When I was leaving If I had been to London. Imperative Come to my office. He told me To come to his office. I d have help you If You had had problems

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1 MODALS A modal verb has the same forms in all persons (I,you,he,she,it,we,they can come); it is followed by infinitive without to and is an auxiliary verb. affirmative negative question Can I can come I can t (cannot) come Can I come? Could I could come I could not come Could I come? Must I must come I must not come Must/shall I come? May I may come I may not come May I come? Might I might come I might not come Might I come? Shall I ll (shall) come I shan t come Shall i come? Should I should come I shouldn t come Should I come? Will I ll (will) come I won t come Will I come? Would I d (would) come I wouldn t come Would I come? Shall is usually only used with the questions in the first person (I, we). Reported speech Present I write I m writing I have written Past I wrote I had written I was writing Modals I will/would I can /could I must Questions Do you work here? When are you leaving? Have you been to London? He said to / told me He said to/ Told me He said to/ Told me He asked me He wrote He was writing He had written He had written He had written He had been writing He would He could He had to If I worked there When I was leaving If I had been to London. Imperative Come to my office. He told me To come to his office IF CLAUSES Main clause IF If clause 1 st type (real) I ll help you If/in case/when/as soon as You have problems 2 nd type I d help you If You had problems (unreal) 3 rd type (unreal) I d have help you If You had had problems WISH I m not rich I didn t study hard at school I WISH I WAS/WERE rich I WISH I D (HAD) STUDIED harder ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE BASIC STRUCTURES TENSES Aspect Voice Present Past Modals simple Active He writes letters He wrote letters He will (would) write letters Passive Letters are written Letters were written Letters will be written continuous Active He is writing letters He was writing letters He will be writing letters Passive Letters are being written perfect Active He has written letters Passive Letters have been written Letters were being written He had written letters Letters had been written Letters will be being written He will have written letters Letters will have been written.

2 FAR FARE Valore attivo: make (costringere) Let (permettere) Have (generico) Ex. He let me read his letter Oggetto /accusativo Infinito senza to Get (invitare) Cause (causare) Order (ordinare) Ex. He caused me to laugh Oggetto/accusativo Infinito con to Valore passivo have Oggetto /accusativo Past participle get Ex. I had/ got my car repaired Fare in forma passiva soggetto passivo Infinito con to Ex. Fu fatto partire/ lo si fece partire: He was made to leave FARE + INFINITIVE Costruzioni particolare 1. Far aspettare qualcuno: to keep someone waiting 2. Far pagare: to charge 3. Farsi capire, obbedire, rispettare: to make oneself understood, obeyed, respecte To make Good Sure Trouble Ends meet A scene Up one s mind A decision Matter worse A vow to do A course overtime

3 VERBI DI PERCEZIONE Valore attivo See hear feel perceive watch smell oggetto Infinito senza to Azione percepita in tutto lo svolgimento, istantanea, abituale - Lo vidi uscire: I saw him go out See hear feel perceive watch smell oggetto Ing form Azione percepita solo in un momento del suo svolgimento - Lo sentii cantare: I heard him singing VALORE PASSIVO see hear watch feel perceive smell oggetto Past participle oppure Being + part pass. Lo vidi finire il libro: I saw the book being finished CAN MAY MUST Posso, so, riesco Posso, mi è permesso, può Devo, è necessario, è probabile darsi I can lift the table (I m strong) She can play the piano (she knows how to play it) I may go out tonight (my parets give me permission) She may arrive late. (maybe she ll arrive late) I must go to school (my duity) She must get up early (she goes to school) He must be 20 (he look young) Tutti e tre I verbi modali seguono le stesse regole Reggono l infinito del verbo senza to The show must go on; you can see, I may not have Sono solo presenti

4 La terza persona non ha S: the show must go on Sono ausialiari: can t buy me love; I may not have a lot to give Ricorrono ad altre forme per gli altri tempi verbali tempi Can (to be able to) May (to be allowed to) Must (to have to) Simple present She can swim They may come today He must go home Shall I7we open the door? (int. 1 pers) Simple past She could speak French They couldn t come She was able to swim They might come He was allowed to smoke Future She will be able to swim They will be allowed to come conditional She could swim The bridge might fall down I verbi modali sono Can: posso; so; riesco; si usa per fare richieste. May: posso; mi è possibile, permesso; può darsi. Si usa per chiedere il permesso Must: devo, è necessario; esprime anche probabilità I modali seguono le stesse regole. 1. Reggono l infinito del verbo senza to. 2. Sono solo presenti. 3. La terza persona non ha S. 4. Sono ausiliari. EXAMPLES: I can swim She can swim Can you speak French? Can they go to the cinema? We can t lift that box He cannot be there by lunchtime. He had to go home He will have to go home He should come home CAN Can è associato con l idea di libertà: se si può fare qualche cosa, se sei capace, se sei forte abbastanza, se hai il permesso - I can play the piano Can in genere usato al presente. Assume un significato di futuro quando si prende una decisione circa un abilità futura.; altrimenti si usa WILL BE ABLE TO - She can come tomorrow Viene usato per situazioni possibili o per dare informazioni su comportamenti e situazioni del tempo. - Scotland can be very warm in September.

