Design of Tall Buildings

Transcription

1 Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings Steel and Composite Construction Bungale S. Taranath Ph.D., RE., S.E. York INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCll? CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & frauds Group, an informs business

2 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Foreword ICC Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Special Acknowledgment Author XX1 xxxix xli xliii xlv xlix li liii Chapter 1 Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Steel Buildings 1 Preview Rigid Frames Frames with Partially Rigid Connections Review of Connection Behavior Connection Classification Connection Strength Connection Ductility Structural Analysis and Design Beam Line Concept Frames with Fully Restrained Connections Special Moment Frame, Historic Perspective Deflection Characteristics Cantilever Bending Component Shear Racking Component Methods of Analysis Drift Calculations Truss Moment Frames Concentric Braced Frames Behavior Types of Concentric Braces Eccentric Braced Frames Behavior Deflection Characteristics Seismic Design Considerations Link Beam Design Link-to-Column Connections Diagonal Brace and Beam outside oflinks Link Stiffness Columns Schematic Details Buckling-Restrained Brace Frame Steel Plate Shear Wall Low-Seismic Design High-Seismic Design Behavior AISC Requirements for Special Plate Shear Walls...33

3 Modeling for Analysis Capacity Design Methods Staggered Truss Behavior Design Considerations Floor Systems Columns Trusses Seismic Design of Staggered Truss System Response of Staggered Truss System to Seismic Loads Interacting System of Braced and Rigid Frames Behavior Core and Outrigger Systems Behavior Outrigger Located at Top Outrigger Located at Three-Quarter Height from Bottom Outrigger at Mid-Height Outriggers at Quarter-Height from Bottom Optimum Location of a Single Outrigger Analysis Outline Detail Analysis Computer Analysis Conclusions Optimum Locations of Two Outriggers Recommendations for Optimum Locations Vulnerability of Core and Outrigger System to Progressive Collapse Offset Outriggers Example Projects Frame Tube Systems Behavior Shear Lag Irregular Tube Trussed Tube Bundled Tube Behavior Ultimate High-Efficiency Systems for Ultra Tall Buildings 75 Chapter 2 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems for Composite Buildings 79 Preview Composite Members Composite Slabs Composite Girders Composite Columns Composite Diagonals Composite Shear Walls Composite Subsystems Composite Moment Frames Ordinary Moment Frames Special Moment Frames 89

4 2.2.2 Composite Braced Frames Composite Eccentrically Braced Frames Composite Construction Temporary Bracing Composite Building Systems Reinforced Concrete Core with Steel Surround Shear Wall-Frame Interacting Systems Composite Tube Systems Vertically Mixed Systems Mega Frames with Super Columns High-Efficiency Structure: Structural Concept Seismic Design of Composite Buildings 104 Chapter 3 Gravity Systems for Steel Buildings 105 Preview General Considerations Steel and Cast Iron: Historical Perspective Chronology of Steel Buildings through through to Present Gravity Loads Design Load Combinations Required Strength Limit States Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design Ill Serviceability Concerns Ill Deflections Design of Members Subject to Compression Buckling of Columns, Fundamentals Euler's Formula Energy Method of Calculating Critical Loads Behavior of Compression Members Element Instability Limits on Slenderness Ratio, KL/r Column Curves: Compressive Strength of Members without Slender Elements Columns with Slender Unstiffened Elements: Yield Stress Reduction Factor, Q Design Examples: Compression Members Wide Flange Column, Design Example HSS Column, Design Example Design of Members Subject to Bending Compact, Noncompact, and Slender Sections Flexural Design of Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Major Axis Design Examples, Members Subject to Bending and Shear General Comments Simple-Span Beam, Braced Top Flange Simple-Span Beam, Unbraced Top Flange 137

5 3.4 Tension Members Design Examples Plate in Tension, Bolted Connection Plate in Tension, Welded Connection Double-Angle Hanger Bottom Chord of a Long-Span Truss Pin-Connected Tension Member Eyebar Tension Member Design for Shear, Additional Comments Transverse Stiffeners Tension Field Action Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion (in Other Words, Members Subjected to Torture) Design for Stability Behavior of Beam Columns Buckling of Columns Second-Order Effects Deformation of the Structure Residual Stresses Notional Load Geometric Imperfections Leaning Columns AISC Stability Provisions Second-Order Analysis Reduced Stiffness in the Analysis Application of Notional Loads Member Strength Checks Step-by-Step Procedure for Direct Analysis Method Understanding How Commercial Software Works 164 Chapter 4 Gravity Systems for Composite Buildings 167 Preview Composite Metal Deck SDI Specifications Composite Beams AISC Design Criteria: Composite Beams with Metal Deck and Concrete Topping AISC Requirements, General Comments Effective Width Positive Flexural Strength Negative Flexural Strength Shear Connectors Deflection Considerations Design Outline for Composite Beam Composite Joists and Trusses Composite Joists Composite Trusses Other Types of Composite Floor Construction Continuous Composite Beams Nonprismatic Composite Beams and Girders 191

