DIGITAL TRANSMISSION AND CODING TECHNIQUES
|
|
- Molly Leonard
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 12 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION AND CODING TECHNIQUES 12.1 INTRODUCTION Communications systems transmit signals by means of a number of coding techniques-electrical or optical. In this chapter, we review some of these techniques. Keep in mind that although in electrical transmission voltages may swing between a negative and a positive level, in optical transmission light may change between a nolight condition to some light intensity level; that is, there is negative voltage but no negative light. When light intensity is modulated between two amplitude values, the modulator is known as "amplitude modulator." Alternatively, the phase of light may be modulated between two (angular) values (phase-shift modulator), or the frequency of light between two values (frequency-shift modulator); see also section RETURN TO ZERO AND NON-RETURN TO ZERO Figure 12.1 illustrates the return-to-zero (RZ) coding and the non-return to zero (NRZ). With either method, the signal alternates between a positive (+V) and a negative (- V) voltage. Logic 1 represents the signal at positive voltage and logic 0 the signal at negative. However, in the NRZ method, transitions from logic 0 to logic 1, and vice versa, directly cross the zero voltage level, whereas in the RZ method, transitions stay temporarily on the zero voltage level. In optical communications, the terms RZ and NRZ are used differently. Because there is no negative light, NRZ means that a bit of logical value 1 (a pulse of light) changes its value (from light to no-light or vice versa) at the boundaries of the bit period. Conversely, RZ indicates that the pulse of light is narrower than the bit period. 167
2 168 Part III Coding Optical Information + V - RZ c=:> 0 V ,+--,--+-,>J--r--'--'-'t-'--+-~----i---L1-..L...-;'-- RZ ~ NRZC=:> - V - + V - NRZ~ 0 V :} l.L j- -V l t f ~ f L - ol + L - OL Electonic regime I B----!- 'l--+---'-' ~~~~~ic - Figure 12.1 RZ and NRZ coding. In an optical signal, a logic I on for about one-third of the bit period and is off for about two-thirds. A logic 0 remains off for two-thirds of the bit period UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR SIGNALS A bipolar signal is a three-voltage-level signal that typically swings between a positive and a negative voltage (Figure 12.2). Bipolar signals may be RZ or NRZ. In a digital bipolar signal, the ones alternate between the two voltages, positive and negative. This results in a zero-de component on the transmission line. A unipolar signal is a two-level signal that typically swings between zero and a positive level. A unipolar signal is considered to be an on-offsignal that may be applied to either electrical or optical signals. In electrical transmission, assuming that +V- Unipolar signal, \. ~ OV - o + V Bipolar signal q 0 V -V Figure 12.2 Unipolar and bipolar coding. o
3 Chapter 12 Digital Transmission and Coding Techniques 169 statistically there is an equal number of ones and zeros, then there is a de component that may reach half the peak. positive voltage. For transmission over long distances, this de component is undesirable. In optical transmission, a unipolar signal is also known as on-off keying (see Section 12.5). Another category is the multilevel signal. In this case, several voltage levels (e.g., 8) may be used, each level corresponding to one of eight codes. Although multilevel signals are attractive because of their inherent code compression properties, nevertheless they are not used for transmission in communications networks. In optical transmission, multilevel signals do not exist. However, the author has defined methods that use multiwavelength signals /58, 88/108 CODING The 4B/5B code translates 4 bits into one of 16 predetermined 5-bit codes. Thus, even if the original 4-bit code is 0000, it is translated to a 5-bit not-all-zero code. This method avoids having all zeros in any code. It may also be designed such that consecutive patterns avoid certain strings of ones. The 4B/5B implies that an initial 1 Gb/s bit rate, after the conversion, has been increased to 1.25 Gb/s because of the added bit. That is, there is 25% overhead bandwidth penalty. Similarly, the 8B/10B code translates 8 bits into one of 256 predetermined 10-bit codes. The bandwidth penalty is also 25% ASK FORMAT Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a technique that uses an electrical bit stream (the modulating frequency) to modulate the intensity of a light beam (the carrier) directly. The carrier has its maximum amplitude for bits having the value "I" and its minimum or zero amplitude for bits having the value "0." This, examined at the unipolar signal case (see Figures 12.1 and 12.2) is also known as on-offkeying (OOK). There are two ASK variations: RZ, by which the signal returns to zero at every symbol (1, 0), and NRZ, by which it does not (see Figure 12.1, photonic regime). The ASK format can be used in coherent or in IM/DD systems. However, when a semiconductor laser is directly modulated, the signal phase also shifts..in IMIDD detection, phase shift is unimportant. Coherent detection, however, requires constant phase, and thus the amplitude is externally modulated by means of a titaniumdiffused LiNb0 3 waveguide in a Mach-Zehnder configuration (Figure 12.3) or a semiconductor directional coupler based on electroabsorption multiple quantum well (MQW) properties and structures (Figure 12.4).