5 Viene anche usato per dare suggerimenti - You acn go to the police. - Can we meet tomorrow? Si può chieder permesso non formalmente - Can I have a coffee? Quando si parla di un permesso già accordato o di un offerta - He can stay up till ten - Can I buy you a drink? Si esprimono ordini - Can you come here? You can start doing the washing up. PREPOSITION OF TIME in at on Centuries Years Seasons Months Part of day At this moment At + hours AT NIGHT + days On Saunday/s On Sunday evening/s On 1 st May, 2001 AT Christmas ON Christmas day In = tra, fra In 5 minutes PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE In At To Into from = dentro = a, presso = a, verso = entrare, andare = da in London at Ivrea dentro origine,provenienza in my room at the cinema go to the cinema I went into my room/ I went in. from Liceo from Ivrea - in bed, hospital, town - arrive in (big place) - at school, home, church - arrive at (small place) - to school, church, hospital, bed. town - go HOME - into the countryside - where are you from?

6 Other prepositions On Over Above Below Under Across Through On the phone, On thecorner, (to be/go) On a diet On the left, right On this side On one hand Along Down Up Onto From...to Out of Untill/till Since For Before After In front of Opposite By Within During Then While From now...on

7 Ago Betweem Among

8 ARTICLES NO ARTICLE 1. meals 2. methods of travel 3. times of day (sunrise, midday) ARTICLE BUT the breakfast oon the train is awful BUT in the morning. BUT we came by the early train, the 24 bus 4. geographical names - towns: New york, Hong Kong - Mountains: Mount everest, Ben Nevis - Contries: France, Argentina - Strrets, squares, circuses: Oxford Street, Leicester Square; Piccadilly Circus BUT - Rivers (the Thames) - Mountains Ranges (the Als) - Plural countries (the USA) - roads 5. No article if the following words are used for their main purpose - bed, - school, college, university - hospital,prison, church, dock, court With an article if the following words are used for some other reason - the bed - the school, colege, university - the hospital, prison, church, dock, court

9 THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (3 rd paradigm) -ed/ 2 nd paradigm HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (3 rd paradigm) Inf. Without TO 3 rd person sing. : S/ES - I arrived when the train HAD already LEFT -She went out -I played -She had left -She has studied -She goes to school Int. and Neg. HAD + PASt PART. -I had left -I hadn t left -Had you already left? Int. and Neg: DID/ DIDN T - I arrived - I didn t arrive - Did you arrive? Int and Neg HAVE + PAST PART: -I have left -I haven t left -Have you left? Int and Neg. DO/DOES -Igo to school -I don t go to school -Do you go to school? Past perfect continuous HAD BEEN * V ING Ex. I had been waiting for you for an hour when you arrived HAVE + PAST PART. (NO ING) -negative -verbs of perception, feeling, knowledge -be, have -be married, engaged, dead -movement (go, arrive) -live USE -closed period of time -yesterday, ago, last -precise time (when) Past continuous WAS/WERE + V ING I was studying when you arrived I was studying while she was playing USE -experience until now -since, for (how long) -already, just. - Yet -now, recently, lately, before, the first time, ever Present perfect continuous HAVE BEEN +V ING I have been playing tennis for an hour HAVE + PAST PART. (NO ING) -negative -verbs of perception, feeling, knowledge -be, have -be married, engaged, dead -movement (go, arrive) -live USE -evrey day life -situations. -always, ofetn, sometimes, never, usually, generally, occasionally -future: timetables Present continuous AM/IS/ARE + V ing -I am playing tennis now. -She is leaving for London tomorrow -They are always gossipping

10 FUTURE TENSES Simple present Present continuous To BE GOING TO WILL + Inf without To -timetables the train leaves ta 5 tomorrow -certain and close action I m leaving for Turin in an hour (I have the tickets) -to be about to (intention) I m going to leave for Turin in an hour (I don t have the tickets) Uncertain HOPE/THINK/SUPPOSE -I hope I ll go to London Weather: it s going to rain Menace.I ll kill you Promise -I won t smoke any longer Quick decision -I ll give you a lift Offer -I ll pay for you If close (first type) -I ll pass the exam IF I Study Age -I ll be 20 next month

