Will climate changedisturbance. interactions perturb northern Rocky Mountain ecosystems past the point of no return?
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1 Photo: Craig Allen, USGS Will climate changedisturbance interactions perturb northern Rocky Mountain ecosystems past the point of no return? Rachel Loehman Research Landscape Ecologist USGS Alaska Science Center Photo: USFS RMRS Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership
2 Climate, fire, and vegetation are linked Photo: USFS RMRS Fire is under-appreciated as a global control of vegetation structure fire-prone formations cover some 40% of the world s land surface. - Bond et al the almost instantaneous response The almost instantaneous response of the fire regime to changes in climate has the potential to overshadow importance of direct effects of global warming on species distribution, migration, substitution and extinction... fire is a catalyst for vegetation change. - Flanningan et al. 2000
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4 Photo: Craig Allen, USGS
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6 Tipping Points Incrementally small pushes result in large, abrupt, and persistent changes in landscapes (ecological threshold, critical transition, collapse point, bifurcating trigger ) Summer 2002 May 2004 Craig Allen, USGS US Forest Service
7 Changes in fire regimes Historical climate cumulative wildfires B2 climate scenario (Warmer, Wet) cumulative wildfires Cumulative # fires 500-year simulation A2 climate scenario (Hot, Dry) cumulative wildfires Loehman et al. In preparation
8 Changes in forest composition A2 climate scenario Hot, dry conditions
9 Climate change impacts on wildfire Longer fire seasons Increased fire frequency Increased fire size, annual area burned Potential increased wildfire intensity, severity Changes in postdisturbance recovery, biomes Photo: USFS RMRS
10 Historic and modeled mean annual area burned with and without fire suppression, MC2 dynamic global vegetation model
11 Climate change impacts on mountain pine beetles Population size, timing of emergence Overwinter survival Decreased generation time Bivoltinism (2 gens/yr) Weakened host trees Patterns vary by forest type and elevation: inc. suitability at higher elevations, dec. at lower elevations Photo: USFS Photo: USFS RMRS
12 Predicted climate change impacts Shifts in vegetation distribution Mountain pine beetle range expansion PNW 2004 Bentz et al. 2010
13 Climate change impacts on invasive plants Adapted to disturbance Expansion to higher elevations Expansion to currently intact plant communities Other stressors exacerbate: grazing, fire, tree mortality, silvilcultural treatments Photo: Montana Weed Control Photo: USFS RMRS
14 Fire season length, fuel moisture Fire Size, intensity, area burned Injury, mortality Susceptibility, stress Insects Population size, phenology Fuel abundance, continuity Host availability Pathogens Agent, infection level Vegetation Composition, structure, pattern Host availability Forage availability Invasives Population size, species
15 Conceptual framework of (a) fuels characteristics and (b) fire behavior relative to preoutbreak conditions for red, gray, and old (snagfall and regrowth) phases. Surface fire properties include reaction intensity, rate of spread, and flame length.
16 Uncertainties and unknowns Climate futures Thresholds Non-linear dynamics Feedbacks Novel interactions No-analog conditions Abrupt climate changes Disturbance synergies 1913 W. C. Alden photo USGS Photographic Library 2005 Blase Reardon photo USGS
17 Closing thought ecosystems are not only more complicated than we think, they are more complicated than we can think. Jack Ward Thomas
18 Tools and resources USGS Climate and Land Use Change DOI Climate Science Centers ClimateWizard Climate Impacts Group USFS Climate Change Resource Center US Global Change Research Program Western Wildland Threat Assessment Center (WWETAC) Source: ClimateWizard Temperature departure (degc), Precipitation departure (%), Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership
FORESTED VEGETATION. forests by restoring forests at lower. Prevent invasive plants from establishing after disturbances
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