Projections, Predictions, or Trends?
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- Nathaniel Henry
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1 Projections, Predictions, or Trends? The challenges of projecting changes to fire regimes under climate change Bec Harris 9-11 th October, 2013
2 What are we looking for? Aims differ, and are more or less difficult - To project changes to: 1. fire regime (intensity, timing, frequency); 2. fire behaviour; 3. fire danger (FFDI, GFDI) At what scale? 1. Spatial scale - continental trends vs landscape forecasts 2. Temporal scale seasonal predictions vs long-term projections. Eg. Operational requirements are for seasonal forecasts (POAMA combined with MODIS data?) Longer-term trends we have many proxies already
3 What we can say A. Fire Weather Although there are some regional and seasonal differences, in general: Temperatures are increasing Rainfall is (generally) decreasing Changes to extremes are occurring There will be more hot days, and an extension of the summer season Paul Fox-Hughes A substantial increase in the fire danger in many areas by the end of the century (A2)
4 Synoptic Patterns Paul Fox-Hughes Bushfire weather is not just the coincidence of hot temperatures and dryness, but is a result of particular synoptic patterns There are a greater number of such events during than is the case for The pattern resembles that associated with actual dangerous fire weather days, increasing confidence in the simulations
5 What we can say B. Proxies for fuel component 1. Soil Dryness Index (SDI) 2. Growth Indices 3. Heat accumulation
6 What we can t say Current relationships between vegetation and proxies will remain stable into the future conditions (eg water availability and fpar) Transferability is low, scale dependent (continent vs regional) CO 2 responses unknown (limits to fertilisation effect, interactions with rainfall and nutrients) Changes to vegetation composition, structure unknown Transformational change unpredictable, feedback mechanisms unknown Future productivity?
7 Soil Vegetation type, structure CO 2 Plant Growth Climate Available Moisture Management Soil Recent rainfall and temperature Vegetation type, structure Current rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind surface and atmospheric Drought factor antecedent rainfall Human (proximity to settlement) Dry lightening BIOMASS CURING (availability to burn) FIRE WEATHER IGNITION FIRE SPREAD
8 Soil Vegetation type, structure CO 2 Plant Growth Climate Available Moisture Soil Recent rainfall and temperature Vegetation type, structure Current rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind surface and atmospheric Drought factor antecedent rainfall Dry lightening BIOMASS CURING (availability to burn) FIRE WEATHER FIRE SPREAD
9 Soil CO 2 Plant Growth Climate Available Moisture Soil Recent rainfall and temperature Current rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind surface and atmospheric Drought factor antecedent rainfall Dry lightening BIOMASS CURING (availability to burn) FIRE WEATHER FIRE SPREAD
10 Soil CO 2 Climate Available Moisture Soil Recent rainfall and temperature Current rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind surface and atmospheric Drought factor antecedent rainfall Dry lightening FIRE WEATHER FIRE SPREAD
11 Projection vs Prediction What will happen at a particular time, place? vs What may happen in the future? Climate projections are not predictions of future conditions - they are descriptions of possible future climates under a given set of plausible scenarios of climate forcings. Regional Climate models that include Dynamic vegetation models (eg. LPX) to incorporate fire and land cover enable biomass to be projected, but they are still projections. Scale will be a limiting factor to how well they model landscape scale heterogeneity. Regional Climate models very expensive and time-consuming, which will always limit their availability
12 Trends Short-term seasonal forecasts may become possible Predictions (c.f. projections) about long-term future fuel loads, fire regime or fire activity under climate change are not possible and it is not just a matter of waiting for better climate models But, climate models (particularly RCMs) do provide us with very good projections, which give definite trends that can be used to define potential future pathways
13 3 biggest modelling challenges 1. Mismatch between our tools (projections) and our need for predictions 2. Using trends to provide useful indications of change on the ground 3. Attempting to model non-linear, threshold changes
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