Central Plant Air Systems: Keeping the Heart and. Title Style. Better Buildings Summit May 2016
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1 Central Plant Air Systems: Keeping the Heart and Click Lungs To Healthy Edit Master Title Style Better Buildings Summit May 2016
2 Introductions Michael Deru National Renewable Energy Laboratory New Resources Mark Hydeman Continual, Inc. ASHRAE Guideline 36 Michael Ivanovich AMCA Fan value with AMCA Steve Dikeman AcoustiFLO, LLC Getting the most of your fans
3 4 Central Plant Resource Map
4 5 Central Plant Resource Map Click to edit Master title style
5 How Well are Your Systems Performing? Your Building 6 Compare your building end uses to a range of standard benchmarks
6 Michael Ivanovich, AMCA Steve Dikeman, AcoustiFLO, LLC
7 How to Save Energy in Air Systems
8 Presented by Michael Ivanovich, Senior Director, AMCA international Steve Dikeman, President, AcoustiFLO 9
9 Learning Objectives Ivanovich About AMCA System Effect Dikeman System Leakage Right-Sizing Fans 10
10 What is AMCA? Air Movement and Control Association International, founded in 1917 Not-for-profit manufacturers association of fans, dampers, louvers and other air movement and control products Mission is to promote the health, growth and integrity of the industry 11
11 What is the AMCA Certified Ratings Program? How AMCA s Certified Ratings Program works: Companies send products to AMCA for testing AMCA tests products for parameters specified AMCA checks its data against manufacturer literature After certification, the product Is licensed to bear AMCA s seal Is listed in AMCA s online database Undergoes check tests every three years 12
12 System Effect: 1 ST Definition 13 Installed duct configuration does not match tested duct configuration
13 System Effect: 2 nd Definition 16 Even when the tested duct configuration matches the installed duct configuration, improper duct design can introduce adverse flow conditions
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18 Rules of Thumb 44 Minimum 2.5 duct diameters on outlet Minimum 3 to 5 duct diameters on Inlet Avoid inlet swirl
19 Recommendations Allow enough space in the building design for fan connections 2. Use allowances in design calculations when space is a factor 3. Reference AMCA Include allowance for the effect of all accessories and appurtenances
20 System Leakage Establish level of tightness needed Specify air system components and sealants that perform together as a system Select a testing standard that ensures the leakage objective is met 2012 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment and 2013 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 21
21 Right Sizing Fans Efficient Quiet Cheap Select any two! 22
22 Constant Speed Air Systems Variable volume air systems = variable speed systems Constant volume systems with variable pressures = variable speed systems Night setback, after hours, weekend modes are candidates for variable speed Constant speed air systems are neither constant volume or constant pressure 23
23 Variable Speed Air Systems Minimal reduction in speed offers a massive reduction in input power 90% speed 73% impeller bhp 80% speed 50% impeller bhp 70% speed 34% impeller bhp 60% speed 22% impeller bhp 24
24 Design Wheel Speed For every duty point, there is an optimum wheel speed. Pulleys and belts Direct drive No belts and speed control! 25
25 Belt Loss 3% to 10% 4% to 15% 6% to 22% 26
26 Right-Sizing Fans Design flow (includes a safety factor) Design pressure (includes a safety factor) Filter loading (all filters at the same time) Plus another safety factor? Input flow and pressure into selection software 27
27 Right-Sizing Fans Fan diameter (inches) Input power (bhp) All selections require a 15 HP motor. Unless input power is defined which wheel will you get? the cheapest/smallest A 42% difference in energy consumption It s only 4.2bhp (12,000cfm at 4 ) 28
28 29 Fans are Simple Machines
29 Fans are Simple Machines 30 The smallest wheel design flow & 80% pressure. Fan efficiency down yet another 5% from the selection point
30 Fans are Simple Machines 31 Largest wheel design flow & 80% pressure. Still near design efficiency
31 Right-Sizing Fans Imperative to specify a maximum absorbed power Bigger wheel minus slower speed isn t always better For VAV supply fans, reset minimum pressure set point Evaluate the fan curve, not just the tabular output 32
