Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD Fall Lecture 1
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1 Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD Fall Lecture 1 What is structure? Structure/Architecture Interaction State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)
2 What is Structure Equilibrium Stability
3 What is Structure Strength Redundancy Stiffness Human Comfort variation of B with design parameters
4 What is Structure Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility
5 Ductility Demand and Capacity
6 What is Structure Efficiency - Materials - Gravity System - Lateral System - Foundation Constructability - Simplicity -Time
7 Steel Structural Systems
8 160 NUMBER OF OFFICE STORIES Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems
9 POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF) Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems NUMBER OF STORIES (OFFICE BUILDINGS)
10 elevator system 6-12% MEP 20-25% architecture 30-40% structure 20-30% Structural Economy, Efficiency and Constructability Cost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
11 World Map
12 Meter World s Tallest Buildings Chart
13 John Hancock Center Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1965 Completion: 1969 Use: Mixed use Height: 1127 feet (344 meters) Floor Count: 100 Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.) - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Contractor: Tishman Construction Company - Developer: John Hancock Insurance
14 Structural System
15 Sears Tower Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1972 Completion: 1974 Use: Office Height: 1451 feet (442 meters) Floor Count: 110 Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.) - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc. - Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company
16 Structural System
17 Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974 Column Axial Load Distribution Load behavior
18 Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974 Connection Details
19 Frame Construction Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration
20 Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974 Modular Parts
21 Superstructure Construction
22 One Magnificent Mile Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1978 Completion: 1983 Use: Mixed Height: 673 feet (205 meters) Floor Count: 57 - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
23 Structural System
24 Structural Analysis
25
26 Onterie Center Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Completion: 1986 Use: Mixed use Height: 570 feet (174 meters) Floor Count: 58 - Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
27 Architectural plan / section
28 The Attack
29 The World Trade Center Site, New York Twin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)
30 World Trade Center Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966 Completion: April 4, 1973 Destroyed: September 11, 2001 Use: Office Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters) - Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting - Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson - Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
31 Site plan Typical tower floor plan
32 conceptual view of structural system conceptual view of floor system
33 Simulation of the collapse Simulation of the collapse
34 Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate crisis on Tall Building Construction
35 Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998 (Architect: SOM) Skyscraper built before 9/11
36 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004 (Architect: SOM) Skyscraper built after 9/11
37 Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004 (Architect: Norman Foster)
38 Turning Torso, Malmö Harbor, Sweden, 2005 (Architect: Santiago Calatrava)
39 Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Architect: Norman Foster) under construction, 2008
40 Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China (Architect: KPF) under construction, 2008
41 Chicago Spire Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois Status: under construction Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007 Completion: 2011 estimated Use: Residential Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters) Floor Count: 150 Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.) - Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will - Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti - Contractor: Case Foundation - Developer: Shelbourne Development
42 America s Tallest Building
43 Foundation 34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120 ) deep 32m (104 ) diameter cofferdam 24m (78 ) deep 1m (3.2 ) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80 ) deep 98 bell caissons to support substructure
44 Calatrava s sketch Superstructure Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns 7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors 6 thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor
45 Calatrava s sketch
46 Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008
47 Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008
48 White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China
49 Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE (Architect: Fisher)
50 New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, China proposed
51 Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt (Architect: Zaha Hadid) proposed
52 Dubai Towers Location: Dubai, UAE Status: proposed Completion: 2011 Use: Mixed Height: 1805 feet (550 meters) Floor Count: 120 Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.) - Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback - Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international - Developer: Sama
53 Tower29 Height 550m HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA TOWER m 120,000 sq. m TOWER m 140,000 sq. m TOWER m 160,000 sq. m TOWER m 210,000 sq. m Towers Heights and Areas
54 Preliminary structural sketch Structural Model Architectural Model
55 Elevator Core/ Plan Layout
56 Typical Facade
57 Spire
58 Tall Building Research at IIT
59 Tall Building Research at IIT
60 Tall Building Research at IIT
61 Plaza Level Floor Plan 1st Floor Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th Office Zone 3 Local 2: 74th 76th Tall Building Research at IIT Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Korea proposed, 1996
62 Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT
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