6 4.7 Moment-Connected Composite Haunch Girders Composite Stub Girders Behavior and Analysis Stub Girder Design Example Moment-Connected Stub Girder Strengthening of Stub Girder Composite Columns Behavior AISC Design Criteria, Encased Composite Columns Limitations Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Shear Strength Load Transfer Detailing Requirements Strength of Stud Shear Connectors AISC Design Criteria for Filled Composite Columns Limitations Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Shear Strength Load Transfer Summary of Composite Design Column Nominal Strength of Composite Sections Encased Composite Columns Filled Composite Columns Combined Axial Force and Flexure 209 Chapter 5 Wind Loads 211 Preview Design Considerations Variation of Wind Velocity with Height (Velocity Profile) Probabilistic Approach Vortex Shedding ASCE 7-05 Wind Load Provisions Analytical Procedure: Method 2, Overview Analytical Method: Step-by-Step Procedure Wind Speed-Up over Hills and Escarpments: Kzt Factor Gust Effect Factor Gust Effect Factor G for Rigid Structure: Simplified Method Gust Effect Factor G for Rigid Structure: Improved Method Gust Effect Factor Gf for Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Buildings Along-Wind Displacement and Acceleration Summary of ASCE 7-05 Wind Provisions Wind-Tunnel Tests Types of Wind-Tunnel Tests Option for Wind-Tunnel Testing 238

7 5.6.3 Lower Limits on Wind-Tunnel Test Results Lower Limit on Pressures for Main Wind-Force Resisting System Lower Limit on Pressures for Components and Cladding Building Drift Human Response to Wind-Induced Building Motions Structural Properties Required for Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis Natural Frequencies Mode Shapes Mass Distribution Damping Ratio Miscellaneous Information Period Determination for Wind Design ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions New Wind Speed Maps Return of Exposure D Wind-Borne Debris 244 Chapter 6 Seismic Design 245 Preview Structural Dynamics Dynamic Loads Concept of Dynamic Load Factor Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis Dynamic Effects due to Wind Gusts Characteristics of a Dynamic Problem Multiple Strategy of Seismic Design Example of Portal Frame Subject to Ground Motions Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium Free Vibrations Earthquake Excitation Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems Numerical Integration, Design Example Numerical Integration: A Summary Summary of Structural Dynamics Response Spectrum Method Earthquake Response Spectrum Deformation Response Spectrum Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum Tripartite Response Spectrum: Combined Displacement-Velocity-Acceleration Spectrum Characteristics of Response Spectrum Difference between Design and Actual Response Spectra Summary of Response Spectrum Analysis Hysteresis Loop 283

8 6.2 Seismic Design Considerations Seismic Response of Buildings Building Motions and Deflections Building Drift and Separation Adjacent Buildings Continuous Load Path Building Configuration Influence of Soil Ductility Redundancy Damping Diaphragms Response of Elements Attached to Buildings ASCE 7-05 Seismic Design Criteria and Requirements: Overview Seismic Ground Motion Values, Ss and S{ Site Coefficients Fa and Fv Site Class SA, SB, Sc, SD, SE, and SF Response Spectrum for the Determination of Design Base Shear Site-Specific Ground Motion Analysis Importance Factor IE Occupancy Categories Protected Access for Occupancy Category IV Seismic Design Category Design Requirements for SDC A Buildings Lateral Forces Geologic Hazards and Geotechnical Investigation Seismic Design Basis Structural System Selection Building Irregularities Plan (Horizontal) Irregularity Vertical Irregularity Redundancy Reliability Factor, p Seismic Load Combinations Vertical Seismic Load, 0.025DS Overstrength Factor Q Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames Direction of Loading Period Determination Inherent and Accidental Torsion Overturning PA Effects Drift Determination Deformation Compatibility Seismic Response Modification Coefficient, R Seismic Force Distribution for the Design of Lateral-Load-Resisting System Seismic Loads due to Vertical Ground Motions Seismic Force for the Design of Diaphragms Distribution of Seismic Forces for Diaphragm Design