4 170 Part III Coding Optica l Information Contact Mach-Zehnder external modulator Figure 12.3 In coherent detection the amplitude is externally modulated by mean s of a titanium-diffused LiNb0 3 Mach- Zehnder waveguide. Contact Fiber P-type MOW N-type Fiber Semiconductor MOW external modulator Figure 12.4 In coherent detection the amplitude is externally modulated by means of an MQW directional coupler PSK FORMAT Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a technique that modulates the phase of a light beam (the carrier) while the frequency and amplitude remain constant during all bits, thus achieving the appearance of a continuous light wave. For binary PSK, the phase is 0 or 180. For multilevel PSK, the change may be in increments of, for example, 45 (8 levels). PSK is a coherent technique. PSK is implemented externally by passing the light beam through a device known as an electrorefraction modulator; when a voltage is applied to the beam, its refractive index changes. Such device s are made with electro-optic crystals with proper orientation, such as LiNb0 3 0 The phase difference is expressed by (12.1)
5 Chapter 12 Digital Transmission and Coding Techniques ~, 171 Voltage Waveguide PSK external modulator Figure 12.5 An electrorefraction modul ator changes its refractive index when a voltage is applied to it. Thus the phase of a light beam passing through the device is changed, as well. where the index change Bn is proportional to applied voltage V and L m is the length over which the index changes by the applied voltage (Figure 12.5) FSK FORMAT Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a technique that modulates the frequen cy w of a light beam. The frequency of the lightwave changes by!j..f f +!J..f for logic "1," and f -!J..f for logic "0." FSK is a coherent two-state (on-off) PM technique. Typical frequency changes are about 1 GHz. The total bandwidth of an FSK signal is approximated to 2!J..f + 2B, where B is the bit rate and!j..f the frequency deviation. When the deviation is large (!J..f» case is known as wideband FSK. When the deviation is narrow (!J..f «case is known as narrowband FSK. B), the bandwidth approache s 2!J..f This B), the bandwidth approaches 2B. This Both cases are distinguished by the frequency modulation index!iflb = f3fm. Clearly, the frequency modulation index is f3fm» 1 or f3fm «1. The implementation of FSK devices is based on electroacoustic Bragg modulators or on distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasers. Semiconductor laser s exhibit a frequency shift when the operating current changes. A small change in current (-1 rna) would shift the frequency by -1 GHz. Because the current change is small, the intensity (amplitude) change is small, too. Thus, DFB semiconductor lasers make very good and fast coherent FSK sources with high modulation efficiency. Figure 12.6 summarizes all the shift-keying modulation methods.
6 172 Part III Coding Optical Information Binary data o ASK (NRZ) ASK (RZ) PSK FSK <p = phase change Dw = 21Tlf 1 - f 2 ~!~ Dw Figure 12.6 Examples of coding/decodin g optical information. EXERCISES 1. In optical coherent systems, what type is the local oscillator at the receiver? 2. Which parameter( s) may be modulated in digital transmission? 3. Consider an on-off modulator. How is this modulation method classified? 4. Which modulation technique(s) would be better suited for long-haul applications? 5. Mention two coherent modulation techniques. 6. What is the difference between an electrical RZ signal and an optical RZ signal? 7. Are bipolar signals possible in optical transmission? 8. A signal is coded using an 8BIl OB coder. If the bit rate before the coder is 2 Gb/s, what is the bit rate on the fiber?
What s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?
