Analysis of SWAT Simulated Soil Moisture with the MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Index for Soyanggang Dam Watershed of South Korea
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1 Analysis of SWAT Simulated Soil Moisture with the MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Index for Soyanggang Dam Watershed of South Korea Geun Ae PARK / Alan F. HAMLET Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, USA Woo Yong HONG / Ji Wan LEE / Hyung Jin SHIN / Cheol Hee Jang / Department of Civil & Environmental System Eng., Konkuk University, South Korea Seong Joon KIM Professor, Dept. of Civil & Environmental System Eng., Konkuk University, South Korea
2 Contents I. Introduction II. Process of This Study III. Material and Method A. Study Watershed B. SWAT Model Description C. Input Datasets for Calibration and Validation of the SWAT Model D. MODIS NDVI & LST IV. Result and Discussion A. Model Calibration and Validation for the Streamflow B. Model Calibration and Validation for the Soil Moisture C. The Correlation Analysis D. The Multiple Regression Analysis V. Summary and Conclusion
3 Introduction Soil moisture is an important hydrologic component of water balance, and highly dependent on the surface temperature and vegetation vitality under the spatial land cover condition. Recently, researches to evaluate the watershed scale soil moisture have been attempted by using satellite products to overcome the limited information of field scale soil moisture. The monitoring and modelling of land surface and/or vegetation processes by using satellite images viz. NOAA AVHRR and Terra and Aqua MODIS is now popular. MODIS NDVI and LST can be a useful indicator to analyze the soil moisture during the active growing of crop or plant, and to determine the soil moisture condition for drought monitoring (Narasimhan et al., 2005). This study is to identify how much MODIS NDVI and LST products can explain soil moisture of forest area by using SWAT simulated soil moisture results.
4 Process of This Study SWAT Model Terra and Aqua MODIS SWAT Input Data DEM, Land Use, Soil, Meteorological Data Calibration & Validation (Streamflow, Soil Moisture) MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-days Global L3 250m MODIS/Terra and Aqua Temperature Indices 8-days Global L3 1km Simulated Soil Moisture by Forest Land Use MODIS NDVI (Normalized Distributed Vegetation Index) by Forest Land Use MODIS LST (Land Surface Temperature) by Forest Land Use Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis between SM and NDVI, LST
5 Material and Method Study Watershed Study area: 2,694.4 km 2 forest-dominant (93 %) watershed The watershed was subdivided into 3 subwatersheds, which the division locations are Wontong, Naerincheon, and SoyanggangDam water level gauging stations. The annual average precipitation is 1,359.5 mm, and the mean temperature is 9.4 over the last 30 years ( ). In the watershed, three measured soil moisture stations(inje, Chuncheon1, Chuncheon2) was located.
6 SWAT Model Description Material and Method Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT, developed by Arnold et al. in 1998) SW t SW t ( R Q W Q 0 day surf a seep gw i 1 E ) SW t = Final soil water content (mm) SW 0 = Initial soil water content on day i (mm) R day = Amount of precipitation on day i (mm) Q surf = Amount of surface runoff on day i (mm) E a = Amount of evapotranspiration on day i (mm) W seep = Amount of water entering the vadose zone from the soil profile on day i (mm) Q gw = Amount of return flow on day i (mm)
7 Material and Method Input Datasets for Calibration and Validation of the SWAT Model Elevation range : 155-1,639 m average : m Land use the 9 categories prepared by 2000 Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) supervised classification with NOAA NDVI Soil loam (52.4 %), and loamy sand (42.4 %)
8 Material and Method Input Datasets for Calibration and Validation of the SWAT Model Meteorological data Daily weather data (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine hour) were collected from five stations ( ) Daily rainfall data were collected from eighteen stations ( ) Streamflow and soil moisture data Daily streamflow data at the three water level stations were obtained ( ) from the Ministry of Construction and Transportation. Daily soil moisture data were obtained from Agricultural Information System ( )
9 Material and Method MODIS NDVI for the Correlation Analysis MODIS NDVI Spatial resolution: 250 m Temporal resolution: 16 days Wave length: Band1( μm) Band2( μm) NDVI: (Band2-Band1)/ (Band2+Band1) The value of NDVI: NDVI of June, July and August is mainly high.
