Real-time hazard impact modelling for surface water flooding: some UK developments
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1 Real-time hazard impact modelling for surface water flooding: some UK developments Steven Cole 1, Bob Moore 1, Timothy Aldridge 2, Andy Lane 3,4 and Stefan Laeger 4 International Conference on Flood Resilience, University of Exeter Session B1: Flood Hazard Mapping
2 What is the Natural Hazards Partnership?
3 Natural Hazards Partnership (NHP) Scope Resilience Natural Hazards including their impact Fast tracking world class science into services Timescales of 0-5 years UK and in those countries affecting UK citizens Governments and responder community Public good Non commercial Hazard Impact Model: Surface Water Flooding
4 Surface Water Flooding Surface Water Flooding (SWF) Major hazard with ~4 million properties at risk in England alone (EA, 2009) Summer 2007 floods 3 billion insurance payouts 55,000 properties flooded, ~36,000 due to SWF National infrastructure impacts 140,000 homes without clean water for 17 days 42,000 homes without power for 24 hours 10,000 people trapped on M5 Pitt Review commissioned Flood Forecasting Centre & Scottish Flood Forecasting Service formed
5 Surface Water Flooding Alerts: Approaches Rainfall based alerts (current practice) Extreme Rainfall Alert. Uses national rainfall-thresholds Supports FFC Surface Water Decision Support Tool (Spreadsheet) Feeds in to FFC daily Flood Guidance Statement
6 Surface Water Flooding Alerts: Approaches Rainfall based alerts (current practice) Extreme Rainfall Alert. Uses national rainfall-thresholds Supports FFC Surface Water Decision Support Tool (Spreadsheet) Feeds in to FFC daily Flood Guidance Statement Localised runoff thresholds (ongoing NHP developments) G2G distributed hydrological model converts rainfall to runoff G2G soil moisture conditions influence surface runoff production Scientific advances to improve national SWF hazard footprint G2G already used by FFC & SFFS so quick win potential New impact information (ongoing NHP developments) Use national datasets on property, infrastructure & population Potential for real-time hazard and impact forecasts
7 Grid-to-Grid (G2G) Distributed Model Precipitation Evaporation Surface flow-routing Saturation-excess surface runoff River Runoff- producing soil column River flow Return flow Drainage Subsurface flow-routing Uses spatial datasets on terrain, soil/geology, land-cover Responds to spatial variation of rainfall input Already used countrywide by FFC and SFFS
8 Factors affecting G2G runoff production Soil properties (for each HOST class) Urban/Suburban coverage Increase runoff (by decreasing soil depth) Soil Moisture Deficit (modelled) G2G Runoff Production Terrain/slope Steep slopes Shallow storage Shallow slopes Deep storage Gridded rainfall
9 G2G runoff alerts for surface flooding Extreme Rainfall Alerts (ERA) National rainfall-threshold based method Based on FEH 30 year return period rainfalls averaged across 8 UK cities 1h radar rainfall totals >30mm >25mm G2G runoff production affected by: Rainfall amount plus Urban/suburban coverage Soil and geology properties Antecedent soil moisture conditions Prototype runoff threshold exceedances seem more targeted 1h runoff totals >8.5mm >7mm
10 SWF Case Study 2-3 August August 2011 event FFC identified event with SWF impacts Peak radar accumulations of 40-60mm near York and Goole Reports of flooding at Thorne and York Goole badly affected including a residential home End-to-end case study to produce sample SWF impact maps Note uses radar-rainfall and not forecasts Good first step, further development ongoing
11 SWF Case Study of 2-3 August 2011 Evolution of rainfall and surface-runoff accumulation maps Reported flood locations highlighted (FFC data) 15:00 16:00 York 17:00 18:00 1h rainfall totals >30mm >25mm Goole Goole Thorne York 1h runoff totals >8.5mm >7mm Goole Goole Thorne
12 SWF Case Study: rainfall vs surface-runoff 1h rainfall totals >30mm >25mm Rainfall (15 min, mm) 17:00 18:00 Thorne Thorne ERA Threshold Crossed ERA Threshold Not Crossed 1h runoff totals >8.5mm >7mm G2G runoff (15 min, mm) Thorne Thorne G2G Threshold Not Crossed 17:00 Heavy rain Low runoff % Pixel becomes saturated G2G Threshold Crossed 18:00 Moderate rain High runoff % Saturated G2G SMD (15 min, mm) SMD recovers
13 Impact modelling approach Hazard Footprint Based on G2G surface runoff Exposure e.g. Property, Population, Infrastructure Hazard Impact Maps National Receptor Dataset (EA) National Population Database (HSL)
14 Hazard Footprint using G2G Prototype G2G runoff thresholds derived using a few case studies (similar to rainfall threshold approach) Duration 1 h 3 h 6 h Low G2G threshold 7 mm 13.5 mm 19 mm High G2G threshold 8.5 mm 16 mm 23 mm Two types of footprint considered High-hazard footprint Pixels where all high thresholds have been crossed Low-hazard footprint Pixels where any of the low thresholds have been crossed Key High Hazard Hazard
15 Dataset examples Day time population scenario (09:00-17:00) Residential day time term-time + Care homes + Hospitals + Schools + Prisons + Workplaces Night time population scenario (17:00-09:00) Residential night time + Care homes + Hospitals + Prisons Vulnerable population, as above except (i) residential population that are over 75 or long-term sick (ii) workplace population removed Vulnerable locations (e.g. Schools and hospitals in NPD) National Receptors Database (i) Housing (dwellings bulk class description) (ii) Retail (Shop/Store and Retail bulk class descriptions) (iii) Road and railway information from the Transport layer
16 Population impacts Hazard footprint Population Key High Hazard Hazard Vulnerable Pop. Hazard impact maps Key Hazard Population Count 18,000 (MAX) Key 1 High Hazard Population Count 4,900 (MAX) Key Hazard Vulnerable Pop count 3,000 (MAX) 1 High Hazard Vulnerable Pop Count 1,150 (MAX) 1
17 Regional summaries Unity authorities Time / Unitary Authority Selby East Riding of Yorkshire York Doncaster Ryedale Note. 0 indicates the Local Authority has flooding, but no population expected.. indicates that no hazard was identified in the Local Authority.
18 Summaries over a time period Hazard footprint pooled over the timeframes of the event Summary of impacts in contiguous high hazard areas
19 Next steps Targeted improvements to methodology Runoff-production, vulnerability datasets,... Use of latest Met Office rainfall forecast products High-resolution deterministic and probabilistic products Mapping of surface water flooding impacts (with HSL) Aim to move from static to dynamic maps of hazard and impact Presentation of results, local, regional and national Further case studies and validation Historical surface water flooding data scarce and sporadic Link to other initiatives, e.g. Hazard Impact Database (KCL) Near-operational trial by FFC in 2014
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