What s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate? Apr. 27, 2012 Lou Frenzel Electronic Design Serial-data speed is usually stated in terms of bit rate. However, another oftquoted measure of speed is
More informationDT3: RF On/Off Remote Control Technology. Rodney Singleton Joe Larsen Luis Garcia Rafael Ocampo Mike Moulton Eric Hatch
DT3: RF On/Off Remote Control Technology Rodney Singleton Joe Larsen Luis Garcia Rafael Ocampo Mike Moulton Eric Hatch Agenda Radio Frequency Overview Frequency Selection Signals Methods Modulation Methods
More informationSuppression of Four Wave Mixing in 8 Channel DWDM System Using Hybrid Modulation Technique
International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. ISSN 0974-2174, Volume 7, Number 2 (2014), pp. 97-108 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Suppression of Four
More informationDigital Baseband Modulation
Digital Baseband Modulation Later Outline Baseband & Bandpass Waveforms Baseband & Bandpass Waveforms, Modulation A Communication System Dig. Baseband Modulators (Line Coders) Sequence of bits are modulated
More informationDigital Modulation. David Tipper. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications University of Pittsburgh. Typical Communication System
Digital Modulation David Tipper Associate Professor Department of Information Science and Telecommunications University of Pittsburgh http://www.tele.pitt.edu/tipper.html Typical Communication System Source
More informationAcousto-optic modulator
1 of 3 Acousto-optic modulator F An acousto-optic modulator (AOM), also called a Bragg cell, uses the acousto-optic effect to diffract and shift the frequency of light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency).
More informationDuobinary Modulation For Optical Systems
Introduction Duobinary Modulation For Optical Systems Hari Shanar Inphi Corporation Optical systems by and large use NRZ modulation. While NRZ modulation is suitable for long haul systems in which the
More informationObjectives. Lecture 4. How do computers communicate? How do computers communicate? Local asynchronous communication. How do computers communicate?
Lecture 4 Continuation of transmission basics Chapter 3, pages 75-96 Dave Novak School of Business University of Vermont Objectives Line coding Modulation AM, FM, Phase Shift Multiplexing FDM, TDM, WDM
More informationHigh Speed Coherent Optical Fiber Communication
High Speed Coherent Optical Fiber Communication B.Bala Subbanna,M.E,(Ph.D) Associate Professor, Skd Eng College,Gooty. Bb_Subbanna@Yahoo.Com Dr.Stephen Arputha Raj MIE,M.E,M.S,Ph.D,Dean, Amet University.
More informationRobert G. Hunsperger. Integrated Optics. Theory and Technology. Fourth Edition. With 195 Figures and 17 Tables. Springer
Robert G. Hunsperger Integrated Optics Theory and Technology Fourth Edition With 195 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Advantages of Integrated Optics 2 1.1.1 Comparison of
More informationInterferometric Measurement of Dispersion in Optical Components
Interferometric Measurement of Dispersion in Optical Components Mark Froggatt, Eric Moore, and Matthew Wolfe Luna Technologies, Incorporated, 293-A Commerce Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 246 froggattm@lunatechnologies.com.
More informationMODULATION AND DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR DWDM SYSTEMS*
MODULATION AND DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR DWDM SYSTEMS* Invited Paper Joseph M. Kahn 1 and Keang-Po Ho 2 1 Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305 USA, e-mail: jmk@ee.stanford.edu;
More informationIntroduction to Optical Link Design
University of Cyprus Πανεπιστήµιο Κύπρου 1 Introduction to Optical Link Design Stavros Iezekiel Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Cyprus HMY 445 Lecture 08 Fall Semester 2014
More informationLimiting factors in fiber optic transmissions
Limiting factors in fiber optic transmissions Sergiusz Patela, Dr Sc Room I/48, Th. 13:00-16:20, Fri. 9:20-10:50 sergiusz.patela@pwr.wroc.pl eportal.pwr.wroc.pl Copying and processing permitted for noncommercial
More informationChap#5 (Data communication)
Chap#5 (Data communication) Q#1: Define analog transmission. Normally, analog transmission refers to the transmission of analog signals using a band-pass channel. Baseband digital or analog signals are
More informationLecture 3: Signaling and Clock Recovery. CSE 123: Computer Networks Stefan Savage
Lecture 3: Signaling and Clock Recovery CSE 123: Computer Networks Stefan Savage Last time Protocols and layering Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Application Transport
