Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems
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1 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems 18, 19, 25, 26 April ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1
2 Chapter 5 Control Diagrams and Sequences 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 2
3 Design Criteria - I The control system: Must meet the needs of the process Should control the process as directly as possible Must be designed to work with the HVAC system and vice versa 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 3
4 Design Criteria - II The control system: Should minimize energy consumption while meeting process goals Must meet the budget Must be designed for maximum simplicity Must be easy to understand and maintain 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 4
5 Aims of HVAC Control System Lower energy cost Lower operations cost Increase flexibility Ensure quality building environment 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 5
6 Key Personnel HVAC system designer Responsible for conceptual design, tendering, etc. Controls vendor sales representative Provide advice on control products & features Mechanical contractor Installation of mechanical parts Electrical contractor Installation of electrical parts Controls contractor Details of control system + part of the installation Design, etc. Installation 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 6
7 Typical Installation Tasks Mechanical contractor Installation of control valves, dampers, air and water measuring devices Provision of control dampers Installation of duct mounted smoke detectors Provision of variable speed drives Provision of starters for package equipment and special machinery (e.g. chiller) Provision of starters with thermal overload protection or motors with integral thermal overload protection 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 7
8 Typical Installation Tasks Electrical contractor (the controls work) Motor starters Fire alarm and life safety control relays and switches and all smoke detectors Wiring and mounting line voltage controls Power to control panels Controls contractor Selection of control valves Selection of actuators for both valves and dampers Control and interlock wiring 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 8
9 Control Diagrams and Symbols Symbols for HVAC system components Refer to ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2005 Chp. 37, Abbreviations and Symbols Refer to other local standards or guidelines Usually specified in the contract drawings & documents Generic control diagrams Using generic symbols to describe and define the requirements of the control system Shop drawings by contractors Specific hardware control diagrams 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 9
10 [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 10
11 Generic Symbols - I 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 11
12 Generic Symbols - II 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 12
13 Writing Control Sequences - I Break the sequence into logical parts Clearly indicate the control point and controlled device and how the setpoint is determined Consider using enabling interlocks State the required/desired setpoints Each variable should be controlled by a single control loop 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 13
14 Writing Control Sequences - II State how each device should be controlled when the system operates normally, shuts down and in emergencies Specify the normal position of important controlled devices Control sequences should be as specific as possible Simplify control sequences to avoid bugs 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 14
15 Single-Zone Air Handler 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 15
16 Single-Zone Unit With Dual Setpoint Thermostat 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 16
17 Typical VAV System 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 17
18 Control diagram of a VAV reheat system for year-round operation [Source: Wang, S. K., Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 18
19 Pressure Independent Control 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 19
20 Chilled Water, Economizer and Hot Water Sequencing 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 20
21 Reset Schedule (16 deg C) (13 deg C) F F (13 deg C) (18 deg C) 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 21
22 Discharge air control loop with reset [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 22
23 [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 23
24 Thermostat model of proportional control with deadband and dual throttling range 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 24
25 Practical Examples for Air Handling System 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 25
26 Practical Examples for Air Handling System Reference document: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control for Commercial Buildings - Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, SI Edition., Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, pp Air Handling System Control Applications Abbreviations and symbols Requirements for Effective Control (general guidelines) Different HVAC processes ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 26
27 Practical Examples for Air Handling System Typical format and design information Functional description (w/ diagram) Features Conditions for successful operation Limitations Specifications Psychrometric aspects 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 27
28 Fan system start-stop control [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 28
29 Return air Fixed quantity of outdoor air control Deliver/supply air Two-position damper [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 29
30 Mixed air control [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 30
31 Economizer cycle control (outdoor air dry bulb) [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 31
32 Economizer cycle control (outdoor air enthalpy) [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 32
33 Economizer cycle control (outdoor air enthalpy) [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 33
34 Economizer cycle control (outdoor air/return air enthalpy comparison) [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 34
35 Mixed air control with economizer cycle [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 35
36 Mixed air control with economizer cycle [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 36
37 Economizer cycle control of space temperature with supply air temperature setpoint reset [Source: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 37
38 Designing Direct Digital Control (DDC) Systems 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 38
39 Design DDC systems Design an effective DDC system Simplicity & effective technical communication Types of DDC signals Digital output (DO), e.g. command to open a valve Digital input (DI), e.g. status signal from a fan Analogue input (AI), e.g. room temperature Analogue output (AO), e.g. command to modulate a control valve 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 39
40 A simple DDC control system [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 40
41 Components of a energy management system (EMS) with direct digital control (DDC) 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 41
42 Management level Central station communication via gateways Operational level Central station Control level Outstation, discrete controller Field level Sensor, switch, etc. Levels of control in building energy management system 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 42
43 Example of system architecture for building management system 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 43
44 Six steps of DDC system design System schematic Control point designations Point list DDC system architecture Sequence of operation Specifications 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 44
45 System schematic for a constant volume single zone AHU [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 45
46 Control point designations for a constant volume single zone AHU [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 46
47 [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 47
48 An example of DDC system architecture [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 48
49 Operator Interface Workstation Web Server Primary Bus Primary Control Unit Primary Control Unit Secondary Bus Secondary Bus Air Handler Controller Central Plant Controller Lighting Controller BACnet Device LonTalk Device VAV Box VAV Box VAV Box System architecture of building automation system 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 49
50 [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 50
51 Show on drawings Indicate in specifications Location of devices Quality of components Size of components Material required Quantity of components Workmanship [Source: Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control] 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 51
52 Useful References Books: Honeywell, Engineering Manual of Automatic Control for Commercial Buildings - Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, SI Edition., Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, MN. Shadpour, F., The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control: Practical Applications and Design, 2nd ed., Hacienda Blue, Escondido, CA ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 52
53 Useful References Research papers: Hui, S. C. M., Latest trends in building automation and control systems, In Proc. of the CAI Symposium 2007 on Intelligent Facility Management and Intelligent Transport, 28 March 2007, Hong Kong, 10 pages. Spitzer, D. W., Selecting flow measurement devices, HPAC Engineering, 74 (12): Website: DDC Online [ ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 53
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