32 Mark Hydeman Continual, Inc.
33 ASHRAE Guideline 36P Best of Class Sequences for HVAC Systems Speaker: Mark Hydeman, PE, ASHRAE Fellow Chair of GPC 36 (and Principal Investigator for RP-1455) Presentation Agenda: Overview of Guideline 36P How GPC 36P Will Improve The Industry How To Get Involved Mark Hydeman, PE, ASHRAE Fellow Principal Continual Energy Inc. Chair, GPC 36 Cell Number , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
34 About Continual Energy Inc. Continual Energy Inc. solves your most critical building energy needs. From HVAC system optimization technology, to engineering studies, performance guarantees and financing to monitoring based commissioning technology, we deliver and sustain energy and cost savings across various building applications. Philip Kennedy Principal, Toronto Jason Zwicker Principal, Toronto Josh Kahan Principal, Montreal Mark Hydeman Principal, California Dr. Alex Lee Sales, Singapore , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
35 About Continual Energy Inc. Optimal Balance Between Equipment Energy and Water Temperature Power Input (kw) Cooling Tower Condenser Water Temperature ( F) , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
36 Guideline 36 Overview ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 36 was created to disseminate, support and further develop advanced HVAC sequences including RP-1455 and future related research projects from ASHRAE TC 1.4 Title: High Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems Purpose: Provide uniform sequences of operation for heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems that are intended to maximize HVAC system energy efficiency and performance, provide control stability, and allow real-time fault detection and diagnostics. Scope: This guideline provides detailed sequences of operation for HVAC systems. This guideline describes functional tests that when performed will confirm implementation of the sequences of operation. Public website for ASHRAE GPC 36: , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
37 Guideline 36 Overview ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 36 was created to disseminate, support and further develop advanced HVAC sequences including RP-1455 and future related research projects from ASHRAE TC 1.4 Title: High Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems Purpose: Provide uniform sequences of operation for heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems that are intended to maximize HVAC system energy efficiency and performance, provide control stability, and allow real-time fault detection and diagnostics. Scope: This guideline provides detailed sequences of operation for HVAC systems. This guideline describes functional tests that when performed will confirm implementation of the sequences of operation. Public website for ASHRAE GPC 36: , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
38 Guideline 36 Overview ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 36 was created to disseminate, support and further develop advanced HVAC sequences including RP-1455 and future related research projects from ASHRAE TC 1.4 Title: High Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems Purpose: Provide uniform sequences of operation for heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems that are intended to maximize HVAC system energy efficiency and performance, provide control stability, and allow real-time fault detection and diagnostics. Scope: This guideline provides detailed sequences of operation for HVAC systems. This guideline describes functional tests that when performed will confirm implementation of the sequences of operation. Public website for ASHRAE GPC 36: , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
39 Guideline 36 Overview Create best of class sequences of operation and corresponding functional test scripts that meet or exceed the requirements of ASHRAE Standards: Long term goal of Guideline 36 Manufacturers preprogram and debug all the sequences for their dealers Engineers modify as appropriate for their projects Perhaps with special adjustments unique to project Control contractors simply use the preprogrammed sequences, adjusted where specified. Commissioning agents use the functional performance tests included w/guideline , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
40 Guideline 36 Timeline First meeting June 2014 First Draft (dry-side only) went out for Advisory Public Review in June 2015: 14 Commenters, 114 Comments. Voted for Publication Public Review in April of , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
41 Guideline 36 Current Scope (RP-1455) Includes sequences for air systems (dry-side) Sections: General logic (e.g. zone groups, zone mode, alarms, etc.) Terminal Units: VAV(cooling-only and reheat), DDVAV & FCUs AHUs & ACUs (single and multiple zone) Sequences developed and simulation tested in real control hardware under ASHRAE Research Project RP1455. A new research project was just approved to field test these SOOs and develop companion FPTs , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