More informationFour Wave Mixing in Closely Spaced DWDM Optical Channels
544 VOL. 1, NO. 2, AUGUST 2006 Four Wave Mixing in Closely Spaced DWDM Optical Channels Moncef Tayahi *, Sivakumar Lanka, and Banmali Rawat Advanced Photonics Research lab, Department of Electrical Engineering
More informationMODULATION Systems (part 1)
Technologies and Services on Digital Broadcasting (8) MODULATION Systems (part ) "Technologies and Services of Digital Broadcasting" (in Japanese, ISBN4-339-62-2) is published by CORONA publishing co.,
More informationA More Efficient Way to De-shelve 137 Ba +
A More Efficient Way to De-shelve 137 Ba + Abstract: Andrea Katz Trinity University UW REU 2010 In order to increase the efficiency and reliability of de-shelving barium ions, an infrared laser beam was
More informationFIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS. Optical Fibers
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS Optical Fibers Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and
More informationLarge-Capacity Optical Transmission Technologies Supporting the Optical Submarine Cable System
Large-Capacity Optical Transmission Technologies Supporting the Optical Submarine Cable System INOUE Takanori Abstract As one of the foundations of the global network, the submarine cable system is required
More informationDigital Transmission (Line Coding)
Digital Transmission (Line Coding) Pulse Transmission Source Multiplexer Line Coder Line Coding: Output of the multiplexer (TDM) is coded into electrical pulses or waveforms for the purpose of transmission
More informationHow To Encode Data From A Signal To A Signal (Wired) To A Bitcode (Wired Or Coaxial)
Physical Layer Part 2 Data Encoding Techniques Networks: Data Encoding 1 Analog and Digital Transmissions Figure 2-23.The use of both analog and digital transmissions for a computer to computer call. Conversion
More informationPUMPED Nd:YAG LASER. Last Revision: August 21, 2007
PUMPED Nd:YAG LASER Last Revision: August 21, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How can an efficient atomic transition laser be constructed and characterized? INTRODUCTION: This lab exercise will allow
More informationFirst 40 Giga-bits per second Silicon Laser Modulator. Dr. Mario Paniccia Intel Fellow Director, Photonics Technology Lab
First 40 Giga-bits per second Silicon Laser Modulator Dr. Mario Paniccia Intel Fellow Director, Photonics Technology Lab 1 Agenda What We Are Announcing Silicon Photonics Re-cap Tera-Scale Computing Why
More informationTheory of Transistors and Other Semiconductor Devices
Theory of Transistors and Other Semiconductor Devices 1. SEMICONDUCTORS 1.1. Metals and insulators 1.1.1. Conduction in metals Metals are filled with electrons. Many of these, typically one or two per
More informationPhysical Layer, Part 2 Digital Transmissions and Multiplexing
Physical Layer, Part 2 Digital Transmissions and Multiplexing These slides are created by Dr. Yih Huang of George Mason University. Students registered in Dr. Huang's courses at GMU can make a single machine-readable
More informationSimulation and Comparison of Advanced Modulation Formats for Wavelength Reuse in High-
Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience Simulation and Comparison of Advanced Modulation Formats for Wavelength Reuse in High- SpeedWDM-PON System This content has been downloaded
More informationEE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission. Prof. Murat Torlak
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS Optical Fibers Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and
More informationAN1200.04. Application Note: FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: 902-928 MHz. FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: 902-928 MHz
AN1200.04 Application Note: FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: Copyright Semtech 2006 1 of 15 www.semtech.com 1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents...2 1.1 Index of Figures...2 1.2 Index of Tables...2
More informationFiber Optics: Fiber Basics
Photonics Technical Note # 21 Fiber Optics Fiber Optics: Fiber Basics Optical fibers are circular dielectric wave-guides that can transport optical energy and information. They have a central core surrounded
More informationRF Measurements Using a Modular Digitizer
RF Measurements Using a Modular Digitizer Modern modular digitizers, like the Spectrum M4i series PCIe digitizers, offer greater bandwidth and higher resolution at any given bandwidth than ever before.
More informationINTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA
COMM.ENG INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA 9/6/2014 LECTURES 1 Objectives To give a background on Communication system components and channels (media) A distinction between analogue
More informationAnalog vs. Digital Transmission
Analog vs. Digital Transmission Compare at two levels: 1. Data continuous (audio) vs. discrete (text) 2. Signaling continuously varying electromagnetic wave vs. sequence of voltage pulses. Also Transmission
More information2.0 System Description
2.0 System Description The wireless alarm system consists of two or more alarm units within a specified range of one another. Each alarm unit employs a radio transceiver, allowing it to communicate with
More informationOptical Fibres. Introduction. Safety precautions. For your safety. For the safety of the apparatus
Please do not remove this manual from from the lab. It is available at www.cm.ph.bham.ac.uk/y2lab Optics Introduction Optical fibres are widely used for transmitting data at high speeds. In this experiment,
More informationModule 5. Broadcast Communication Networks. Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 5 Broadcast Communication Networks Lesson 1 Network Topology Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: Specify what is meant by network topology
More informationScalable Frequency Generation from Single Optical Wave
Scalable Frequency Generation from Single Optical Wave S. Radic Jacobs School Of Engineering Qualcomm Institute University of California San Diego - Motivation - Bandwidth Engineering - Noise Inhibition
More informationA Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators
A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators D. J. McCarron December 7, 2007 1 Introduction Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are useful devices which allow the frequency, intensity and direction of a laser beam
More information10 Gb/s WDM-PON Using Downstream OFDM and Upstream OOK
10 Gb/s WDM-PON Using Downstream OFDM and Upstream OOK Jing Huang, Deming Liu & Cheng Zeng College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
More informationAnalysis and Improvement of Mach Zehnder Modulator Linearity Performance for Chirped and Tunable Optical Carriers
886 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 20, NO. 5, MAY 2002 Analysis and Improvement of Mach Zehnder Modulator Linearity Performance for Chirped and Tunable Optical Carriers S. Dubovitsky, Member, IEEE,
More informationDirectly modulated CWDM/DWDM system using negative dispersion fiber for metro network application
Optics Communications 245 (2005) 171 176 www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom Directly modulated /DWDM system using negative dispersion fiber for metro network application H.S. Chung, Y.C. Chung * Korea Advanced
More informationAppendix D Digital Modulation and GMSK
D1 Appendix D Digital Modulation and GMSK A brief introduction to digital modulation schemes is given, showing the logical development of GMSK from simpler schemes. GMSK is of interest since it is used
More informationModule 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems
Module 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Lecture : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Attenuation (Loss)
More informationComputer Networks and Internets, 5e Chapter 6 Information Sources and Signals. Introduction
Computer Networks and Internets, 5e Chapter 6 Information Sources and Signals Modified from the lecture slides of Lami Kaya (LKaya@ieee.org) for use CECS 474, Fall 2008. 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper
More informationSimulation and Best Design of an Optical Single Channel in Optical Communication Network
International Arab Journal of e-technology, Vol., No., June 11 91 Simulation and Best Design of an Optical Single Channel in Optical Communication Network Salah Alabady Computer Engineering Department,
More informationAPPLICATION NOTES POWER DIVIDERS. Things to consider
Internet Copy Rev A Overview Various RF applications require power to be distributed among various paths. The simplest way this can be done is by using a power splitter/divider. Power dividers are reciprocal
More informationOctober 1, 2015. (Press release) Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
(Press release) October 1, 2015 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation High-density simultaneous compensation of distortion in wavelength-multiplexed signals using a time-reversal operation: World
More informationCWDM: lower cost for more capacity in the short-haul