10 Material and Method MODIS LST for the Correlation Analysis MODIS LST Spatial resolution: 1 km Temporal resolution: 8 days Wave length: Band31( μm) Band32( μm) Unit: Kelvin The value of LST: LST of May, June, July and August is mainly high.
11 Model Calibration and Validation for the Streamflow
12 The Descriptions SWAT model setup process No. of Subbasin : 20 No. of HRU : 348 Result and Discussion The calibrated model parameters at 3 sub-watersheds Parameter Description Calibration Range Wontong Optimal value Naerincheon Optimal value Soyanggang Dam Optimal value CN2 Curve number adjustment ratio ± 20% ESCO Soil evaporation compensation SOL_AWC Available water capacity ± 20% SFTMP Snowfall temperature ( ) SMTMP Snow melt base temperature ( ) SMFMX SMFMN Maximum snow melt factor (mm H2O/ºC-day) Minimum snow melt factor (mm H2O/ºC-day) TIMP Snow pack temperature lag factor LAT_TTIME Lateral flow travel time (days) GW_DELAY Groundwater delay time (days) CH_K2 Effective hydraulic conductivity of main channel
13 1. Wontong Warm up Calibration Validation Year R 2 RMSE (mm/day) NSE Calibration Validation Average
14 2. Naerincheon Warm up Calibration Validation Year R 2 RMSE (mm/day) NSE Calibration Validation Average
15 3. Soyanggang Dam Warm up Calibration Validation Year R 2 RMSE (mm/day) NSE Calibration Validation Average
16 Model Calibration and Validation for the Soil Moisture
17 1. InJe Calibration Validation Year Observed Simulated (%) (%) Average R 2
18 2. Chuncheon 1 Calibration Validation Year Observed Simulated (%) (%) Average R 2
19 3. Chuncheon 2 Calibration Validation Year Observed Simulated (%) (%) Average R 2
20 The Correlation Analysis
21 Between SWAT Soil Moisture and MODIS NDVI Forest leaf growing period (March June) Coefficient of determination Precipitation, Temperature and Soil moisture
22 Between SWAT Soil Moisture and MODIS NDVI Forest leaf falling period (September December) Coefficient of determination Precipitation, Temperature and Soil moisture
23 Between SWAT Soil Moisture and MODIS LST Forest leaf growing period (March June) Coefficient of determination Precipitation, Temperature and Soil moisture
24 Between SWAT Soil Moisture and MODIS LST Forest leaf falling period (September December) Coefficient of determination Precipitation, Temperature and Soil moisture
25 The Comparison of Correlation Analysis Period Forest leaf growing Forest leaf falling Case Rainfall (mm) Temperature ( C) R 2 Deciduous Mixed Evergreen NDVI LST NDVI LST Based on period Forest leaf growing period : LST (63 %) > NDVI (56 %) Forest leaf falling period : NDVI (61 %) > LST (52 %) Based on case NDVI : forest leaf falling period (61 %) > forest leaf growing period (56 %) LST : forest leaf growing period (63 %) > forest leaf falling period (52 %)
26 The Multiple Regression Analysis
27 The multiple regression analysis Result and Discussion between SWAT Soil Moisture, and MODIS NDVI and LST Soil moisture = a NDVI + b LST + c Method of assessment Multiple coefficient of correlation Coefficient of determination Adjusted coefficient of determination Standard deviation
28 Forest leaf growing period (March June) Multiple coefficient of correlation Coefficient of determination Adjusted coefficient of determination Standard deviation
29 Forest leaf falling period (September December) Multiple coefficient of correlation Coefficient of determination Adjusted coefficient of determination Standard deviation
30 Precipitation, Temperature, Soil Moisture, NDVI and LST Forest leaf growing period (March June) Forest leaf falling period (September December)
31 Summary and Conclusions Due to the lack of soil moisture ground data, we need a pseudo indicator of soil moisture condition. This study was tried to investigate the correlations between SWAT simulated soil moisture (SM) and MODIS NDVI and LST how much the NDVI and LST can explain the soil moisture for the forest leaf growing and falling periods respectively. The LST can explain about 7% better than NDVI during forest leaf growing period, and NDVI can explain about 9% better than LST during forest leaf falling period. The soil moisture can be more described by NDVI and LST together than by just one. Yet, the study result include many uncertainty. So, in future, I will collect continuously MODIS data, and apply the other method.
32 Thank you for your attention!
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