9 General Procedure for Diagram Design Diaphragm Design Summary: Buildings Assigned to SDC C and Higher Catalog of Seismic Design Requirements Buildings in SDC A SDC B Buildings SDC C Buildings SDC D Buildings SDC E Buildings SDC F Buildings Analysis Procedures 351 Chapter 7 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC Preview AISC Seismic Provisions, Overview General Requirements Member and Connection Design Moment Frames Stability of Beams and Columns Intermediate Moment Frames Special Truss Moment Frames Special Concentric Braced Frames Eccentrically Braced Frames Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames Special Plate Shear Walls Composite Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete Systems AISC , Detailed Discussion Moment Frame Systems SMF Design AISC Prequalified Connections Ductile Behavior Seismically Compact Sections Demand Critical Welds Protected Zones Panel Zone of Beam-to-Column Connections Moment Frame Systems Ordinary Moment Frames Intermediate Moment Frames Special Moment Frames Special Truss Moment Frames Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames Special Concentrically Braced Frames Eccentrically Braced Frames Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames Special Plate Shear Walls Composite Systems Composite Ordinary Moment Frames Composite Intermediate Moment Frames 395

10 Composite Special Moment Frames Composite Partially Restrained Moment Frames Composite Ordinary Braced Frames Composite Special Concentrically Braced Frames Composite Eccentrically Braced Frames Composite Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Steel Elements Composite Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Steel Elements Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls Prequalified Seismic Moment Connection List of Significant Technical Provisions of AISC / Additional Comments on Seismic Design of Steel Buildings Concentric Braced Frames 407 Chapter 8 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Steel Buildings 411 Preview Social Issues in Seism ic Rehabilitation General Steps in Seismic Rehabilitation Initial Considerations Rehabilitation Objective Performance Levels Seismic Hazard Selecting a Rehabilitation Objective Rehabilitation Method Rehabilitation Strategy Analysis Procedures Verification of Rehabilitation Design Nonstructural Risk Mitigation Disabled Access Improvements Hazardous Material Removal Design, Testing and Inspection, and Management Fees Historic Preservation Costs Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings ASCE/SEI Standard Overview of Performance Levels Permitted Design Methods Systematic Rehabilitation Determination of Seismic Ground Motions Determination of As-Built Conditions Primary and Secondary Components Setting Up Analytical Model and Determination of Design Forces Combined Gravity and Seismic Demand Component Capacities gce, (2<xand Design Actions Capacity versus Demand Comparisons Development of Seismic Strengthening Strategies ASCE/SEI 41-06: Design Example Summary 447

11 Chapter 9 Special Topics 449 Preview Architectural Review of Tall Buildings Evolution of High-Rise Architecture Tall Buildings World Trade Center Towers, New York Empire State Building, New York Bank One Center, Indianapolis, Indiana MTA Headquarters, Los Angeles, California AT&T Building, New York City, New York Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago, Illinois One Detroit Center, Detroit, Michigan Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China Petronas Towers, Malaysia One-Ninety-One Peachtree, Atlanta, Georgia Nations Bank Plaza, Atlanta, Georgia U.S. Bank Tower First Interstate World Center, Library Square, Los Angeles, California st Century Tower, China Torre Mayor Office Building, Mexico City Fox Plaza, Los Angeles, California Figueroa at Wilshire, Los Angeles, California California Plaza, Los Angeles, California Citicorp Tower, Los Angeles, California Taipei Financial Center, Taiwan Caja Madrid Tower, Spain Federation Tower, Moscow, Russia Tower A The New York Times Building, New York Pacific First Center, Seattle, Washington Gate Way Center Two Union Square, Seattle, Washington InterFirst Plaza, Dallas, Texas Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong Bank of Southwest Tower, Houston, Texas First City Tower, Houston, Texas America Tower, Houston, Texas The Bow Tower, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Shard Tower, London, United Kingdom Hearst Tower, New York Standard Oil of Indiana Building, Chicago, Illinois The Renaissance Project, San Diego, California Tokyo City Hall, Tower 1, Japan Bell Atlantic Tower, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Norwest Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota First Bank Place, Minneapolis, Minnesota Allied Bank Tower, Dallas, Texas Future of Tall Buildings Building Motion Perception Structural Damping 527

12 9.6 Performance-Based Design Alternative Design Criteria: 2008 LATBSDC Recommended Administrative Bulletin on the Seismic Design and Review of Tall Buildings Using Nonprescriptive Procedures AB Pushover Analysis Concluding Remarks Preliminary Analysis Techniques Portal Method Cantilever Method Design Examples: Portal and Cantilever Methods Framed Tubes Vierendeel Truss Preliminary Wind Loads Preliminary Seismic Loads = Building Height, Hn 160 ft Buildings Taller than 160ft Differential Shortening of Columns Simplified Method of Calculating Ar Axial Shortening of Columns Derivation of Simplified Expression for Az Column Length Corrections, Ac Column Shortening Verification during Construction Unit Weight of Structural Steel for Preliminary Estimate Concept of Premium for Height 585 Chapter 10 Connection Details 589 Preview 589 References 621 Index 625