MARCUS NEBELING, Fiber Network Engineering The opportunity to add two to eight wavelengths per fiber allows network designers to increase capacity without installing costly DWDM systems. Fiber Network
More informationModulation Formats for High-Speed, Long-Haul Fiber Optic Communication Systems
Modulation Formats for High-Speed, Long-Haul Fiber Optic Communication Systems Anjali Singh, Ph.D. Inphi Corporation, 2393 Townsgate Rd #101, Westlake Village, CA 91361 1. Introduction The goal of an optical
More information- T-Carrier Technologies -
1 T-Carrier Fundamentals - T-Carrier Technologies - T-Carrier systems provide digitized communication for voice or data traffic across a telephone provider s network. The T-Carrier specification defines
More informationEnOcean Radio Protocol 2. September 26, 2013 SPECIFICATION V1.0. Subject to modifications EnOcean Radio Protocol 2 V1.0 Page 1/19
SPECIFICATION V1.0 EnOcean Radio Protocol 2 September 26, 2013 EnOcean GmbH Kolpingring 18a 82041 Oberhaching Germany Phone +49.89.67 34 689-0 Fax +49.89.67 34 689-50 info@enocean.com www.enocean.com Subject
More informationSatellite Telemetry, Tracking and Control Subsystems
Satellite Telemetry, Tracking and Control Subsystems Col John E. Keesee 1 Overview The telemetry, tracking and control subsystem provides vital communication to and from the spacecraft TT&C is the only
More informationWhitepaper. 802.11n The Next Generation in Wireless Technology
Whitepaper 802.11n The Next Generation in Wireless Technology Introduction Wireless technology continues to evolve and add value with its inherent characteristics. First came 802.11, then a & b, followed
More informationT = 1 f. Phase. Measure of relative position in time within a single period of a signal For a periodic signal f(t), phase is fractional part t p
Data Transmission Concepts and terminology Transmission terminology Transmission from transmitter to receiver goes over some transmission medium using electromagnetic waves Guided media. Waves are guided
More informationGLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY: YSR DIST. Unit VII Fiber Optics Engineering Physics
Introduction Fiber optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibers. Fiber optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television and digital data signals
More informationModeling and Performance Analysis of DWDM Based 100 Gbps Low Power Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication (LP-IsOWC) System
ISSN(Print): 2377-0538 ISSN(Online): 2377-0546 DOI: 10.15764/STSP.2015.01001 Volume 2, Number 1, January 2015 SOP TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING Modeling and Performance Analysis of DWDM Based 100 Gbps
More informationTiming Errors and Jitter
Timing Errors and Jitter Background Mike Story In a sampled (digital) system, samples have to be accurate in level and time. The digital system uses the two bits of information the signal was this big
More informationMaking OSNR Measurements In a Modulated DWDM Signal Environment
Making OSNR Measurements In a Modulated DWDM Signal Environment Jack Dupre Jim Stimple Making OSNR measurements in a modulated DWDM signal environment May 2001 In a DWDM spectrum, it is desirable to measure
More information1. (Ungraded) A noiseless 2-kHz channel is sampled every 5 ms. What is the maximum data rate?
Homework 2 Solution Guidelines CSC 401, Fall, 2011 1. (Ungraded) A noiseless 2-kHz channel is sampled every 5 ms. What is the maximum data rate? 1. In this problem, the channel being sampled gives us the
More information1 Multi-channel frequency division multiplex frequency modulation (FDM-FM) emissions
Rec. ITU-R SM.853-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.853-1 NECESSARY BANDWIDTH (Question ITU-R 77/1) Rec. ITU-R SM.853-1 (1992-1997) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the concept of necessary
More informationDesign and Test of Fast Laser Driver Circuits
Design and Test of Fast Laser Driver Circuits Since the invention of the laser by Theodore H Maiman 50 years ago, lasers have found widespread applications in various technological fields, such as telecommunications,
More informationSistemi di Trasmissione Radio. Università di Pavia. Sistemi di Trasmissione Radio
Programma del corso Tecniche di trasmissione Modulazioni numeriche Sistemi ad allargameneto di banda Sistemi multi-tono Codifica di canale Codifica di sorgente (vocoder) Programma del corso Sistemi di
More informationVideo Conferencing Glossary of Terms
Video Conferencing Glossary of Terms A Algorithm A step-by-step problem-solving procedure. Transmission of compressed video over a communications network requires sophisticated compression algorithms.