42 Objectives Reduce Cost Writing sequences, programming, and commissioning Reduce Errors Unambiguous English-language sequences Algorithms pretested and standardized The GPC 36 committee will keep the document up to date Improve Energy Efficiency Improve Code and Standard Compliance ASHRAE Standards 90.1 (energy efficiency), 62.1 (ventilation), and 55.1 (thermal comfort) Incorporate best of class performance (next slide) , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
43 Innovations in GPC 36P Application of trim and respond controls for resets Automatic fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) based on NIST Research Hierarchical alarm suppression Controls algorithms programmed and simulation tested in real control hardware Both written sequences and functional logic block representations are available Sequences include embedded application notes and examples. = covered later , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
44 Trim & Respond Example: Supply Pressure from VAV Box Requests (2 ignores and 1 request for each VAV box with cooling loop 90%) respond respond respond trim trim trim 2 IGNORES Trim when requests are less than ignores, and respond when requests are more than ignores 2015, Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved. 45
45 T&R Rogue Zones A rogue zone is one that is always requesting more (more static pressure, colder CHW, or hotter HHW) Example causes: Load added to a zone or removed with no change to the terminal unit size or settings Starved zones due to inadequate air or hydronic distribution Undersized fans, coils, pumps, etc. Extreme set-point adjustments, and Equipment failure (broken damper, valve) No commissioning or items not caught in the commissioning This drives the reset loop to extremes and prevents energy savings. You can alarm on request-hours (following slides) , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
46 General Logic: T&R Rogue Zones VAV2-9 is a rogue zone. VAV2-20 VAV2-21 VAV2-11 VAV2-22 VAV2-23 VAV2-24 VAV2-25 VAV2-27 VAV2-30 VAV2-31 VAV2-6 VAV2-7 VAV2-28 VAV2-9 Cooling Loop Output (%) /27/06 3:00 6/27/06 6:00 6/27/06 9:00 6/27/06 12:00 6/27/06 15:00 6/27/06 18:00 6/27/06 21:00 Rogue zones can be automatically detected by alarming on request-hours , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
47 General Logic: Trim and Respond Parameters , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
48 General Logic: T&R Rogue Zones Finding rogue zones requires operator attention. BAS calculates Request-Hours for each zone, and alarms on high cumulative %-Request- Hours , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
49 AFDD: Automatic Fault Detection & Diagnostics Based on research by House, Bushby and Schein at NIST in Only adopted for air handlers (APAR) in GPC 36P. VAV box FDD (VPACC) requires too much tuning. Finds fault and diagnosis by evaluating equations (mostly energy balance) , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
50 Hierarchical Alarm Suppression A VAV reheat box has three sources of up-steam control: Air pressure Air temperature, and Reheat coil source (electric or hot-water) If the upstream source is in alarm (e.g. the AHU fan trips) the zone temperature alarms are suppressed. In the zone alarm logic you disable the cooling alarm if the upstream source (fan, DX unit or chiller) has tripped , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
51 Related ASHRAE Research RP-1587 Control Loop Performance Assessment (complete) RP-1746 Field Validation of RP-1455 and development of FPTs (awarded in December 2015) RP-1747 Implementation of RP-1547 CO2-based Demand Controlled Ventilation for Multiple Zone HVAC Systems (awarded in December 2015) WS-1711 Advanced Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems Phase 2 Central Plants and Hydronic Systems (approved for bid in Spring of 2016) , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
52 Related ASHRAE Research RP-1587 Control Loop Performance Assessment (complete) RP-1746 Field Validation of RP-1455 and development of FPTs (awarded in December 2015) RP-1747 Implementation of RP-1547 CO2-based Demand Controlled Ventilation for Multiple Zone HVAC Systems (awarded in December 2015) WS-1711 Advanced Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems Phase 2 Central Plants and Hydronic Systems (approved for bid in Spring of 2016). Kudos to Steve Taylor my ex-partner who had and executed the vision , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
53 Guideline 36 How to Get Involved If you are interested in participating in GPC 36, join monthly net meetings. Generally the 2 nd Thursday of the month from 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM PST (11:00 AM to 3:00 PM EST). Meeting details on website: , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
54 Thank you! Any questions? Mark Hydeman , Continual Energy Inc., all rights reserved.
55 Thank you! Mark Hydeman, Continual, Inc. Michael Ivanovich, AMCA Steve Dikeman, AcustiFLO, LLC Michael Deru, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 56
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