass vacuoles - membrane-bound storage containers See pages
4 Cell Parts and Organelles Plant Cells Plant cells are equipped with some structures that animal cells do not have. chloroplasts membrane-bound, trap energy from Sun to make glucose, food for the plant cell wall - tough, rigid structure that surrounds cell membrane, provides protection and structural support large vacuoles membrane-bound, plant cells are equipped with a large vacuole for storing water See pages
5 Cell Parts and Organelles
6 ACTIVITY: The Cell as like a On the right column, compare your cell to something like a city, a factory, a company, a human body, a school, etc. City Human Body E.g. Nucleus
7 HOMEWORK Qs Checking Concepts pg. 135 Question 1 only BRING SCISSORS TOMORROW! u ALL of Chapter 4 Questions will be handed in when we finish the Chapter! Keep them together! Keep them safe!
8 The Nucleus and DNA The nucleus contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); DNA is the molecule has the master set of instructions for how cells function, what they will produce, and when they will die. Structure of DNA DNA looks like a twisted ladder - two strands wrap around each other in a spiral shape. The sides of the DNA ladder are made of sugar and phosphate. The steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The bases join in a specific way A always joins with T Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogen base = G always joins with C NUCLEOTIDE See page 126
9 DNA Structure See page 126
10 DNA in the Nucleus Most of the time DNA is in the form of chromatin Chromatin coils tightly into X-shaped chromosomes when it s time for the cell to divide. Every organism has a specific number of chromosomes Human cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs The 23rd pair determines gender; XX for females XY for males See pages
11 DNA in the Nucleus Most of the time DNA is in the form of chromatin Chromatin coils tightly into X-shaped chromosomes when it s time for the cell to divide. See pages
12 ACTIVITY: Modelling DNA
13 HOMEWORK Qs Check Your Understanding pg. 135 Question 7, 8, 9, 13 u ALL of Chapter 4 Questions will be handed in when we finish the Chapter! Keep them together! Keep them safe!
14 ACTIVITY: Modelling DNA
15 Genes Genes are small segments of DNA located on a chromosome Genes store the information needed to produce proteins Each chromosome can carry thousands of genes All your body cells have the same genes, but only specific genes are read in each cell to produce specific proteins E.g. hemoglobin Specialized proteins called enzymes and hormones carry out important specific functions in the body See pages
16 HOMEWORK TIME YOUR HOMEWORK SO FAR Check Your Understanding pg. 135 Question 1, 7, 8, 9, 13 Study for Cell Organelles QUIZ tomorrow! u ALL of Chapter 4 Questions will be handed in when we finish the Chapter! Keep them together! Keep them safe!
17 REVIEW: Classroom DNA
18 Production of Proteins Protein production in the cell involves several important steps (E.g. Insulin): 1. The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein. 2. The DNA message (gene) for the protein is copied into a small molecule called RNA. 3. RNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore. 4. The RNA message is delivered to a ribosome, the ribosome makes the protein. 5. The manufactured protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 6. A vesicle forms at the end of the ER, and carries the protein to the Golgi body. 7. The Golgi body repackages the protein for transport out of the cell. 8. A vesicle forms off the end of the Golgi body to carry the protein to the cell membrane. 9. The vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and its protein contents are released out of the cell. See page 131
19 ACTIVITY: Teach me how to PROTEIN!
20 HOMEWORK Qs Checking Your Understanding pg. 135 Question 3, 4, 5, 6 u ALL of Chapter 4 Questions will be handed in when we finish the Chapter! Keep them together! Keep them safe!
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