More informationLab 9: The Acousto-Optic Effect
Lab 9: The Acousto-Optic Effect Incoming Laser Beam Travelling Acoustic Wave (longitudinal wave) O A 1st order diffracted laser beam A 1 Introduction qb d O 2qb rarefractions compressions Refer to Appendix
More informationExperiment # 9. Clock generator circuits & Counters. Eng. Waleed Y. Mousa
Experiment # 9 Clock generator circuits & Counters Eng. Waleed Y. Mousa 1. Objectives: 1. Understanding the principles and construction of Clock generator. 2. To be familiar with clock pulse generation
More informationLarge effective area non-zero dispersion shifted fiber in metro/provincial network environments
Large effective area non-zero dispersion shifted fiber in metro/provincial network environments John D. Downie* a, Frank Annunziata a, Adam Filios b, Tim Kennedy c, Donghyun Kim d, Seung Oh e a Corning
More informationAll About Pulse Modulation How Ultra Narrow Band Modulation works Updated 12/15//10
All About Pulse Modulation How Ultra Narrow Band Modulation works Updated 12/15//10 Pulse modulation is well known in many forms. In communications it first appeared as Morse Code, otherwise known as ON/OFF
More informationTEA1024/ TEA1124. Zero Voltage Switch with Fixed Ramp. Description. Features. Block Diagram
Zero Voltage Switch with Fixed Ramp TEA04/ TEA4 Description The monolithic integrated bipolar circuit, TEA04/ TEA4 is a zero voltage switch for triac control in domestic equipments. It offers not only
More informationThe accurate calibration of all detectors is crucial for the subsequent data
Chapter 4 Calibration The accurate calibration of all detectors is crucial for the subsequent data analysis. The stability of the gain and offset for energy and time calibration of all detectors involved
More informationAdvanced Modulation Formats in Data Centre Communications Michael J. Wale Director Active Products Research
Advanced Modulation Formats in Data Centre Communications Michael J. Wale Director Active Products Research 2 nd Symposium on Optical Interconnects in Data Centres ECOC, Cannes, 23rd September 2014 1 2014
More informationFrequency Hopping Spread Spectrum PHY of the 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard. Why Frequency Hopping?
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum PHY of the 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard Presentation to IEEE 802 March 11, 1996 Naftali Chayat BreezeCom 1 Why Frequency Hopping? Frequency Hopping is one of the variants
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE ULTRASONIC CERAMIC TRANSDUCERS
APPLICATION NOTE ULTRASONIC CERAMIC TRANSDUCERS Selection and use of Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducers The purpose of this application note is to aid the user in the selection and application of the Ultrasonic
More informationLecture 2 Outline. EE 179, Lecture 2, Handout #3. Information representation. Communication system block diagrams. Analog versus digital systems
Lecture 2 Outline EE 179, Lecture 2, Handout #3 Information representation Communication system block diagrams Analog versus digital systems Performance metrics Data rate limits Next lecture: signals and
More informationE190Q Lecture 5 Autonomous Robot Navigation
E190Q Lecture 5 Autonomous Robot Navigation Instructor: Chris Clark Semester: Spring 2014 1 Figures courtesy of Siegwart & Nourbakhsh Control Structures Planning Based Control Prior Knowledge Operator
More informationAnalog and Digital Signals, Time and Frequency Representation of Signals
1 Analog and Digital Signals, Time and Frequency Representation of Signals Required reading: Garcia 3.1, 3.2 CSE 3213, Fall 2010 Instructor: N. Vlajic 2 Data vs. Signal Analog vs. Digital Analog Signals
More informationInvestigations of high bit rate optical transmission systems employing a channel data rate of 40 Gb/s
Investigations of high bit rate optical transmission systems employing a channel data rate of 40 Gb/s vorgelegt von Diplom - Ingenieur Anes Hodžić aus Berlin Von der Fakultät IV - Elektrotechnik und Informatik
More informationLIGHT SOURCES CHAPTER 6 6.1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 6 LIGHT SOURCES 6.1 INTRODUCTION There are many types of light source. The sun and light from burning torches were the first light sources used to study optics. As a matter of fact, light emanating
More informationAndroid based Alcohol detection system using Bluetooth technology
For more Project details visit: http://www.projectsof8051.com/android-based-alcohol-detection-system-usingbluetooth-technology/ Code 1435 Project Title Android based Alcohol detection system using Bluetooth
More informationDispersion in Optical Fibers
Dispersion in Optical Fibers By Gildas Chauvel Anritsu Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Chromatic Dispersion (CD): Definition and Origin; Limit and Compensation; and Measurement Methods Polarization
More informationPublic Switched Telephone System
Public Switched Telephone System Structure of the Telephone System The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL Structure of the Telephone System (a) Fully-interconnected network. (b) Centralized switch. (c) Two-level
More informationSimulation of Gaussian Pulses Propagation Through Single Mode Optical Fiber Using MATLAB . MATLAB
Iraqi Journal of Science, 213, Vol.4, No.3, pp.61-66 Simulation of Gaussian Pulses Propagation Through Single Mode Optical Fiber Using MATLAB Salah Al Deen Adnan Taha *, Mehdi M. Shellal, and Ahmed Chyad
More informationProposed experiment to test the non-locality hypothesis in transient light-interference phenomena