11 VERBI DI PERCEZIONE To see, hear, perceive, watch, smell, fell ACTIVE Azione percepita nel suo svolgimento Azione percepita in un momento del suo svolgimento Verbo percezione Ogg. Infinito senza to/ing I SAW HIM FALL I SAW HIM TALKING TO HIS FRIEND PASSIVE Verbo percezione oggetto Participio passato Lo vidi arrestare I SAW HIM ARRESTED Lo vidi essere arrestato BEING ARRESTED FAR FARE ATTIVO MAKE (costringere) OGGETTO INF. SENZA TO LET (permettere) Get (convincere) Cause (causare)

12 IF CLAUSES 1 st : real condition 2 nd : unreal condition 3 rd : impossible condition FUTURE + SIMPLE PRESENT I ll take the umbrella if it rains Will Can Should May Might Bare infinitive WOULD-BARE INFINITIVE WOULD-HAVE-PAST PART + SIMPLE PAST + HAD PAST PART. I d take the umbrella if it rained I would have taken the umbrella if it had rained Would Bare infinitive Would Might Might Bare infinitive Could Should Could IF, in case, as soon as When...

13 REGOLE ORTOGRAFICHE 1) PLURALE E TERZA PERSONA SINGOLARE DEL PRESENTE REGOLA Si aggiunge sempre S al fondo del Nome /verbo MA Se il nome /verbo termina per: 1-S, ss, sh, ch, x, z, o NOME DRESS BOX dresses boxes VERBO I DRESS I go he dresses he goes si aggiunge ES 2- Y preceduta da consonante, Y= I + ES LADY BOY ladies boys I STUDY I PLAY he studies he plays Se Y è preceduta da vocale si aggiunge solo S 2) REGOLE PER AGGIUNGERE - ED AL SIMPLE PAST E PAST PERFECT Regola: si aggiunge Ed al fondo del verbo all infinito senza to MA se il verbo termina per 1. e si aggiunge D 2. una consonante sola preceduta da una sola vocale accentata, si raddoppia la consonante finale 3. L, si raddoppia L Esempi Love, LOVED Stop, STOPPED Travel, TRAVELLED 4. Y,preceduta da consonante, si toglie y e si aggiunge IED 5. Y preceduta da vocale, si aggiunge ED Study, STUDIED Play, PLAYED

14 3) REGOLE PER AGGIUNGERE ING (GERUNDIO E PARTICIPIO PRESENTE) Regola: Si aggiunge ING al verbo all infinito senza TO MA se il verbo termina per: 1. e, si toglie e si aggiunge ING 2. una consonante sola preceduta da una vocale sola accentata si raddoppia la consonante finale 3. L, si raddoppia L Esempi Love, LOVING Stop, STOPPING Travel, TRAVELLING 4. Y, si aggiunge ING senza cambiare Study, STDYING Play, PLAYING 5. IE, si toglie IE e si mette Y + Ing Die, DYING

15 PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is formed with BE + Past Participle Italian TO BE Past Participle Sono I am Sono stato I have been Ero/fui l I was Ero stato I had been Sarò Sarò stato lodato I will be I will have been Praised Sarei I d be Sarei stato I d have been Potrei essere Dovrei essere Posso essere Devo essere I could/might be I should be I can/may be I must be IL complemento di agente o causa efficiente si esprime solitamente con BY (si possono trovare anche with, N.B. 1) Se ci sono preposizioni dopo il verbo, devono essere espresse Ex. He was looked AT by all the guests 2) I verbi che reggono il Doppio Accusativo (give, send, bring, lend, buy, spend, show, pay, write/ tell, telephone, ring up, ask, answer) hanno la seguente costruzione: Ex. She gave me the book I WAS GIVEN A BOOK by her 4) Il complemento d agente si esprime solo se non è generico. Se ci sono parole come somebody, people, they etc. si omette Ex. Everybody looked at her SHE WAS LOOKED AT

16 Subject pronoun SOGGETTO THE PERSONS Object pronpoun COMPL. Possessive adjective AGG. POSSESSIVO Possessive Pronoun PRONOME POSSESSIVO I Me My Mine - YOU You Your Yours - HE SHE IT Him Her It His Her Its His Hers Its - Reciprocal pronoun WE Us Our Ours Each other, one another YOU You Your Yours Each other, one another THEY Them Their Theirs Each other, one another She is lookink She is looking at them This is my car That s yours They are looking at each other