Proposed experiment to test the non-locality hypothesis in transient light-interference phenomena Masanori Sato Honda Electronics Co., Ltd., 20 Oyamazuka, Oiwa-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-3193, Japan Abstract
More informationUnit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer. Redes de Datos Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl 1-2009
Unit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer Redes de Datos Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl 1-2009 The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication Sergio Guíñez Molinos Redes de Computadores 2 The Theoretical
More informationCDMA TECHNOLOGY. Brief Working of CDMA
CDMA TECHNOLOGY History of CDMA The Cellular Challenge The world's first cellular networks were introduced in the early 1980s, using analog radio transmission technologies such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile
More informationBandwidth analysis of multimode fiber passive optical networks (PONs)
Optica Applicata, Vol. XXXIX, No. 2, 2009 Bandwidth analysis of multimode fiber passive optical networks (PONs) GRZEGORZ STEPNIAK *, LUKASZ MAKSYMIUK, JERZY SIUZDAK Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw
More informationVOLUME BRAGG GRATINGS TM A NEW PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY FOR WDM APPLICATIONS. Boris L. Volodin, Sergei V. Dolgy, Elena D. Melnik and Vladimir S.
VOLUME BRAGG GRATINGS TM A NEW PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY FOR WDM APPLICATIONS Boris L. Volodin, Sergei V. Dolgy, Elena D. Melnik and Vladimir S. Ban, PD-LD Inc. Pennington, NJ 08534 Introduction The development
More informationData Communications & Networks. Session 3 Main Theme Data Encoding and Transmission. Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti
Data Communications & Networks Session 3 Main Theme Data Encoding and Transmission Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti New York University Computer Science Department Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
More informationManchester Encoder-Decoder for Xilinx CPLDs
Application Note: CoolRunner CPLDs R XAPP339 (v.3) October, 22 Manchester Encoder-Decoder for Xilinx CPLDs Summary This application note provides a functional description of VHDL and Verilog source code
More information40-Gb/s Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Transmission System
40-Gb/s Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Transmission System Kazuo Wani Takeshi Ono (Manuscript received March 25, 2009) Fujitsu Telecom Networks develops supplies optical transmission systems for
More information2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 3
Chapter 3 3.1 Decimal System The radix or base of a number system determines the total number of different symbols or digits used by that system. The decimal system has a base of 10 with the digits 0 through
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE AP050830
APPLICATION NOTE AP050830 Selection and use of Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducers Pro-Wave Electronics Corp. E-mail: sales@pro-wave.com.tw URL: http://www.prowave.com.tw The purpose of this application note
More informationVoice---is analog in character and moves in the form of waves. 3-important wave-characteristics:
Voice Transmission --Basic Concepts-- Voice---is analog in character and moves in the form of waves. 3-important wave-characteristics: Amplitude Frequency Phase Voice Digitization in the POTS Traditional
More informationSINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS One of the most common applications questions on operational amplifiers concerns operation from a single supply voltage. Can the model OPAxyz be operated
More informationAnalysis and Design of Robust Multi-Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery Circuits
Analysis and Design of Robust Multi-Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery Circuits by David J. Rennie A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of
More informationPrecision Diode Rectifiers
by Kenneth A. Kuhn March 21, 2013 Precision half-wave rectifiers An operational amplifier can be used to linearize a non-linear function such as the transfer function of a semiconductor diode. The classic
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE. RF System Architecture Considerations ATAN0014. Description
APPLICATION NOTE RF System Architecture Considerations ATAN0014 Description Highly integrated and advanced radio designs available today, such as the Atmel ATA5830 transceiver and Atmel ATA5780 receiver,
More informationPreview of Period 3: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II
Preview of Period 3: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II 3.1 Radiant Energy from the Sun How is light reflected and transmitted? What is polarized light? 3.2 Energy Transfer with Radiant Energy How
More informationDIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE AND ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE AND ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION Introduction The outputs from sensors and communications receivers are analogue signals that have continuously varying amplitudes. In many systems
More informationImplementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation
Implementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation Sabih H. Gerez University of Twente, Department of Electrical Engineering s.h.gerez@utwente.nl Version 4 (February 7, 2013)
More information